by Bill Bryson
7.6 Anonymous portrait of Amadeo Avogadro (1776–1856). SPL
7.7 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834–1907). Novosti/SPL
7.8 Periodic Table; illustration by Neil Gower. © Neil Gower 134–5.
7.8a Densities of the elements at 298K. View 1. One of the “Periodic Landscape” series by Murray Robertson. Images © Murray Robertson 1999–2005
7.9 Photographic plate with comments by Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852–1908), 1896. SPL
7.10 Pierre (1859–1906) and Marie Curie (1867–1934). AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
7.11 Advertisement for beauty products using radium. Musée Curie, Paris
7.12 Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Marie Curie in old age. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
PART THREE: A NEW AGE DAWNS
p3.1 Interior of the atom smasher at Notre Dame University, March 1941. © Bettmann/CORBIS
Chapter 8
8.1 Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903). AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Brittle Books Collection
8.2 Portrait of Max Planck (1858–1947), oil on photograph. Ullstein/Granger Collection
8.3 Edward Williams Morley (1838–1923), c.1870. Courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives/original from Case Western Reserve University
8.4 Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931). Photograph Elmer Taylor, AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
8.5 Page from the manuscript by Albert Einstein of his Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, published in 1912. © Sotheby’s/akg-images
8.6 Albert Einstein and his first wife, Mileva, c. 1905. Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage Image Partnership
8.7 Albert Einstein. © Jewish Chronicle/Heritage Image Partnership 158–9.
8.8a Artwork illustrating the concept of warped space. Julian Baum/SPL
8.8b Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875–1969) uses a Brashear spectographer to record the first evidence of an expanding universe. Lowell Observatory
8.9 Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) seated at the Newtonian focus of the 100–inch Hooker telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory, California, c. 1925. Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery
8.10 Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941) and Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1839–1911) outside Harvard College Observatory, from Through Rugged Ways to the Stars by Harlow Shapley, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969 Courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Shapley Collection
8.11 Hubble Space Telescope in the space shuttle’s cargo bay. NASA/SPL
Chapter 9
9.1 The Atomium, Brussels. Martin Bond/SPL
9.2 Light micrograph of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium. John Walsh/SPL
9.3 Engraved portrait of John Dalton (1766–84) by J. Stephenson. SPL
9.4 John Dalton’s preserved eyeballs and hair. James King-Holmes/SPL
9.5 Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937, right) in the Cavendish Laboratory. Professor Peter Fowler/SPL
9.6 Artwork of atomic structure. © Digital Art/CORBIS
9.7 Computer graphic of an atom of helium. Kenneth Eward/SPL
9.8a Niels Bohr (1885–1962), 1925. © Bettmann/CORBIS
9.8b Sir Joseph Thomson (1856–1940). AIP/SPL
9.8c Neutron detector apparatus built by James Chadwick (1891–1974). © DK Limited/CORBIS
9.9a James Chadwick. Burrell & Hardman, Liverpool, courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, W. F. Meggers Gallery of Nobel Laureates
9.9b Louis Broglie (1892–1967). AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Brittle Books Collection
9.10a Werner Heisenberg (1901–76), 1927. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Segrè Collection
9.10b Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961). Francis Simon/AIP/SPL
9.11 Cartoon by Simon Way. www.CartoonStock.com
9.12 Nuclear explosion over Bikini Atoll, 26 March 1954. © CORBIS
Chapter 10
10.1 Rush hour in Mexico City, c. 1986. © Stephanie Maze/CORBIS
10.2 BP ethyl fuel advertisement from the 1930s. Courtesy of the Advertising Archive
10.3 Ethyl fuel pump from the interwar years, Mystic, Connecticut. ©Todd Gipstein/CORBIS
10.4 Thomas Midgley (1889–1944). SPL
10.5 Willard Libby (1908–80), cover of Time. Photo by Time Life Pictures/Time Magazine, Copyright Time Inc./Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
10.6 Arthur Holmes (1890–1965). SPL
10.7 Harrison Scott Brown (1917–86), California Institute of Technology, 1954. © Estate of Francis Bello/SPL
10.8 Clair Patterson (1922–95). Courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology
10.9 Fridge dump, Lewes, Sussex. Tony Page/Ecoscene
Chapter 11
11.1 Excavation of the first tunnel access shaft for the Superconducting Super Collider, Waxahachie, Texas, early 1990s. AP Photo/Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
11.2 One of the first images of a neutron taken by Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot in 1932. I. Curie & F. Joliot/SPL
11.3 “Toughest damn atom I ever saw!”: the “Crocker Cracker” cyclotron as portrayed in the student newspaper The California Pelican, 1939. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
11.4 Streamer chamber photo of particle tracks, obtained by the NA35 experiment at CERN, November 1986. CERN/SPL
11.5Tunnelling machine at CERN. CERN/SPL
11.6 Top to bottom: Richard Feynman (1918–88) at the blackboard. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection; at the Theoretical Physics Conference, Particles and Fields, University of Rochester. Linn Duncan/University of Rochester, courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives; lecturing at CERN, 1970. CERN/SPL; lecturing at CERN, 1965. CERN/SPL; lecturing at CERN, 1970. CERN/SPL.
11.7a Murray Gell-Mann (1929-), 1969. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection
11.7b Satyendra Bose (1894–1974). SPL
11.7c Leon Lederman (1922-). Fermi National Accelerator/SPL
11.8 The Standard Model
11.9 Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa of the Harvard University Department of Physics illustrating string theory, November 2004. © Rick Friedman/CORBIS
11.10 Saul Steinberg, Untitled, 1958. Ink on board, 20 × 23½ inches © The Saul Steinberg Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY/DACS, London. Originally published in The New Yorker, May 21, 1960
11.11 Edwin Hubble. Sandford Roth/SPL
11.12 Artwork of MACHO dark matter objects. Lynette Cook/SPL
11.13 Artwork of a dark matter halo. Jon Lomberg/SPL
11.14 Cartoon by Sidney Harris. © ScienceCartoonsPlus.com
Chapter 12
12.1 San Andreas Fault, California. © Tim Beam/CORBIS
12.2 Alfred Wegener (1880–1930). SPL
12.3 Illustration of ancient earth. Chris Butler/SPL
12.4 Eduard Suess (1831–1914). SPL
12.5 Mist in the Great Smoky Mountains. © Jay Dickman/CORBIS
12.6 The first guyot, discovered by Harry Hess, 1941. NOAA Central Library
12.7 Laying telegraph cable across the English Channel from Alexis Belloc, La Télégraphie Historique, 1888. Sheila Terry/SPL
12.8 Map of the earth showing tectonic plate boundaries. SPL
12.9 Launch of a weather balloon during Wegener’s expedition to Greenland 1930/31. akg-images
PART FOUR: DANGEROUS PLANET
p4.1 Magma flowing from Mount Etna towards Valle del Bove, 17 January 1992. © Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS
Chapter 13
13.1 Meteor Crater, near Winslow, Arizona. David Parker/SPL
13.2 Optical image of a meteor track. Pekka Parviainen/SPL
13.3 “Comets and Aerolites”: one of a set of teaching cards published in London, c. 1851. Science Museum Pictorial
13.4 Shower of shooting stars from Amédée Guillemin, Le del, 1877. Detlev van Ravenswaay/SPL
13.5 Computer artwork of the asteroid belt. Roger Harris/SPL
13.6 Luis Alvarez (1911–88). Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory/SPL
13.7 Poster for Meteor, 1979. British Film Institute
13.8 Eugene Shoemaker (1928–97). David Parker/SPL
13.9 Artist’s impression of the comet Shoemaker-Levy impact on Jupiter, July 1994. Julian Baum/SPL
13.10 Computer artwork of a meteor burning up in the Earth’s atmosphere. Michael Dunning/SPL
Chapter 14
14.1 Photo by Charles Weidner of damage caused by the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 published as a postcard. Rykoff Collection/CORBIS 263.
14.1a Ashfall Fossil Beds, 1981. Annie Griffiths Belt/National Geographic Image Collection
14.2 Richard Dixon Oldham (1858–1936). SPL
14.3a Charles Richter (1900–85, far right) looking at a buckled pavement. © copyright California Institute of Technology.
14.3b Beno Gutenberg’s notes with annotations by Charles Richter. © copyright California Institute of Technology.
14.4 Street scene, San Francisco, after the earthquake in 1906. Photo by Arnold Genthe. © CORBIS
14.5 Poster issued by the Japan Earthquake Fund, 1923. © Swim Ink 2, LLC/CORBIS
14.6 Jacket for Hugh Walters, The Mohole Menace, 1968, designed by Cécile Rojer
14.7 Computer model of the earth showing convection patterns in the mantle. Los Alamos National Laboratory/SPL
14.8 Mount St. Helen’s, Washington, after the eruption on 27 March 1980. AP Photo/US Geological Survey
14.9 David Johnston, 17 May 1980. US Geological Survey photo courtesy of Harry Glicken
Chapter 15
15.1 Mountains and Coastline from 36 Views of Mount Fuji by Ando or Utagawa Hiroshige, 1853. Private Collection/BAL
15.2 Lava flowing into the sea, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, June 2001. © Brenda Tharp/CORBIS
15.3 Krakatau erupting, from G. J. Symons The Eruption of Krakatoa, 1888, colour lithograph after a photo. Natural History Museum/BAL
15.4 Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1870s, photo by William Henry Jackson. © CORBIS
15.5 Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park. Wyoming, © Darrell Gulin/CORBIS
15.6 Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Jeff Vanuga/CORBIS
15.7 “Greetings from Yellowstone Park,” postcard, c. 1939. © Lake County Museum/CORBIS
15.8 Section of highway slumping into Hebgen Lake. © CORBIS
15.9 Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. © Raymond Gehman/CORBIS
PART FIVE: LIFE ITSELF
p5.1 Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a single strand of DNA. Science Source/SPL
Chapter 16
16.1 Umberto Pelizzari sets the new world free diving record, 3 November 2001. EPA/Empics
16.2 “Diving Machines” engraved by J. Pass. © National Maritime Museum, London
16.3 Wills’s cigarette card from the “Engineering Wonders” series showing a steel caisson, early twentieth century. Mary Evans Picture Library
16.4a John Scott Haldane (1860–1936) with his breathing apparatus, 1910. Hulton Archive/Getty Images
16.4b J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964) entering his deep sea diving chamber, 1941. Hans Wild/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
16.5 False-colour computer-generated perspective view of the Cunitz Crater, Venus. NASA/SPL
16.6 British soldiers blinded by mustard gas in France, 1914–18. © Bettmann/CORBIS
16.7 Wine bottle and glass, late-second-century mosaic from Thysdrus, El-Jem, Tunisia. Bardo Museum, Tunis. The Art Archive/Bardo Museum/Dagli Orti
Chapter 17
17.1 Wind vortices in the lee of Guadeloupe taken from the Skylab space station, 1973. Digital Image © 1996 CORBIS; original image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS
17.2 Léon-Philippe Teisserenc de Bort (1855–1913). © National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
17.3 The space shuttle flight deck during re-entry, 30 January 1992. NASA/SPL
17.4 A tornado off the coast of Cyprus, 27 January 2003. Photo Andreas Manolis © Reuters/CORBIS
17.5 Lightning in Arizona. Keith Kent/SPL
17.6 Jet stream over the Red Sea, seen from the Gemini spacecraft, November 1966. Digital Image © 1996 CORBIS; original image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS
17.7 Thermometer made by Casartel of Amsterdam, 1720–50, marked with both Fahrenheit and Florentine scales. Science Museum, London
17.8 Portrait of Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis (1792–1866) after Jean Roller. Académie des Sciences, Paris/BA
17.9 Portrait of Luke Howard (1772–1864) after John Opie. The National Meteorological Library, Exeter.
17.10 Cloud study by Luke Howard, c. 1808–11. Science Museum Pictorial
17.11 Anonymous engraving of Anders Celsius (1701–44), c. 1730. Science Museum Pictorial
17.12 Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the shell of a foraminiferan. Dee Berger/SPL
17.13 Chalk cliffs, near Dover, 1994. Kevin Schafer/CORBIS
Chapter 18
18.1 Light micrograph of an assortment of radiolarians. Alfred Pasieka/SPL
18.2 Dandelion seeds supported by the surface tension. Dr. John Brackenbury/SPL
18.3 First page from the “Journal of HMS Challenger,” 1872, a personal diary by Pelham Aldrich. Royal Geographical Society
18.4 Charles William Beebe (1877–1962) and Otis Barton (1899?–?) and their bathysphere. © Ralph White/CORBIS
18.5 A Fish-Eye View of a Microscopic Tragedy, painting by Else Bostelmann of the sabre-toothed viperfish (much enlarged), published in the National Geographic, December 1934. National Geographic Image Collection
18.6 Auguste Piccard (1884–1962) coming out of the air-lock on board the Trieste. Photo Scoop.
18.7 Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin. Photo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
18.8a Hydrothermal vent photographed by Alvin 3,000 metres below sea level. B. Murton/Southampton Oceanography Centre/SPL
18.8b Tubeworms on the ocean floor. © Ralph White/CORBIS
18.9 Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) in the East Pacific off Mexico. © Phillip Colla/www.oceanlight.com
18.10 Checking the radiation levels at the Hanford Site in Washington State, October 1988. © Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS
18.11 Giant squid washed up on a beach in Tasmania. Conrad Maufe/Nature Picture Library
18.12 Giant octopus from Félix de Roissy Histoire naturelle des mollusques, 1805. © NHMPL
18.13 Blenny (family Blennidae) emerging from a brain coral, Bonaire, Dutch Antilles. © Alex Smith
18.14 Orange roughy. © NHMPL
18.14a Shark fins for sale in a market in Hong Kong. Jurgen Freund/Nature Picture Library
18.15 Sorting the catch of Atlantic cod, Stellwagen Bank, Massachusetts Bay. © Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS
c.16 Chinstrap penguins rest on a rare blue iceberg, Antarctica. © Bryan & Cherry Alexander
Chapter 19
19.1 Stromatolites in Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Georgette Douwma/SPL
19.2 Stanley Miller (1930-) at work in the laboratory, May 1953. © Bettmann/CORBIS
19.3 Computer model of the protein myoglobin. Dr. Tim Evans/SPL.
19.4 Snowflake. Kenneth Libbrecht/SPL
19.5 Fireball meteorite, Wales, September 2003. Jonathan Burnett/SPL
19.6 The Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite. © NHMPL
19.7 Mosaic portrait of Fred Hoyle by Boris Anrep, completed 1952. Reproduced by courtesy of Ben Anrep, photo © The National Gallery, London
19.8 Reconstruction of primeval earth. Chris Butler/SPL
19.9 Light micrograph of a living colony of Gloeocapsa algae. Michael Abby/SPL
19.10 Coloured light micrograph of two strands of Spirulina cyanobacteria. John Reader/SPL
19.11 Light micrograph of fossilized cyanobacteria. Michael Abby/SPL 377.
19.12 Protozoa from Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen, 1838. British Library
Chapter 20
20.1 Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Eye of Science
/SPL
20.2 False-colour transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a Clostridium perfringens bacterium with endospore. CNRI/SPL
20.3 Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of eyelash hairs. Steve Gschmeissner/SPL
20.4 Family tree of man from Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, Anthropogenie, oder, Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen …, 1874. WL
20.5 Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) with his friend Allers in Italy in 1852. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
20.6 Carl Woese (1928–). Photo by Bill Wiegand
20.7 Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through the bacterium Staphylothermus marinus. Wolfgang Baumeister/SPL
20.8 Carl Woese’s Tree of Life. © Carolina Biological Supply Company
20.9 Professor Ernst Mayr (1905–2005) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © Rick Friedman/CORBIS
20.10 Australian public health information poster produced by Brisbane City Council Department of Health after the 1926/7 dengue epidemic, c. 1928. WL
20.11 Sufferers from the English sweating disease, woodcut from the title-page of Euricius Cordius, Fur die newe, hiervor vnerhorte und erschrocklich todtliche Kranckheyt und schnellen todt, dei English schweyeesucht geant …, 1529. WL
20.12 Reaction of Staphylococcus bacteria to penicillin. John Durham/SPL
20.13 US soldiers wearing gauze masks as a protection against influenza, 1918. SPL
20.14 A woman wearing a flu mask, March 1919. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
20.15 Scene in Nembe, Bayelsa, Nigeria, August 2004. © Ed Kashi/CORBIS