86. Sometimes the research: Two examples that stand out are Jan Clausen, The Prosperine Papers (1988) and Stevie Davies, Impassioned Clay (1999).
87. In several novels: Jane Chambers, Burning (1978); Caeia March, Fire! Fire! (1992); Molleen Zanger, Gardenias Where There Are None (1994).
88. “It’s for your education”: Paula Martinac, Out of Time (Seattle, Wash.: Seal Press, 1990), 55.
89. “terms”: Sybille Bedford, A Compass Error [1968] (London: Virago, 1984), 179.
90. The defiant lesbian hero: Griffin, Heavenly Love?, 69.
91. “this label”: Brown, Rubyfruit, 107.
92. “the proper word”: Ali Smith, Girl Meets Boy (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007), 77. Compare the famous coming-out episode of Ellen (“The Puppy Episode,” Series 4, April 1997): When her friend asks whether they should now call her gay or lesbian, she says, “Call me Ellen.”
93. “What does it matter”: Ebba Haslund, Nothing Happened [1948], trans. Barbara Wilson (Seattle, Wash.: Seal Press, 1987), 108–9, 133.
94. “formula fictions”: Julie Abraham, Are Girls Necessary? Lesbian Writing and Modern Histories (New York: Routledge, 1996), xix, 3–6.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
I have included all the texts I discuss in any detail, but not those I only refer to once (unless they are extremely important for some reason). I have taken the unusual step of listing these not alphabetically by author, but roughly in order of composition, so as to provide a timeline of desire between women in literature.
The Book of Ruth. King James Version. 1611.
Barnard, Mary, trans. Sappho: A Translation. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1994.
Plato. The Symposium. In The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntingdon Ciarns, 526–74. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. Trans. Mary M. Innes. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1955.
Ovid. “Sappho to Phaon” (Epistle XV). In Heroides, trans. Harold Isbell, 131–45. London: Penguin, 1990.
Guillaume de Blois, Alda [c. 1170], summarized and quoted in Paul Barrette, Robert de Blois’s Floris et Lyriopé, 60–65. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
Marie de France. Eliduc [before 1189]. In The Lais of Marie de France, trans. Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, 111–26. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1986.
Blois, Robert de. Floris et Lyriopé [1200s]. Ed. Paul Barrette. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
Anon. Roman d’Ysaïe le Triste [1300s]. Ed. André Giacchetti. Rouen: Press of the University of Rouen, 1989.
Anon. La Chanson d’Yde et Olive [before 1311]. In The Ancient, Honorable, Famous, and delightfull Historie of Huon of Bordeaux, trans. Lord Berners [c. 1534], 3rd ed., chapters 167–70 [n.p.]. London: for Edward White, 1601.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. “The Man of Law’s Tale” [1400]. In The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. F. N. Robinson, 62–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Ariosto, Ludovico. Orlando Furioso [1516–32]. Trans. John Harrington [1591]. Edited by Robert McNulty. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972.
Amadis de Gaule (1540 to after 1594), 24 vols. by various hands.
Montemayor, Jorge de. Diana [1559]. Trans. Bartholomew Yong [1598]. In A Critical Edition of Yong’s Translation of George of Montemayor’s Diana and Gil Polo’s Enamoured Diana. Ed. Judith M. Kennedy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.
Warner, William. Albion’s England. London: 1586.
Lodge, Thomas. Rosalynde [1590], 2nd ed. [1592], facsimile reprint. Menston, U.K.: The Scholar Press, 1972.
Lyly, John. Gallathea 1592. Malone Society Reprints. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Sidney, Sir Philip. The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (The New Arcadia) [1593]. Edited by Victor Skretkowicz. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
Greene, Robert. James the Fourth (1598). In The Plays and Poems of Robert Greene, ed. J. Churton Collins, 2 vols., 2:79–158. Oxford: Clarendon, 1905.
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1600). In The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Peter Alexander, 198–222. London: Collins, 1978.
———. As You Like It (1623). In The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Peter Alexander, 254–83. London: Collins, 1978.
———. Twelfth Night (1623). In The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Peter Alexander, 349–76. London: Collins, 1978.
Chapman, George. Monsieur D’Olive (1606). In The Plays of George Chapman: The Comedies: A Critical Edition, ed. Allan Holaday, assisted by Michael Kiernan, 397–471. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970.
D’Urfé, Honoré. L’Astrée (1607–27). Ed. Hugues Vaganay, 5 vols. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1966.
Heywood, Thomas. The Golden Age [1611]. In The Golden and Silver Ages, ed. J. Payne Collier, 1–87. London: Shakespeare Society, 1851.
Middleton, Thomas. No Wit, No Help Like a Woman’s [written c. 1611, published 1653]. Ed. Lowell E. Johnson. Regents Renaissance Drama Series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976.
Carlell, Lodowick. The Deserving Favourite [1629]. In Charles Gray, Lodowick Carlell: His Life, a Discussion of His Plays, and “The Deserving Favourite.” Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905.
Fletcher, John. The Pilgrim [1622], ed. Cyrus Hoy. In The Dramatic Works in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon, 10 vols., ed. Fredson Boyers, 6:111–224. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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Benserade, Isaac de. Iphis et Iante [1637]. Ed. Anne Verdier with Christian Biet and Lise Leibacher-Ouvrard. Vijon: Editions Lampasque/Desclée de Brouwer, 2000.
Suckling, Sir John. Brennoralt. London: for Humphrey Moseley, 1646.
Shirley, James. The Doubtfull Heir. In Six New Playes. London: for Humphrey Robinson and Humphrey Moseley, 1653.
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———. The Convent of Pleasure and The Presence. In Plays, Never Before Printed. London: A. Maxwell, 1668.
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———. The Governess [1749]. London: Pandora, 1987.
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———. Shirley [1849]. Ed. Herbert Rosengarten and Margaret Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.
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