We Saw Spain Die
Page 63
New Statesman and Nation 48, 70, 249
New York Evening Post 252
New York Herald Tribune 21, 28, 159, 161, 346
New York Times 22, 36, 43, 51, 64–5, 139, 304, 323
News Chronicle 13, 13, 33, 54, 150, 161–3, 165, 350–1, 401
Newsweek 194
Nin, Andreu 97–8, 223–4, 230, 439, 441
NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Security) 192, 203, 205, 209, 211, 220, 223, 229–30, 305
Noel-Baker, Philip 308, 310, 321, 274, 329–33, 335–7
North, Joseph 111, 125, 153
North Africa 336, 338, 382, 385, 390–3
North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy 187, 374, 377
Novyi Mir 231
O Seculoe 179–80
Oak, Liston 84, 90, 98, 98–100, 105, 133–5, 144–6
O’Connell, Jerry J. 190, 328
Oficinae de Prensa y Propaganda 157–8, 172, 177, 195, 197
Ogonyok 204–5
Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum (Fischer) 256
Olías del Rey/Teninete 26–7, 265, 271
Oliver, Mollie 302–3
Orlov, Alexander 192, 209, 215–16, 226, 246, 267, 278, 304–6
Ornitz, Lou 188, 377
Orwell, George 18, 97–8, 223, 334–5, 431
Osten, Maria 220–1, 231, 239, 243, 245, 248
Pacciardi, Randolfo 385–7
Packard, Reynolds 159, 182
Paris-Soir 18, 43–4, 173
Parker, Dorothy 282, 374
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM) 84, 97–100, 181, 224–5, 230–1, 246–7, 431, 439–40
Partisan Review 107
Pathé newsreels 159
Patriarca, Vincent 270–1
Paul, Elliott 102
Pemartin, José 418
People’s Press 123
Pester Lloyd 165
Pétain, Philippe 382–7, 391
Philby, Kim (Harold A.R.) 187, 191–5, 197, 434
Philippines Free Press 183
Phillips, Percival 47, 159, 175–7, 311
Picasso, Pablo 309, 327–8
Pitcairn, Frank See Cockburn, Claud
Planas, María 311
Pollitt, Harry 126–7, 130, 133
Popular Front 4–6, 122, 132–3, 183, 205, 223, 349, 356, 368
Portugal 17, 157, 280, 179, 280, 354, 359, 361, 412
POUM see Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista Pravda 39, 203–4, 207–11, 213, 216–17, 219–20, 224, 226, 230–1, 234–6, 240, 267–8
Prieto, Indalecio 5, 112–13, 207–8, 264–5, 283–4, 347–9
Progressive, The 304
propaganda 3, 19, 22–3, 104, 124, 146–7, 229, 278, 289, 299 see also censorship
denial of Guernica 186, 196–8, 328–9, 366–7, 423–4
of rebels 100, 157–8, 160–1, 172, 185, 196, 315, 422
Spain as basis for Russian 229–31
truth as counter to 115
Propaganda Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 113
Pujol, Juan Martinez 157–8, 189
Pulitzer Prize Committee 345, 360
Quintanilla, Luis 93, 93, 259, 265, 345
Quintanilla, Pepe 87, 91, 93, 97, 107
Radek, Karl 204, 219, 243, 246
Radio Tangier 420
Rakovsky, Kristian 257
Randall, Deirdre 305–7
rebels see Franco
refugees
campaigns for 373–4, 377–80
reporting on 143–5, 155, 291–2, 325–6
Regler, Gustav 49–51, 206, 221–3, 380
Republic
and background to Civil War 6–7
establishment of 3–4
Republican–Socialist coalition 4, 348, 349
Retour de l’URSS (Gide) 227, 245
Reuters 9, 69, 151, 194, 322, 411–12
Review of Reviews 192
Revolt (Allen) 347
Rice, F.A. 176, 178
Ripoll 14–15
Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941–1945, The (Fischer) 307
Robles Pazos, Francisco ‘Coco’ 81, 84–5, 96, 102–4, 135, 142, 145
Robles Pazos, José 77–8, 145–6
and brother Ramón 77–8
disappearance, mystery of 77–8, 81–4, 90–2, 96, 101–2, 105
Dos Passos/Hemingway feud 74, 82–3, 87–9, 94–7, 101–2, 106–8
service in Russia 78–9
in Soviet Military Intelligence 75
Robles Pazos, Margarita ‘Miggie’ 85, 102–3
Robles Pazos, Ramón 77–8
Robson, Karl 178
Rogers, F. Theo 183–5, 417
Rojo, Vicente 211, 214, 217, 284
Roosevelt, Eleanor 283, 290, 293, 370, 371, 376–7, 380, 430
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 191, 284, 369–70, 376, 429–30
Roosevelt, James 369–70
Roosevelt, Theodore 183
Rosenberg, Marcel 65, 209, 217, 223, 241, 261, 267, 273, 278, 281, 292
Rossif, Frédéric 431–2
Rothman, Kajsa 135, 152
Russell, Sam 116, 130
Russia 45–6, 208 see also NKVD
and Czechoslovakia 236–9
influence on Republic 13, 20, 30, 75–6, 181–3, 242–3, 254–5
and Nazis, pact with 380–1
purges in 214, 214–15, 239–40, 245, 281, 291–2
restrictions on press in/by 47–8, 63, 67, 223, 227–30, 255
Spanish policy of 181–2, 209, 211–15, 267–9, 277, 292–3, 407–8, 429
Russia Revisited (Fischer) 305
Russia’s Road from Peace to War: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1917–1941 (Fischer) 307
safe conducts 10, 90, 146, 165, 177, 179
Sagunto 111, 284
Salter, Cedric 14, 16, 58–9, 150–2, 154, 199, 404, 409
San Pedro Jaily News 188
Schauff, Frank 229
Scoop (Waugh) 314
Sealed and Delivered (Steer) 310, 338
Selassie, Haile 311–13, 318, 337–8
Seldes, George 368, 374
Sencourt, Robert 424
Serge, Victor 244
Serrano, Suñer, Ramón 172, 402
Seseña 27, 161
Shannon, Thomas V. 362–3
Sheean, Vincent ‘Jimmy’ 36, 53, 69–70, 111, 121, 150, 153, 257
Skhorokhodov, Gleb 210, 214–15
Siege of the Alcazar: A War Log of the Spanish Revolution, The (Knickerbocker) 189
Simone, André see Katz, Otto
Sitges 411–12
Slater, Humphrey ‘Hugh’ 60–1, 122
Small, Alex 164
Smart, David A. 367–9
Sorbonne 423, 425
Sosnovsky, Lev 204
Sotelo, José Calvo 5, 344–5
Southworth, Herbert Routledge 283, 317, 361
early life/career 416–18
Falangist contacts of 423–4
as Franco’s public enemy number one 413–14
on Guernica 309, 416, 424–5
lobbying 296
in Morocco 415–16, 420
private libraries of 353, 421, 427
private life 419–20
scolarship of 424–5
writings of 396, 398, 413, 419, 422–4, 427
Soviet Construction 243
Soviets in World Affairs, The (Fischer) 257
Spain: A Tragic Journey (Rogers) 183–4, 417
Spanish Civil War, The (Thomas) 413–15
Spanish Earth, The (film) 83, 87, 96, 119
‘Spanish Lenin’ see Caballero, Francisco Largo
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign 376–8
Spanish Spring (Koltsov) 207
Spencer, Peter (Viscount Churchill) 59, 118
Stalin, Joseph 100, 243, 254, 305
and Koltsov 204, 208–9, 211, 213–14, 225–7, 232, 239, 243–4
Starched Blue Sky of Spain, The (Herbst) 88, 92
Steer, Georg
e Lowther 24, 69, 308–40, 424–5
and the Basques 318–22, 332–4, 339–40
in Ethiopia 310–13, 338
on Guernica 308–27, 332–5, 350
military service of 338–9
in North Africa 337–8
private life 309–10, 315, 319–20, 336–7
in rebel Spain 316–17
Stirling, William F. 175, 317
Stowe, Leland 346, 374
strikes 4, 346
Tablet, The 314, 362
Talavera 28, 170, 193, 210–11
Tangye, Nigel 175, 181, 433–4
Taylor, Edmund 175, 177, 346
Taylor, F. Jay 430
Telefónica see Madrid, press office
Teruel 60, 68, 148–9, 186, 194, 290, 371–2
Tetuàn, revolt at 60, 63
Thomas, Hugh 395–6, 401, 414–15, 426
Thompson, Geoffrey ‘Tommy’ 199, 337
Thorning, Joesph 23, 329, 360, 363–4, 366–7, 372
Times, The 175–6, 194, 323, 330, 425
Tito, Josip Broz 304
Toledo, massacre in 25–6, 160–1, 217, 265–7, 418
Tolstoi, Aleksi 246–7
Tree of Gernika, The (Steer) 308, 320, 332–4
Trotsky, Leon 78, 100, 204–5, 224, 231, 246, 427
Tuchman, Barbara see Wertheim, Barbara
Two Wars and More to Come (Matthews) 149
Ulbriechty, Walter 248
Ulrikh, Vasily 247
Umanskii, Konstantin A. 246–8
United Press 25–7, 34, 30, 110, 112–13, 141, 159–61, 257–9, 295, 427
United States
arms embargo 111, 369–70, 392
Catholic lobby 21, 363–6, 372
Fischer’s lecture in 282
House Committee onf Un-American Activities 99, 104, 379
non-intervention policy 377, 429–30
repatriating US volunteers 294–5
Uritsky, Semyon Petrovitch 281
Vaksberg, Arkadi 223, 239
Valencia 36–7, 83–4, 109–20, 130–1
Varela, José 28, 38, 161, 418
Vegas Latapié, Eugenio 172
Venero, Manuel 422–3
Vilar, Pierre 423, 425, 427
Voigt, Frederick 67–8
Volkogonov, Dimitri 241
Volodarsky, Boris 211–12, 215, 438, 441
von Ribbentrop, Joachim 194, 235, 389
Washington Post 123, 355
Waugh, Evelyn 142, 313–14, 336, 338
Weaver, Dennis 27–7, 31, 34, 161–4, 351
Week, The 59, 235
Welles, Sumner 429
Wells, H.G. 169
Wendelin, Eric 270–1
Wertheim, Barbara 373, 419
Whitaker, John 182, 191, 294, 347, 362, 374
Why Spain Fights on (Fischer) 282
Wilkinson, Ellen 290
Wintringham, Tom 100, 114, 122–32, 284, 289
Wolf, Emma 75, 215, 218, 232, 269
Worsley, T.C. 137–7, 144
Yagoda, Genrikh 205, 225, 243–5, 293
Yeats-Brown, Francis 330
Yezhov, Nikolai 205, 225–6, 234, 239, 243, 245–6
Yindrich, Jan 34, 36, 265–6
Yorkshire Post 310
Za rubezhom 204–5
Zamora, Niceto Alcalá 403–4
Zapp, Manfred 389
Ziffren, Lester 27–33, 70, 259, 361
THE OLD HANDS
Henry Buckley (left, with Louis Fischer in Barcelona in 1938) had arrived in Spain in 1929 and was considered one of the two most knowledgeable of the newspapermen.
Jay Allen (right) was the other one of the two best-informed correspondents. He had been coming to Spain since 1924 and had lived there since 1930.
Lester Ziffren (centre), head of the United Press Bureau in Madrid since 1933, with the actor Douglas Fairbanks (left) and his friend, the bullfighter Juan Belmonte.
FRESH BLOOD
The intrepid swashbuckler Sefton Delmer in Madrid.
The young New Zealander Geoffrey Cox became the chronicler of the heroic defence of Madrid.
Louis Delaprée (‘I number the ruins, I count the dead’), killed in December 1936, had recorded the horrors of the bombing of Madrid.
Arthur Koestler after his arrest in Málaga in February 1937.
WITH FRONTLINE COMMANDERS
Mikhail Koltsov of Pravda (right) with the legendary anarchist leader, Buenaventura Durruti, on the Aragón front at Bujaraloz, August 1936.
Ernest Hemingway chats with the Communist General Enrique Líster (second left) and International Brigade Commander Hans Kahle (first left) during the Battle of the Ebro, while Vincent Sheean looks away.
KOLTSOV IN WAR AND IN LOVE
Koltsov (right) with the legendary Russian cameraman Roman Karmen at the front outside Madrid in October 1936.
Koltsov with his lover, the German journalist Maria Osten, who would be shot in Moscow in 1942.
WAR TOURISM?
Herbert Matthews and Hemingway in ‘the Old Homestead’ (a house on the Paseo de Rosales overlooking the Madrid front).
Herbert Matthews (left), Philip Jordan and their interpreter, Kajsa Rothman, visit the birthplace of Cervantes in Alcalá de Henares.
OBSERVING PEACE, OBSERVING WAR
Josephine Herbst, wearing beret, meets the villagers of Fuentidueña del Tajo, to the south-east of Madrid, where Joris Ivens’ The Spanish Earth was being filmed (late April 1937).
Liston Oak (with beret) watches the front from the Paseo de Rosales in Madrid in 1937 with Hemingway (behind him, moustache-less), Virginia Cowles (with papers) and their interpreter Kajsa Rothman (in leather jacket).
BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE
Claud Cockburn (right), founder of the satirical news-sheet, The Week, wrote under the pseudonym ‘Frank Pitcairn’ for the Daily Worker, before volunteering for the militia unit known as the Quinto Regimiento organized by the Comintern agent, Vittorio Vidali (‘Carlos Contreras’), seen here on the left.
The glamorous American socialite, Virginia Cowles of Harper’s Bazaar, in a studio portrait taken in London after her return from Spain in the autumn of 1937.
Kajsa Rothman with a Swedish International Brigader.
GUERNICA
George Lowther Steer, second from left with moustache, with a group of French journalists, visits the historic Casa de Juntas, the Basque parliament, in Guernica in January 1937.
Guernica after the German rehearsal for Blitzkrieg.
HIGH LEVEL CONTACTS
Juan Negrín hosts a lunch to discuss the display of Picasso’s Guernica at the Republican Pavilion in the forthcoming Paris Exhibition (summer 1937). From left to right, Jay Allen, Diana Sheean, Mrs Casper Whitney, Negrín, Muriel Draper and Louis Fischer.
At the League of Nations meeting in Geneva, December 1936, Louis Fischer (centre), with the Soviet and Spanish Foreign Ministers, Maxim Litvinov (left) and Julio Álvarez del Vayo (right).
ALL FOR LOVE 1
Tom Wintringham, Commander of the British Battalion of the International Brigades, was badly wounded at the Battle of Jarama. Here he is seen with his lover, and later wife, the American journalist Kitty Bowler, who looked after him.
Safe-conduct issued to Kitty Bowler by the Catalan government, the Generalitat.
ALL FOR LOVE 2
Kate Mangan went to Spain following her lover, the German anti-Nazi Jan Kurzke who had joined the International Brigades. They are seen here in the hospital in Valencia after he was wounded.
Kate Mangan’s permission as a correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor to attend a meeting of the Spanish parliament in Valencia on 30 September 1937.
THE REBEL ZONE
Luis Bolín, the brutal foreign press chief in the rebel zone, showing off his uniform as honorary captain of the Foreign Legion.
Clipping of L’Intransigeant’s report of the murder by rebel forces in Mallorca on 17 August 1936 of its correspondent, Guy de Traversay.
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Left to right, the Daily Mail correspondent Harold Cardozo, the photographer Victor Console and the correspondent of the Havas Agency, Jean D’Hospital, accompanying Franco’s columns on the Madrid front, November 1936.
CAMPAIGNING FOR THE REPUBLIC
John Dos Passos, Sydney Franklyn (back to the camera), the Dutch film-maker Joris Ivens and Ernest Hemingway in the Hotel Florida in April 1937 discussing their film The Spanish Earth.
Kajsa Rothman fundraising for the Republic in Stockholm.
THE WORLD WATCHES
Negrín and Louis Fischer at a meeting of the League of Nations in September 1937.
The Norwegian journalist Gerda Grepp (one of Fischer’s lovers) with the Norwegian communist poet, novelist, dramatist, and journalist Nordahl Grieg (in white shirt) and Ludwig Renn, German writer and chief of staff of the XI International Brigade.
THE LAST THROW OF THE DICE
This photo, taken by Vincent Sheean with Henry Buckley’s camera, shows Hemingway, Buckley, and an obscured Matthews (in beret) surveying the Ebro in November 1938.
Hemingway rows Robert Capa, Matthews and Buckley across the Ebro in November 1938.
AFTER THE WAR
Constancia de la Mora recovering after the war.
On a mission for British Intelligence in occupied France, Jay was captured by the Germans, accused of spying, sentenced to death, and imprisoned at Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy.