C.J., 162–66, 168–69, 227–28
Cochin-Chinese language, 42
Codex Cospi, 60, 267
Cohen, Andrew, 128, 259–60
cold war, 90
Coleman, Loren, 169
colloquialisms, 53
Colloquial Romanian, 119
Colombia, 19–20, 55, 91
Colomer, Josep, 206–7
colonialism, 84, 242
colors, 49, 280
Columbia University, 107–8, 200
Columbus, Christopher, 79
Confucius, 151
Conrad, Joseph, 231–32
Cook, Vivian, 52–54, 197, 280
Cooper, James Fenimore, 40
Coptic language, 3, 4, 31, 433
Cornish language, 42, 118
Coryat, Tom, 42
Costello, Elvis, 120
Cox, Gregg, 176–77, 220–21, 226–27
Cox, Sabine, 220
creole languages, 106
cryptozoology, 169, 248–49
Curtin, Jeremiah, 78, 78
Czech language, 35, 43, 104, 207
Czerniawski, Eugen M., 100, 105
d-amphetamine, 237, 293
Danish language, 31, 43, 75, 104
Dart, Frédéric, 203
Dead Souls (Gogol), 102
deafness, 45, 279
de Bot, Kees, 224, 291
Defense Language Institute (DLI), 176, 216–17
Defense Language Proficiency Test (DLPT), 216, 223
DeKeyser, Robert, 24–26, 134, 136
De Koninck, Joseph, 48, 280
Delaware language, 42
dialects, 5, 6, 10, 47n, 115
Florentine, 35
local, 35, 90
Parisian, 51
regional, 51
Tuscan, 153
versions of, 45
dictionaries, 5, 11, 31, 37, 39, 75, 84, 95, 122, 148, 227
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 157
digital language repeater, 133
Doniger, Wendy, 198
Donovan, Edgar, 216–17, 222
dopamine, 237, 241, 262
Dravidian languages, 191, 196, 200, 208
Dreaming in Chinese (Fallows), 86
Dreaming in Hindi (Rich), 86
Duran, Miguel, 88–89
Dutch language, 4, 25, 30, 31, 39, 43, 95, 106, 114–15, 124, 181–82, 207, 248, 250
dyslexia, 165, 166, 214
Eapen, Joshy, 204
East India Company, 47n
Eats, Shoots & Leaves (Truss), 207
Edinburgh University, 255
Egypt, 85n
Ehrman, Madeline, 163n, 215, 291
Einstein, Albert, brain of, 160
Elements of Style, The (White and Strunk), 207
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 197
Ellis Island, 153–54
Emlen, Deborah, 59
English and Foreign Language University, Hyderabad, 202
English language, 4, 5, 8, 17, 18, 30, 43, 49, 96
aviation industry’s use of, 54–55
as global lingua franca, 9, 10, 85, 261
Middle, 108, 118
native vs. non-native speakers of, 9
Old, 108
pidgin version of, 7
prestige and utility of, 9
as second language, 9
spread of, 9
standardized foreign versions of, 9
study and teaching of, 9, 20, 25, 182, 261
Enki (god), 12
Enlil (god), 12
enunciation, 46
Esperanto, 247
Estonia, 31
Estonian language, 54, 75n
Ethiopian language, 31, 43, 75
Euclid, 35
Eurobarometer poll of 2005, 91n
European Commission, 25, 53, 166
European Union, 9, 71
bilingualism advocated in, 91
Everett, William, 74–75
Exceptional Brain, The: Neuropsychology of Talent and Special Abilities (Obler and Fein, eds.), 162, 212, 287
eyes, 10, 77
Fallows, Deborah, 86
Farsi language, 109–10
Fazah, Ziad, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 125–27, 176, 210, 226, 257
Ferriss, Tim, 86, 283
Finnish language, 81, 109, 152
Finno-Ugric languages, 218
flash cards, 131, 267–68, 269
Flemish language, 35, 43, 75
Flume, Harvey, 214
Flynn, Suzanne, 226
Foreign Service Institute, 223, 291
School of Language Studies of, 215
Foschi, Paula, 29
Fowler, Lorenzo Niles, 77–78, 282
FOXP2 gene, 234
French language, 4, 8, 10, 18, 25, 30, 35, 41, 43, 46, 124
dialects in, 51
Old, 108
study of, 9, 19, 20, 33, 48, 148–49
French Revolution, 51
Friedman, Naomi, 263, 293
Frisian language, 42, 118, 255
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 157, 232, 233, 287, 289
Gaelic language, 42, 75, 111, 252, 255, 256, 258
Manx, 118
Scottish, 118
Galaburda, Albert, 165–66, 288
Galvani, Luigi, 27
Ganahl, Rainer, 83–85, 86n, 140–41, 252, 265, 282
Genesis, Book of, 31, 60
Geneva, 17, 18
Gentleman Prefer Blondes (Loos), 102
Georgian language, 43, 54
Germanic languages, 44, 96, 115, 218
German language, 4, 5, 10, 25, 30, 35, 44, 60, 96, 124, 148
Austrian dialect of, 5
Middle High, 118
Old High, 108, 118, 218
Saxon dialect of, 5
study of, 9, 33
Swabian dialect of, 5
Geschwind, Norman, 165–66, 288
Geschwind-Galaburda hypothesis, 165–68, 170, 173, 212, 216, 222, 229, 288
gestures, 28, 110, 211, 264, 294
Gezels, Linda (wife of John Vandewalle), 250–51
Gethin, Amorey, 226
Ghent University College, 250
Giordani, Pietro, 59
globalization, 8, 11
glyphs, 60
God, 4, 11, 12, 37, 60, 122
Goddess English, 201–2
Gogol, Nikolay, 102
Golestani, Narly, 232–33, 292
Golla, Victor, 80
Google, language tools of, 18
Gould, Stephen Jay, 177
grammar, 18, 37, 38, 42, 45, 56, 69, 97, 158, 207, 259
loss of control over, 9
patterns of, 34, 163
rules of, 24, 33, 103, 134
shared, 48
word order in, 97, 99, 122–23, 141, 210, 240n
grammar books, 11, 75, 95
Great Britain, 85
lack of foreign-language training in, 71, 72
Greek language, 23, 32, 43, 58, 95, 116, 150
alphabet of, 31
ancient, 33, 34, 75, 84, 118, 119
modern, 39, 120, 149
Greenblatt, Stephen, ix
Gregory XVI, Pope, 6, 109, 137
Grierson, George, 197, 290
Grosjean, François, 209, 221, 291
Guarani language, 167
Guinness Book of World Records, The 106, 176, 220, 226, 257
Guiora, Alexander, 238
Gujarati language, 4, 43, 47n, 219
Gunnemark, Dan, 105
Gunnemark, Erik, 91–93, 92, 99–101, 102n, 105, 107, 137, 140, 215, 226, 227
“Gypsy” language, 43
Hale, Ezra, 81
Hale, Ken, 80–83, 141, 169, 212, 239, 282
hallucinations, 49–50, 280
Harvard University, 46, 75, 86, 149–50, 162, 279
HB (patient), 139
Hebrew language, 31, 76, 150, 161, 207
Biblical, 4
Rabbinic, 4, 43
study of, 33, 101, 132, 1
490
Hellenic language family, 44, 218
Hentig, Werner Otto von, 151–53, 286
Hermans, Eugeen, 247–48, 251, 253–54, 256
Herning, Derick, 255–58, 262
Heuvelmans, Bernard, 248–49
Hickok, Gregory, 158, 287
Hindi language, 9, 14, 20, 26, 111, 119n, 120, 127, 129–31, 188–89, 191–94, 197–99, 203, 211, 231
Hindu, The, 200–201
Hindustani language, 4, 42, 43, 47, 75
Hippo Family Club, 86–89, 260
official seven languages of, 87n
historical archives, 13, 17, 27–32
Hmong language, 123
Hoffmann, Dustin, 229
Hondurans, 8
How I Learn Languages (Lomb), 101, 102–3, 293
Hudson, Dick, 67–73, 91, 94, 159, 168n, 209, 234
Hungarian language, 4, 5, 35, 39, 43, 104
Hungary, 101, 104
Hurro-Urartian language family, 44n
hyperlexia, 162
hyperpolyglots, 12–20, 28, 46–47
characteristics of, 12–13, 14–15, 34, 83, 209–10, 214–30
as cryptids (out of time, out of place, out of scale), 15, 169
definition of, 12
as freaks and geeks, 101n, 106, 212, 228
gender and, 101n, 228–29, 230
lack of modern scientific literature on, 73
language-learning lessons of, 82–83, 102–3, 111, 114, 133–36, 260–65
legends and myths about, 13, 79n, 81–82, 126, 189, 220–21, 248, 249
mental impairment and, 69, 94–99
memoirs of, 13, 59, 86, 170
modern, 92, 100–105, 218, 247–58
neural tribe theory of, 15, 213, 214–16, 229, 234, 239, 242–43, 247, 265
newspaper account of, 78
skepticism about, 6, 13, 14, 25, 42, 61–62, 67, 101, 105, 108–10
study of, 13–19, 67–143
surveys of, 13, 56, 217–26, 217, 219, 274–76
testing of, 6, 16–17, 109–10
unusual neurological resources of, 14, 15, 62, 94, 98, 231–35, 240–41, 260
uses of languages by, 13, 14, 15, 16, 50, 62, 812–16
Icelandic language, 42, 75
Old, 119
idiomatic expressions, 53
Illyrian language, 43
India, 8, 14, 42, 107n, 149, 187–89
caste system in, 197, 201–2
multiple languages of, 5, 9, 188–89, 191–205, 207–9, 290
Indian Army, 47n
Indo-Aryan languages, 196
Indo-European languages, 34, 196
Indo-Iranian language family, 44n
intelligence quotient (IQ), 94, 162–63, 216, 217
performance vs. verbal, 163
testing of, 214
Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR), 223
intermarriage, 21
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 54–55
Internet, 8
fraudulent email scams (419s) on, 10
language learning on, 107, 168, 265
translations on, 10, 18
see also Skype; Twitter; YouTube
iPods, 133
Iran, 85n, 183
Iraq, 124
Irish language, 42, 80
Israel, 108, 161, 195, 284
Italian language, 10, 14, 17–18, 28–30, 31, 35, 43, 50, 59, 130
Latin basis of, 17
Italy, 3, 16, 46
1860 establishment of republic in, 35
linguistic variations of, 34–35
northern, 34, 35
papal states of, 35, 59
Jackson, Jean, 190
Jacobson, Marcus, 85n
Jaillet, Lorraine, 80
Jampijinpa, George Robertson, 80
Japan, 45, 109
Japanese language, 7, 8, 42, 79n, 80, 106, 152, 261–62
Jesuits, 35
Jesus Christ, 150
Johnny Appleseed, 75
Jones, Sir William, 42
Joseph of Copertino, Saint, 32
Jovin, Ellen, 86
Juutilainen, Arvo, 100, 105
Kak stat’ poliglotom (“How One Becomes a Polyglot”) (Spivak), 227
Kala, 188–89, 193, 199
Kalmuck language, 151
Kannada language, 188, 191, 193, 196, 198–200, 203
Kashmiri language, 203
Kazakh language, 118
Kazakhstan, 10
Keeping Faith with the Mother Tongue (Srinivasaraju), 200, 290
Kenrick, Donald, 100, 105
Keyser, Samuel Jay, 83
Khmer language, 133
Klatzo, Igor, 154
Knight’s Cyclopedia of Biography, 75
Korea, 45, 108
Korean language, 9, 10, 49
Kramsch, Claire, 21, 22–24, 56–57, 227
Krashen, Stephen, 101–4, 284
Krebs, Amande Heyne, 147, 151, 175
Krebs, Emil, 100, 105, 147–49, 151–55, 157, 170–75, 170, 177–80, 212, 228, 229, 249, 264, 286–87
personal library of, 147, 154
preserved brain of, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 169, 171–75, 177–80, 232, 288–89
Kulman, Elizabeth, 74
Kurdish language, 43
language CDs and tapes, 87, 88, 114, 119, 130, 133
language competitions, 53, 109, 136–37, 247–48, 250–57, 253
language exercises, 31, 111, 137
language games, 25–26
language labs, 34
language learning, 67–72
of adults, 9, 10, 12, 100
aptitude for, 70, 100, 103, 122, 126
biological elements of, 10, 11, 68–69, 77
of children, 10, 12, 21, 33, 69, 86n, 100, 102n, 122, 142, 238–40
compulsory, 9, 148
dedication to, 163
developmental problems with, 68
difficulties of, 14, 21, 71–72, 205
ease of, 11–13
economic demands and, 8, 9, 10, 25, 71, 89, 204
educational systems of, 9, 24, 70–72, 86–89, 239, 247, 275–76, 291
emergentist theory about, 69–70
genetics and, 68, 160, 164, 166, 179–80, 234–35
in government, spycraft and diplomacy, 70, 71–72, 149, 176
impetus and motivation for, 12, 15, 19, 24, 83–84, 90–91, 103
innatist theory about, 69
on Internet, 107, 168, 265
language “acquisition” vs., 87, 102, 180–81
lessons of hyperpolyglots on, 260–65
limitation of, 71–72, 226–28
methodology of, 11, 16, 17, 20, 24, 36–37, 38, 51, 72, 82–83, 86–89, 99–100, 102–4, 107–9, 111–13, 123, 133–35, 239, 259–69, 269, 274–76
native-like proficiency as goal of, 14, 23, 25
from people vs. books, 35–36, 40
practice and training in, 11, 25, 54, 61, 100, 117–18, 137, 141, 251, 259, 274–75
pseudo-immersion in, 89
speed of, 9, 11, 14, 16–17, 36, 38, 50, 71, 86
state subsidy of, 25
thrill of, 20–21, 142
languages:
artificial, 99, 247
“bits” of, 50–52, 53, 81, 89, 134
codes and pragmatics of, 22–23, 51, 57, 164, 259
“code switching” in, 51, 139
cognitive investment in, 48–50
conversation in, 40, 43, 47, 55, 92
cultural capital of, 8, 12, 23, 91
dreaming in, 48–49
emotional attachment to, 22, 141–42, 262
endangered, 9–10
extinct, 9–10, 247, 251, 293
fatal failure and confusion in, 55
“feel” for, 263–64
fluency in, 20, 24–25, 43, 46, 48, 53, 72, 74, 92, 95, 247, 259
interpreting of, 21–22, 36, 45, 71, 149, 153–54
keeping up skills of, 24–25, 105, 251, 257–58
>
“knowing” of, 22–24, 48, 50–51, 54, 56
“living” in, 24
love of, 141–42
mastery of, 44, 46, 53, 74, 108, 142
memory decay and, 18, 73, 102n, 137
mimicking of, 46, 63, 71, 231–32
minority, 80
miscommunication in, 12, 55, 157
national, 51, 84
native speakers of, 9, 10, 14, 18, 23, 44–46, 51, 56, 63, 243, 261
new languages connected to ancestral, 10
non-native speakers of, 7–10, 18, 53–54, 84
official, 51, 54–55, 218
proficiency in, 51, 53, 54, 61, 104, 140–41, 182, 259
reactivation of, 9–10, 216
reading of, 12, 19, 21, 34, 39, 40–41, 47–48, 56, 116, 226
receptive skills of, 47–48
related, 10, 17
religious myths of, 5, 12
repetition and clarification in, 55
retention of, 164–65
simultaneous multilingual uses of, 7–8, 10, 11
singing in, 10, 88–89, 136, 231
sounds and rhythms of, 11, 231–32
spoken, 9, 12, 19–24, 43, 49, 56, 81, 87
structure of, 11, 56
switching easily among, 11, 63, 95, 137–40, 225, 227, 228
testing of ability in, 6, 16–17, 51, 53, 109, 126, 136–37, 140–41, 152, 182, 233n
thinking in, 49
tribal, 21
unification of, 51
written, 9, 10, 12, 21, 34, 39, 56
without written forms, 21
language savants, 94–99, 283
language scientists, 13, 16
Lanveur, Miss, 57
Lappish language, 42
Latin language, 4, 6, 8, 23, 30, 32, 43, 79, 104, 118, 138, 252
Italian language related to, 17
study of, 33, 34, 107
translating into, 34, 39, 58
translation of, 30
Vulgate, 58
Latinos, 22
Latvia, 31, 91n
Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 40
Lebanon, 108, 126
Leborgne “Tan Tan,” 156
Leischner, A., 73–74
Lenin, Vladimir, brain of, 154–55, 172
Lenneberg, Eric, 180–81, 289
Lessing, Ferdinand, 153
Lettish language, 42
Lever, Charles, 5
levitation, 32
levodopa, 237, 293
Lewan, Magnus, 110
lexicon, 22
Lex Language Project, see Hippo Family Club
Library of Congress, U.S., 154, 286
Library of Pisa, 6
Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti, The (Russell), 41–44, 277, 285, 294
linguistic creativity, 46
linguistic families, 34, 42, 44
linguistic relativity hypothesis, 49
linguistics, 16, 68, 70
LINGUIST List, 234, 281
linguists, 13, 22, 25, 50, 67–68, 80–83
literacy, 12, 22, 33, 39–40, 70, 150
literature, 11, 13
Lithuania, 91n
Livonian language, 31
Lomb Kató, 100, 101–4, 101, 138–39, 212, 215, 227, 239, 263, 283–84, 293
Babel No More Page 33