Alexander the Great

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Alexander the Great Page 42

by Philip Freeman


  Just a few of the more specialized studies on Alexander that I would recommend are Waldemar Heckel’s Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great, a useful book for keeping straight the many Persians and Macedonians who inconveniently bear the same name. Frank Holt’s works on Alexander in Bactria and India are marvelous guides to the eastern campaigns, especially his Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan. Important recent scholarship on ancient Persia includes Amélie Kuhrt’s collection of primary sources in The Persian Empire, Pierre Briant’s monumental study From Cyrus to Alexander, and Lindsay Allen’s The Persian Empire. For the afterlife of Alexander and his legend, the books of Richard Stoneman are essential.

  Allen, Lindsay. The Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

  Andronicos, Manolis. Vergina: The Royal Tombs. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1993.

  Arnold-Biuchhi, Carmen. Alexander’s Coins and Alexander’s Image. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Art Museums, 2006.

  Ashley, James R. The Macedonian Empire. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1998.

  Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

  Bosworth, A. B. Alexander and the East: The Tragedy of Triumph. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

  ——. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

  ——. A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, 1995.

  Bosworth, A. B., and Baynham, E. J., eds. Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2002.

  Brosius, Maria. The Persians. New York: Routledge, 2006.

  Carney, Elizabeth. Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great. New York: Routledge, 2006.

  Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.

  ——. The Spartans. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.

  ——. Thermopylae. New York: Vintage Books, 2007.

  Cohen, Ada. The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

  Cross, Frank Moore. “Papyri of the Fourth Century B.C. from Daliyeh” in Freedman, David Noel, and Greenfield, Jonas C., eds., New Directions in Biblical Archaeology, 41–62. New York: Doubleday, 1969.

  Cunliffe, Barry. Europe Between the Oceans: 9000 BC–AD 1000. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

  Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh. Persian Myths. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.

  Dahmen, Karsten. The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  Engels, Donald W. Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

  Fildes, Alan, and Fletcher, Joann. Alexander the Great: Son of the Gods. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002.

  Fox, Robin Lane. Alexander the Great. New York: Penguin, 2004.

  ——. The Search for Alexander the Great. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980.

  Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

  ——. Alexander to Actium. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

  Hamilton, J. R. Plutarch: Alexander. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

  Hammond, N.G.L. Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman. Bristol: The Bristol Classical Press, 1989.

  ——. The Macedonian State: The Origins, Institutions and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

  ——. Sources for Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

  ——. Three Historians of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

  Hanson, Victor Davis. A War Like No Other. New York: Random House, 2005.

  Heckel, Waldemar. The Conquests of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  ——. Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

  Heckel, Waldemar, Tritle, Lawrence, and Wheatley, Pat, eds. Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay. Claremont, California: Regina Books, 2007.

  Heisserer, A.J. Alexander the Great and the Greeks: The Epigraphic Evidence. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

  Holland, Tom. Persian Fire. New York: Anchor Books, 2007.

  Holt, Frank L. Alexander the Great and Bactria. New York: Brill, 1993.

  ——. Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

  ——. Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

  ——. Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

  Hyde, Walter Woodburn. Ancient Greek Mariners. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.

  Ivantchik, Askold, and Licheli, Vakhtang, eds. Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. Leiden: Brill, 2007.

  Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin, 2004.

  Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1953.

  Kovacs, Maureen. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.

  Kuhrt, Amélie. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, 2 vols. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  Mossé, Claude. Alexander: Destiny and Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.

  Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.

  Parker, Grant. The Making of Roman India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  Pearson, Lionel. The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great. Philadelphia: American Philological Association, 1960.

  Pollard, Justin, and Reid, Howard. The Rise and Fall of Alexandria. New York: Penguin, 2006.

  Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.

  Renault, Mary. The Nature of Alexander. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.

  Roisman, Joseph, ed. Alexander the Great: Ancient and Modern Perspectives. Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Company, 1995.

  ——. Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

  Romm, James S. The Edges of the World in Ancient Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

  Romm, James S., ed. Alexander the Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2005.

  Ross, David. The Works of Aristotle: Volume XII Selected Fragments. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.

  Sedlar, Jean. India and the Greek World. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980.

  Spencer, Diana. The Roman Alexander. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002.

  Stark, Freya. Alexander’s Path. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1988.

  Stevenson, Rosemary B. Persica: Greek Writing about Persia in the Fourth Century BC. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1997.

  Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. New York: Routledge, 1997.

  ——. Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

  ——. The Greek Alexander Romance. New York: Penguin, 1991.

  Strassler, Robert B., ed. The Landmark Herodotus. New York: Pantheon Books, 2007.

  ——. The Landmark Thucydides. New York: Touchstone, 1998.

  Talbert, Richard J. A., ed. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

  Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great: Volume II Sources and Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.

  ——. The Greeks i
n Bactria and India. Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1984.

  Thomas, Carol G. Alexander the Great in His World. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

  Tod, Marcus N. Greek Historical Inscriptions From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1985.

  Tuplin, Christopher, ed. Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2007.

  Wheeler, Mortimer. Flames Over Persepolis. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

  Wood, Michael. In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

  Woodard, Roger D., ed. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  ——. The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Aksum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  ——. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

  Worthington, Ian, ed. Alexander the Great: Man and God. Harlow, En-gland: Pearson Education Limited, 2004.

  ——. Alexander the Great: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003.

  ——. Philip II of Macedonia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

  ILLUSTRATION

  CREDITS

  1. Sarissa spear formation: Rob Shone/Getty Images

  2. Mount Olympus: Philip Freeman

  3. Acropolis of Athens: Alison Dwyer

  4. Tomb of Philip: Philip Freeman

  5. Ruins of Troy: Philip Freeman

  6. Priene inscription: British Museum

  7. Halicarnassus: Philip Freeman

  8. Tyre: Frank and Helen Schreider/Getty Images

  9. Alexander mosaic: Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples/Getty Images

  10. Pyramids at Giza: Philip Freeman

  11. Palace of Darius: DEA/W. BUSS/Getty Images

  12. Tomb of Cyrus the Great: Dmitri Kessel/Getty Images

  13. Hindu Kush mountains: Grant Dixon/Getty Images

  14. Coin celebrating victory over Indian king Porus: British Museum

  15. Coin minted by Lysimachus: British Museum

  INDEX

  Abdalonymus, 128

  Abdera, 50

  Abii, 244

  Abraham (biblical patriarch), 192

  Abreas, 282

  Abulites (Susa satrap), 194, 196, 305–6

  Abu Simbel, statues at, 144

  Acesines River, 276–77, 282, 288

  Achilles, 16, 75, 141, 192, 312, 314

  Acropolis, 30–31

  Ada, Queen of Caria, 35, 93, 94–95, 97, 113, 121

  Admetus, 138

  Africa, 304, 314

  Agamemnon, 1

  Agathon, 191

  Agis, King of Sparta, 124–25, 160, 165, 181–82

  Agrianians, 4, 56–57, 64

  Ahriman (Persian god), 71

  Ahuramazda (Persian god), 71, 206, 325

  Albani, 170

  Alexander, King of Epirus, 36, 37, 41, 42

  Alexander I, King of Macedonia, 6–8

  Alexander II, King of Macedonia, 9

  Alexander III (the Great), King of Macedonia:

  administrative details and, 265–66

  Alexandria, Egypt founded by, 149–50

  ancestry of, 5–9

  Arab hill tribes and, 134–35

  armor of, 75

  artistic judgment of, 89

  Asia landing of, 74–75

  assassination plot against, 99–100

  assault on Persian Gates by, 199–203

  Athenian visit of, 30–31

  in Babylon, 186–92

  and Bagoas, 223

  in battle with Triballi, 50–52

  birth of, 2–3, 17

  boyhood of, 18–19

  Bucephalas and, 22–24

  at Chaeronea, 29–30, 60

  change in policy of, 185–86

  in chase after Darius, 215–16, 217–18

  cities founded by, 122, 149–50, 151, 229, 235, 236–37, 243–44, 288, 292

  coinage of, 112–13

  command staff change by, 216

  daily campaign activities of, 83–84

  Danube invasion of, 49–56

  Darius’s death and, 220–21

  Darius’s peace overtures to, 126–27, 139–40

  death of, 317–18, 319–20

  decision to return home of, 278–79

  destruction of palace in Persepolis by, 212–14

  and Diogenes, 48–49

  diplomacy of, 244

  disbanding of fleet by, 91–92

  dispatches sent and received by, 180

  divine parentage myths about, 16–17, 32–33, 153–54, 157–58, 160

  drinking of, 84, 252, 320

  education of, 18–19

  Euphrates crossing of, 169

  execution of Batis by, 141

  in fight to secure throne, 43–45

  as first among equals, 227

  first child of, 124

  fleet of, 89–90, 91–92, 133–34, 145, 150

  Gaugamela tactics of, 177–79

  at Gaza, 140–41

  in Gedrosian desert, 291–94

  Gordian knot and, 107–8

  Greek mercenaries recruited for, 135

  Greek rebellion and, 45–49, 59–67

  harem of, 227–28

  Hephaestion’s death and, 312–14

  Hermolaus’s assassination attempt against, 265

  hubris of, 153

  in Hyrcania, 223–26

  Indian campaign of, 249, 261–89

  as inexperienced in naval warfare, 90, 135–36

  injuries of, 243, 246, 248, 284–85

  insulting letter sent to Darius by, 127

  integration of non-Greek soldiers into army of, 56

  intellectual interests of, 26

  as international ruler, 186

  language of, 5

  legacy of, 323–30

  love of praise of, 84

  loyalty bought by, 272

  lunar eclipse and, 172

  lyre playing of, 21

  Maedi campaign of, 28

  Malli attack and, 282–86, 303

  marble busts of, 27

  march to Babylon of, 183–84

  marriage to Roxane, 259–60, 261

  massacre of Branchidae by, 240–41

  massacre of Samaritans by, 164–65

  mass wedding held by, 306–7

  medical knowledge of, 82, 111

  modern opinions on, 328–30

  murder of Black Cleitus by, 251–55, 260

  murder of Philip’s general by, 9

  Parmenion’s support reduced by, 87, 97, 217

  Persian boys trained by, 306–7

  Persian brides of, 307

  Persian campaign of see Persian Campaign of Alexander

  Persian government structure retained by, 82–83, 86

  Persian mountain expedition of, 211–12

  personality of, 84

  Philip’s assassination and, 37–38, 41–42

  Philip’s repudiation of, 33–34

  Philotas’s plot against, 230–34

  physical description of, 27

  Pixodarus intrigue of, 35–36, 93

  plans for future conquest by, 303–5

  plots against, 111–12

  portrait commissioned by, 88–89

  promise to repeal taxes by, 44

  propaganda of, 76–77

  proskynesis issue of, 262–65

  as regent of Macedonia, 28

  relationships with women of, 27

  religion and, 83, 152

  religious interests of, 190, 286–87

  Satibarzanes revolt and, 228–29

  scorched-earth policy of, 109

  Scythian raid of, 246–47

  self-control valued by, 27

  sickness of, 110–12

  siege of Pellium by, 57–59

  and Siwa oracle, 144, 1
51–58

  and Sogdian rebellion, 245–48

  and Sogdian Rock, 258–59

  soldiers’ debts paid by, 307

  speeches to troops by, 221–23, 278–79, 309–10

  succession fights after death of, 320–23

  in Susa, 194–96

  tactics of, 14

  Theban revolt and, 61–67

  and theft of Bucephalas, 225–26

  on throne of Darius, 209

  trappings of foreign king adopted by, 226–28

  treatment of Darius’s family by, 120–22

  treatment of Greek mercenaries by, 82–83, 104

  Troy visited by, 74–76

  tutors of, 6, 18–19, 24–26

  veterans decommissioned by, 239, 308–10

  visit of Celts to, 55–56

  visit to Delphi by, 49

  winter campaigning by, 98–99

  Alexander IV, 321–22

  Alexander of Lyncestis, 43, 99–100, 111

  Alexander Romance, The, 328

  Alexander’s Camp (Egypt), 155

  Alexander’s Haven, 296

  Alexandria (Cilicia), 122

  Alexandria (Egypt), 149–50, 151, 321, 326–27

  Alexandria (India), 288

  Alexandria (Kandahar), 235, 236, 289

  Alexandria Eschate, 243, 246

  Alexandria-in-the-Caucusus, 236–37, 266

  Alexandria-of-the-Arians, 229

  Alexandropolis, 28

  Alinda, 93

  altitude sickness, 236

  Amazons, 224–25

  Ammonii, 156

  Amphictyonic Council, 22, 46

  Amphilochus, 114

  Amphipolis, 19–20

  Amphoterus, 165

  Amun (god), 151

  Amyntas, King of Macedonia, 7

  Amyntas III, King of Macedonia, 8–9, 25

  Amyntas (Macedonian refugee), 114–15

  Amyntas (Philip’s general), 33, 191

  Amyntas (soldier), 60

  Anahita (Persian god), 71

  Anaxarchus, 255

  Anaximenes, 76

  Anaxippus, 226, 228

  Anchiale, 113

  Ancyra, 108

  Andromachus, 164, 165

  Antibelus, 217

  Antigone, 231

  Antigonus, 104, 322

  Antioch, 114

  Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 326

  Antipater, 26, 43–44, 67, 72, 99, 160, 165, 181, 191, 310–11, 319, 321, 322

  Aornus, 267–68

  Apelles, 88–89

  Aphrodite (goddess), 189

 

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