Emperor of Japan

by Donald Keene

  Court Council: and foreign affairs; and Kōmei’s abdication edict; and Chōshū domain; and site for capital; and Korea; and China; and Kanghwa Island incident; Meiji’s presence at; order of, abolishing Ryūkyū domain. See also Privy Council

  Cowen, Thomas (Times [London] correspondent)

  Creelman, James (World [New York] correspondent)

  crimes, punishment of

  criminal code

  crown lands

  crown prince (Korea). See also Yi Eun

  cultural imitation

  Culture Day

  Daigo Tadaoki (acting major counselor)

  Daiichi Bank

  daimyos: fudai; tozama; court visits by; interest of, in preservation of power; response of, to restoration of imperial rule; rebel; return of lands to emperor by; abolition of title of; influence of; acceptance of haihan chiken by

  dancing

  d’Anethan, Baroness Albert

  danjō no in (princely status)

  Darien, China

  Date Munenari (nobleman)

  “Datsua ron” (On Escaping from Asia; Fukuzawa)

  De Graeff van Polsbroek, Dirk

  De Long, Charles E.

  death penalty, end of

  decorations: Japan’s generosity with

  NAMES: Annunciade; Gold Cordon of St. Alexander Nevsky; Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun and the Paulownia Flower; Grand Order of the Chrysanthemum; Légion d’Honneur; Order of the Chrysanthemum; Order of the Elephant; Order of the Garter; Order of the Golden Fleece; Order of the Golden Kite; Order of the Rising Sun; Order of the Sacred Crown, First Class; Order of the Sacred Treasure; Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum

  Delcassé, Théophile (foreign minister, France)

  Denby, Charles (American minister to China)

  Detring, Gustav

  Diana (Russian warship)

  Dickins, F. V.

  Diet (legislative branch): Meiji on; ceremonies at opening of; dissolutions of; conflict of, with government; special session of; stalemate of, with cabinet; and tax increase bill; Meiji’s opening of

  Dillon, E. J.

  diplomacy. See also foreign affairs

  diseases: smallpox; beriberi; trachoma; typhus; cholera; meningitis; pneumonia; influenza; measles; hepatitus; epidemics

  divination. See yin-yang divination

  doctors of law

  Dogger Bank incident

  domains: anti-shogunate; replacement of, with prefectures; anti-government, league of; need for abolition of

  NAMES: Aizu; Hagi; Hizen; Mito; Morioka; Marugame; Nagaoka; Sendai; Shōnai; Tosa; Tsu. See also Chōshū domain; Satsuma domain

  Donker Curtius, Jan Hendrik (Dutch commissioner)

  Drake, John William

  Dun, Edwin (American minister to Japan)

  Dye, William M.

  earthquakes

  Edel, Leon

  Edo. See Tōkyō

  Edo Castle. See Tōkyō (formerly Edo) Castle

  education: Meiji’s interest in; debate over; technical; importance attached to; compulsory. See also schools; universities

  educational system. See also schools

  Edward VII (king of England)

  Eight Diagram Sect

  elections

  Elements of International Law (Wheaton)

  Elias, Norbert

  emperors: as figureheads; life spans of; role of, in government; and shogunate; leisure activities of; education of; in Tokugawa period; abdicated travels of; isolation of; increasing authority of; and domains; foreigners’ views of; and subjects; relations with soldiers and sailors; sovereignty rights of, under constitution; worship of; personal government by; official day of death of; posthumous names of. See also court; imperial family; Kōkaku Emperor; Kōmei; Meiji

  empress dowager (Kōmei’s consort): Westernized appearance of; desire of, for economies; final illness and death of; Meiji’s naming as Dowager Empress Eishō; funeral of; names for

  empresses, maternal rights of

  England. See Great Britain

  English language

  Enomoto Takeaki (shogunate rebel, later minister to China, later education minister): and shogun’s fleet; and Yoshihisa; revolt led by; resistance of, to imperial government; leniency to; raiding of government ships by; and treaty with Russia; and China; educational policy of; observation of copper poisoning by; death of

  Enryōkan

  Essence of Socialism, The (Kōtoku)

  Etō Shimpei

  Etorofu island

  expansionism

  extraterritoriality: Treaty of Shimoda on; and assassinations; of Japanese in Korea; abrogations of; Kalakaua on ending; Parkes on; end of; House of Representatives’ bill on. See also treaty revision

  Ezo republic

  famines

  farmer-poets

  farmers

  Feast of Tenchō

  feudalism

  Fifth Infantry Regiment

  Fifth National Industrial Exhibition

  Fillmore, Millard

  First Army

  five bandits of 1905 (ulsa ojok)

  Five Point Fortress

  floods

  Flying Fish (British surveyor ship)

  foreign affairs: Court Council’s consent on; Donker Curtius on; Nagai Uta on; early forays into; emperor’s assumption of; under imperial rule; proclamation on; during; conflict of, with domestic affairs; and international cooperation; during. See also Korea; Russo-Japanese War; Sino-Japanese War; treaties

  foreign diplomats

  foreign heads of state

  foreign languages

  foreign loans

  Foreign Ministry

  foreign press, bribery of

  foreign relations. See foreign affairs

  foreign ships. See also allied fleet

  foreign trade

  foreigners: Kōmei’s attitude toward; shogunate’s intentions for; proposed expulsion of; demand of, for opening of Hyōgo; practice of religion by; support of, for tycoon; Meiji’s dealings with; violence against; people on; first view of emperor by; and shogunate–imperial conflict; purification of; Grant on employment of; as teachers; marriage to; as judges; in China. See also Donker Curtius, Jan Hendrik; extraterritoriality; France; Great Britain; Holland; Parkes Harry S.; Perry, Matthew Calbraith; Russia; United States; xenophobia

  fortifications, against foreign ships

  France: warship of, visit to Japan; Japanese mission to; rivalry of, with Britain; and shogunate; killing of sailors from; educational system of, as model for Japan; war with China; on cession of Liaotung Peninsula; and Russo-Japanese War; occupation of Yunnan region of China by; posthumous tributes to Meiji in; proposal for alliance of, with Japan. See also Roches, Léon

  Franco-Prussian War

  Fraser, Hugh (British minister to Japan)

  Fraser, Mary

  Freedom and Popular Rights movement

  freedom of assembly

  freedom of religion

  freedom of the press

  French Indochina

  French Revolution

  Fuji, Mount

  Fujimaru (page)

  Fujinami Kototada (chamberlain)

  Fukiage Garden

  Fukuba Bisei

  Fukuchi Gen’ichirō (Ōchi)

  Fukuhara Echigo

  Fukui, transition to prefecture system in

  Fukuoka Prefecture

  Fukuoka Takachika (education minister)

  Fukushima incident

  Fukushima Village

  Fukuzawa Yukichi; on tycoon monarchy; on purification ceremony; vulnerability of, to assassination; and Kim Ok-kyun; on war with China; Meiji’s gift to; on Japanese–British alliance

  Fumiko, Princess (Meiji’s daughter)

  funerals

  Furukawa Ichibei (mine operator)

  Furukawa Rikisaku (anarchist)

  Furutaka Shuntarō

  Fusako, Princess (Meiji’s daughter)

  Fusehara Nobusato

  Fushimi Momoyama />
  Ga Noriyuki (professor of English)

  Gakkō-tō (political party)

  Gakushū-in (school for children of nobility)

  Ganko-tō (political party)

  Garfield, James A.

  Garter Mission to Japan, The (Redesdale)

  geishas

  Genji (reign-name)

  Genji names for concubines

  Genjōraku (dance work)

  Genoa, duke of

  genrō (elder statesmen)

  Genrō-in (Senate)

  George, Prince (of England, later George V)

  George, Prince (of Greece)

  German language

  Germany: army of; revised treaty with; on cession of Liaotung Peninsula; possession of Kiang-chou Bay and Shantung area; missionaries from; death of minister from; role and Russo-Japanese War

  gi (righteousness)

  gifts: at Meiji’s birth; at Meiji’s first presentation to father; at Meiji’s first New Year; at Meiji’s first birthday; of fresh fish; on Meiji’s wearing colored clothing; giving of, as ritual; to and from duke of Edinburgh; from Austro-Hungarian Empire; Meiji’s to pupils; Meiji’s to his aunt; Meiji’s to Fujinami; Meiji’s to impoverished nobles; in response to attack on Czarevitch Nicholas; for Meiji’s twenty-fifth wedding anniversary; Meiji’s to Yoshihito; Meiji’s and Haruko’s to Yi Eun; royalty’s to charities; Meiji’s to Itō

  Gladstone, William (prime minister, Britain)

  Gneist, Rudolf von

  Godai Tomoatsu (samurai)

  Gokoku-ji (Shingon temple)

  Gomizunoo (emperor)

  gon no tenji (concubines). See also Hamuro Mitsuko; Hashimoto Natsuko; Ogura Fumiko; Sono Sachiko; Yanagihara Naruko

  Gorchakov, Alexander

  Gosakuramachi (retired empress)

  Gosho (imperial palace grounds)

  Gotō Shimpei (physician)

  Gotō Shōjirō (Tosa councillor, later agriculture and commerce minister); and Yōdō; at meeting on government reform; defense of British minister by; and Meiji; resignation of; proposal of, for lower house of legislature; as president of Jiyū-tō; in Europe; as agriculture and commerce minister

  government: lack of; Nishi Amane’s proposal for; meeting on reform of; finances of; reorganization of; Meiji’s role in (see also Meiji: political/governmental actions); Motoda on; salary payments by; post-Restoration, lack of confidence in; local allegiance to; on meddlings of jiho; privatization of properties of; new ideas about; crux of problem of; and Jiyū-tō; control of religion by; pro-Western leaders in; Meiji’s rescript on progress in; and Diet; Korean policy of; and investigation of Queen Min’s assassination; and Boxer Rebellion expenses; difficulties facing; and war with Russia; banning of Shakai minshū-tō by. See also cabinet; constitutional government; Court Council; Diet; emperors; House of Peers; House of Representatives; imperial rule; republican government; shogunate

  Grand Naval Review

  Grant, Mrs. Ulysses S.

  Grant, Ulysses S.: Meiji’s message to; as emissary of China; in England; personality of; in Japan; Meiji’s meetings with; on Japan’s and China’s military strength; and Ryūkyū negotiations; on foreign indebtedness; reception of; on foreign teachers; on elected assemblies

  Great Britain: friendship treaty with; attack on Edo legation of; on open port in Tsushima; on reparations; rivalry of, with France; Meiji’s response to attack on citizens of; on invasion of Taiwan; and treaty revision; and Sino-Japanese War; control of mouth of Yangtse by; pro-Japanese sentiments in; and Russo-Japanese War; anti-Russian sentiments in; treaty of, with United States; anti-Japanese sentiments in; posthumous tributes to Meiji in; treatment of Akihito in. See also Anglo-Japanese Alliance; Parkes Harry S.; Satow Ernest

  Great Han Empire

  Great Purge of the Ansei era

  Great Shrine of Ise. See Ise Shrine

  Gresham, Walter Q. (secretary of state, United States)

  Grey, Edward (foreign secretary, Britain)

  “Grief over Empire Day” (Kōtoku)

  Griffis, William Elliot

  Griscom, Lloyd (American minister to Japan)

  Gulick, Sidney

  Gunjin kunkai (Admonitions to Military

  Men; Yamagata)

  Gyokusen-ji (Buddhist temple)

  Hachiōji, Meiji’s visit to

  Hai-ch’eng

  haihan chiken (abolition of domains and establishment of prefectures)

  Hakodate

  Hall of Mourning

  Hamao Arata (education minister)

  Hamuro Mitsuko (Meiji’s concubine)

  Han Kyu-sol (acting prime minister, Korea)

  Hana goten (Palace of Flowers)

  Hanabusa Yoshimoto (minister to Korea)

  Hansong, Korea

  Hara Takashi (interior minister)

  Harada Jūkichi (army private)

  Haraguchi Kiyoshi

  harakiri (seppuku)

  Harbin, Korea

  Harris, Townsend (American consul to Japan)

  Harunomiya. See Yoshihito Prince

  Hasegawa Yoshimichi (general)

  Hashimoto Chikanobu (artist)

  Hashimoto Gahō (painter)

  Hashimoto Natsuko (Meiji’s concubine)

  Hashimoto Saneakira (nobleman)

  Hashimoto Saneyana (nobleman)

  Hashimoto Tsunatsune (army surgeon, later surgeon general)

  Hawaii

  Hayama, Yoshihito’s love for

  Hayashi Gonsuke

  Hayashi Ōen

  Hayashi Tadasu (deputy foreign minister): on Kim’s murder; on fear of China; on threat posed by Germany; at funeral of Queen Victoria; and alliance with Britain

  Hayashi Tomoyuki (Interior Ministry official)

  Hayashi Yūzō

  Hayashida Sadakata

  Hayes, Rutherford B.

  heads of state, foreign

  Hearn, Lafcadio

  heat

  Hedin, Sven (Swedish explorer)

  Heijō (nō play)

  Heimin shimbun (Common People’s Newspaper)

  Heiminsha (socialist organization)

  Heinrich, Prince (of Germany)

  Higashifushimi, Prince

  Higashikuze Michitomi (Kōmei’s playmate, later Meiji’s envoy): memories of Kōmei; on Kōmei’s studiousness; on Kōmei’s physique; meetings of, with foreign ministers; visit of, to British legation; on funerals for members of imperial family

  Higuchi Tetsushirō

  Hijikata Hisamoto (Interior Ministry official, later imperial household minister); and Meiji; on Wilhelm I’s birthday celebrations; and Yoshihito’s education; on treaty revision; as imperial household minister; press attack on

  Hikone

  Hino Sukemune

  Hinonishi Sukehiro (chamberlain); on Meiji’s drinking; on Meiji’s indifference to surroundings; on Meiji’s paintings; on Haruko’s stay in Hiroshima; on Meiji’s visit to industrial areas; on Meiji’s sensitivity to own weight; on Meiji’s actions during Russo-Japanese War; on Meiji’s acceptance of Order of the Garter; on Meiji’s reaction to Itō’s death; on Meiji’s avoidance of doctors; on Meiji’s lack of emotionalism; on Meiji’s intellectual interests; on Meiji’s sense of humor; on Meiji’s delayed return from Kyōto

  Hippisley, Alfred

  Hirai Yoshimasa (interpreter)

  Hiraishi (judge)

  Hirata Nobutane

  Hirohata Mototoyo (court spokesman)

  Hirohito (Michinomiya, Meiji’s grand son)

  Hirosawa Saneomi (counselor)

  Hiroshima

  History of England (Hume)

  Hofmann, Theodor

  Hōjō Ujiyasu (chamberlain)

  Hokkaidō

  Hokkaidō Development Office

  holidays

  Holland. See also Donker Curtius, Jan Hendrik

  Hong Chong-u

  Hong Kong governor of

  Hong Sun-mok

  Hong Yong-sik (postmaster general, Korea)

  honji suijaku (religious
doctrine)

  Honshū

  Hope, James

  Hori Tatsunosuke

  Hori Toshihiro

  Horiguchi Kumaichi (consul)

  Horikawa Motoku

  Horimoto Reizō (lieutenant)

  Hoshi Tōru (president of House of Representatives): and proposed appropriations cuts; assassination of; life and career of; early political activities of; arrest of, for political speech; “The Limitations of Government”; study of foreign political institutions by; as minister to United States; perceived corruption of; and plot against Ozaki; Ōkuma’s decoration of

  Hōshō Kurō (nō actor)

  Hotta Masayoshi (senior councillor)

  House of Peers: composition and duties of; Itō as president of; resolution of, on election interference; salary cuts of members of, to pay for warships; on raise in taxes; and party cabinet; membership in

  House of Representatives: proposal to create; composition and duties of; populist parties’ majority in; salary cuts of members of, to pay for warships; and treaty revision; dissolutions of; vote of no confidence in cabinet by; general election of; and Katsura’s cabinet

  Household Guards

  Hsüan T’ung (emperor of China)

  Hubbard, Richard B.

  Hubner, Alexander de

  human beings, sale of

  hundo (Korean officer)

  Hyōgo

  “I Am a Bugler” (Toyama Masakazu)

  Iba Sōtarō (fencing teacher)

  Ibaraki, peasant revolt in

  Ichijō Haruko (Masako, Meiji’s consort, Empress Shōken): as possible bride for Meiji; as nyōgo; at marriage ceremony; entrance of, into palace; poetry by (see also tanka: first lines); effects of planned visit to Tōkyō by; education of; Westernized appearance of; with emperor in worship; and Mrs. Grant; and Kalakaua; gifts of, to queen of Hawaii; Prince George’s description of; visit of, to Iwakura; on women’s clothes; increased prominence of; public activities of; travel with Meiji to Kyōto; illness of; response of, to attack on Czarevitch Nicholas; at celebration of twenty-fifth wedding anniversary; visits of, to wounded men; relationship with daughters; visit of, to grandson; visit of, to Nakayama Yoshiko; visit of, to Numazu; yielding of place of honor to Taishō by; interest of, in military matters; photographs of

  Ichijō Saneyoshi (general of the left guards)

  Ichijō Tadaka (minister of the left)

  Ido Hiromichi (Uraga magistrate)

  Ii Naosuke

  Ijichi Masaharu (vice president)

  Ijūin Hikokichi (minister plenipotentiary to China)

  Ikeda Kensai (physician)

  Ikeda Nagaoki (foreign affairs minister)