Exceptional
Page 29
“successful regional power”: President Obama, Interview, NPR, December 29, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/12/29/372485968/transcript-president-obamas-full-npr-interview.
“threat to our security”: Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, “Defense Strategy for the 1990s,” January 1993, p. 8, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf/naarpr_Defense.pdf.
took force off the table: Tamar Pileggi, “Obama: There Is No Military Option to Stop Iran,” The Times of Israel, June 1, 2015, http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-a-deal-only-way-to-stop-iran-no-military-option.
“make more concessions”: “Obama’s False Iran Choice,” Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-false-iran-choice-1437001404.
“ballistic-missile attack”: Robert Joseph and Eric Edelman, “Here’s the Difference Between How Obama and Reagan Handled Nuke Negotiations,” National Review, April 3, 2015.
protect us from attack: Ibid.
INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 136–37
Abu Ghraib prison, 125
Accountability Review Board: and Benghazi attack, 157
Acheson, Dean, 46–47, 54, 55, 57, 59
Adams, John, 4
Afghan Interim Authority, 103
Afghan National Security Force (ANSF), 152, 240
Afghanistan/Afghanistan War
and al Qaeda/bin Laden, 98, 99, 101–3, 148, 149, 152
ANSF in, 152, 240
as base for terrorists, 143
and Bush (George W.), 101–2, 147–48
and detention of terrorists, 106
drawdown plan for, 151–52
elections of 2012 and, 154
ending of war in, 131, 147–53, 154, 214
importance of U.S. involvement in, 101–3
and Iran, 173–74, 245
ISIS and, 152, 168, 241
Karzai as leader in, 103
Obama and, 3, 131, 143, 147–53, 154, 214, 240
politics and, 149, 151
and restoring American power, 240
Taliban in, 149, 151, 152, 155
U.S. troop strength in, 148–49, 151–52
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 150–52, 214, 240
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 175, 182
Aidid, Mohammed, 96–97
Air Force, U.S., 234–35
al Qaeda
in Afghanistan, 101–3, 148, 149, 152
in Arabian Peninsula, 137, 155
and Benghazi attack, 157, 158, 159, 160
Cheney’s feelings about, 100
“core,” 155
decline/demise of, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 240
and defense spending, 211
as determined to attack U.S., 137
and ending wars, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 139, 140, 141, 147, 161
and increase in terrorism, 154–55
and interrogation program, 108–9, 131–32, 133
Iraq and, 98, 99, 111, 112, 115, 118, 139, 140, 141, 161
list of targets connected to, 98–99
Obama and, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 156, 158, 161, 240
in Pakistan, 155
and presidential authorizations for NSA, 105
and restoring American power, 238, 239–40
and September 11 attack, 99–100, 108
as terrorist threat, 93
training of members of, 98, 99, 136, 137
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
and U.S. reductions in Middle East, 211
weapons of, 93
See also bin Laden, Osama; specific person or attack
al Shabaab organization, 155
al-Sham organization, 155
al Shifa pharmaceutical plant (Sudan), 98–99
Albright, Madeleine, 180
Allen, John, 151
Ambrose, Stephen, 27
American Enterprise Institute: Cheney speech at, 134
American Historical Association, 13
American Military Institute, 13
Anami, Korechika, 36
Andropov, Yuri, 80
Ansar al Islam, 112
anthrax, 93
appeasement
and Iran, 3, 180–94, 204–5
Reagan’s comments about, 171, 258
and restoring American power, 232
Roosevelt’s comment about, 10
and Russia, 171, 194–205
and Soviet-U.S. relations, 59, 85
Applebaum, Anne, 50
Appropriations Committee, U.S. House, 211
Appropriations Committee, U.S. Senate, 210–11
Arab Spring, 117
Arab states, 78, 239. See also Middle East; specific state
Arabian Peninsula: al Qaeda in, 137, 155
Armed Services Committee, U.S. House, 215
Armed Services Committee, U.S. Senate, 97, 151, 169, 210, 212
arms control, 252–53
Army, U.S.
Korean War and, 55
Marshall sworn in as chief of staff of, 11
need for building and equipping the, 13–16, 28
and restoring American power, 234–35
size of, 12–13, 209, 210, 211, 234–35
in World War II, 12–16, 36
See also military, U.S.; Rangers, U.S.
“Arsenal of Democracy,” U.S. as, 2, 10, 19, 251, 258
Article 5 (NATO defense pact), 53, 249–50
Ashcroft, John, 104
Asia
China’s domination of, 258
“pivot” to, 214–15, 220–24, 249
and proliferation of nuclear weapons, 254
and restoring American power, 254
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
See also specific nation
Assad, Bashar al-, 163–64, 165, 186, 239, 242
Associated Press: Iran story by, 185
Atkinson, Rick, 25, 39–40
atomic bombs, 5, 33–35, 36–38, 56, 57, 129
Atomic Energy Commission, 57
Atta, Mohammed, 128
The Audacity of Hope (Obama), 124
Auschwitz concentration camp, 30
Austin, Lloyd, 143–44
Australia, 24, 39, 179, 220–21
Austria, 11, 43–44, 63–64
authorizations, NSA, 103–6, 133, 235, 240–41
Awlaki, Anwar al-, 136
Aziz, Tariq, 111
Azm, Amr al-, 165
B-1 bomber program, 77, 83
B-52 bomber project, 60
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al–, 107, 162, 167
Baker, James, 91–92
Baltic states, 203, 204, 220, 249, 250
Bank Mellat (Iran), 178–79
Bank Melli (Iran), 179
Bank Saderat (Iran), 178, 179
Bank Seph (Iran), 178
Battle of the Atlantic, 17
Battle of Britain, 17
Battle of the Bulge, 5
Bay of Pigs (Cuba), 63, 64
BBC, 29
Ben-Gurion, David, 53
Benghazi, Libya: attack in, 117–18, 156–61
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 30
Berlin Airlift, 5, 51
Berlin, Germany
and Cold War, 63, 65–68
demonstrations in, 87
and Khrushchev-Kennedy discussions, 63
Obama in, 218
and Reagan at Brandenburg Gate, 85–86
Berlin Wall, 5, 50–51, 52, 63, 65, 72, 86, 87, 88, 232
Berns, Walter, 2
Bevin, Ernest, 49, 52
Bidault, Georges, 49
Biddle, Anthony, 12
Biden, Joseph, 115, 118,
179
bin Laden, Osama
Afghanistan as harboring, 102–3
capture/death of, 109, 153–54, 156, 214
declaration of war against U.S. by, 96–98
documents captured from raid on, 155
elections of 2012 and, 154
indictment of, 99
and interrogation of terrorists, 109, 135
Obama and, 153–54, 156
See also al Qaeda
biological weapons: Iraq and, 114, 219
The Black Book of Communism, 56
Blair, Dennis, 132
Blair, Tony, 109
Bohlen, Charles, 44
Boot, Max, 105–6
Bradley, Omar, 28, 33
Brandenburg Gate (Berlin)
Obama speech at, 218
Reagan speech at, 85–86
Brennan, John, 132, 137
Brezhnev, Leonid, 74
Brown, George, 76
Brown, Gordon, 182
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 180
Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances (1994), 203, 250
Budget Control Act (2011), 209–10, 255
Bullitt, William C., 11–12
Burns, Bill, 142–43
Bush, George H. W., 70, 93, 94, 200, 219
Bush, George W.
and Afghanistan War, 147
and authorizations for NSA, 104, 105
and Guantánamo prisoners, 106
INF Treaty and, 219
and Iran, 177, 179
Iraq War and, 102, 109–12, 113–14, 117, 145
and nuclear weapons, 216
and Russia, 195
September 11 and, 101–2, 105, 119
and terrorism, 101
ultimatum to Taliban from, 101–2
Bush Doctrine, 101
Cairo, Egypt
Obama speech (2009) in, 127, 193, 196
Tahrir Square protest in, 163
Cambodia, 70
Campbell, John, 152
Canada, 52
capitalism, 45, 124
Carter, Ashton, 190, 238
Carter, Jimmy, 76–79, 83
Castro, Fidel, 63, 67
Central Command, U.S. (CENTCOM), 97, 147
Central Europe
Russia and, 197–98
See also specific nation
Ceren, Omri, 189
Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 193–94
“Charter 77” manifesto, 75–76
chemical weapons, 113, 166, 186, 219
Cheney, Dick
and authorizations for NSA, 104–5
and enhanced interrogation methods, 133–35
and importance of U.S. intelligence, 101
Makiya visit with, 110
September 11 memories of, 100
and Solzhenitsyn-Ford visit, 73–74
Soviet Union visit of, 92–93
terrorism comments of, 91, 101
Chilton, Kevin, 201
China
and American leadership and supremacy, 2
challenges posed by, 220–24
complexity of U.S. relations with, 246–49
cyber issues and, 223, 234, 246–47
and decline in U.S. influence, 224
defense spending in, 221
economic cooperation between U.S. and, 248
and EMP weapons, 224
as global influence, 224–25
human rights in, 248
hypersonic weapons of, 236, 247, 248
and increase in threats to U.S., 216
Iran and, 179, 182, 224
Korean War and, 54, 55–56
and Libya, 224
Mao’s policies in, 56
military force of, 221, 224
missiles and, 221–22, 224, 247
and Nixon, 71
NPT and, 172
nuclear program in, 172, 217, 218, 224, 247–48, 252
Obama and, 220–24, 249
and pivot to Asia, 249
regional domination by, 212, 222, 233, 247, 248, 249, 258
and restoring American power, 233, 234, 236, 242, 246–49, 252
and Russia/Soviet Union, 71, 224
and space warfare, 223
and Syria, 224
technology and, 222–23, 246, 247, 248
and theft of intellectual property, 248
as threat to U.S., 242
UN membership of, 54
and U.S. defense spending, 212, 233, 234
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
as world power, 246
Churchill, Winston, 16–18, 22–23, 38–39, 40
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
and Afghanistan War, 102, 103
and authorizations for NSA, 104
Bay of Pigs and, 63
and Benghazi attack, 157, 158
and enhanced interrogation program, 132, 133
Iran coup (1953) and, 180
Obama and, 133
and targets connected to al Qaeda, 98
terrorism and, 107–8
civil liberties: and authorizations for NSA, 104–6
Clandestine Service and Counterterrorism Center, CIA, 132
“Clean Power Plan” (EPA), 237
Clinton, Bill, 97–98, 99, 116, 180
Clinton, Hillary
and Benghazi attack, 156, 158, 159, 160
and elections of 2008, 112
on Face the Nation, 163
Iran and, 182, 183, 184–85
and Iraq War, 112, 115
and ISIS in Syria, 163
New START Treaty and, 200
and Russia, 195, 200
U.S. Institute of Peace speech by, 200–201
Cold War
American leadership in, 2
end of, 88, 92, 94
as example of American exceptionalism, 1
history of, 88–89
and isolationism, 59
leadership in, 89
and missile technology, 60, 62, 65, 66–67, 71–72
and nuclear weapons, 56–59, 66, 68, 70, 216, 219
Obama’s views about, 124, 127, 128, 195–96
and Russian expansion, 249
size and structure of U.S. military during, 94
as story of American leadership, 89
U.S. role in, 197
and U.S. as superpower, 91, 242
See also specific person or nation
Comey, James, 104
Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack, 236
communism
capitalism compared with, 45
collapse of, 65, 74, 82, 88
deaths resulting from, 88
as doomed to failure, 88
economic devastation and, 47–48
expansion of, 62–65
and Helsinki Accords, 74–75
Marshall’s views about, 44
Reagan’s comments about, 43
religion and, 79–82
spread of, 44
Truman’s remarks about, 47–48
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
See also Soviet Union
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA), 183–84
Conant, James Bryant, 49
Conference on Security and Co–operation in Europe (1975), 74–75
Congress, U.S.
and aid for Greece and Turkey, 47–48
and authorizations for NSA, 104–5, 235
and Budget Control Act, 209–10, 255
Bush (George W.) address about 9/11 to, 119
Churchill’s address to, 22–23
defense spending and, 233, 234
and EMPs, 236
and HIG, 136
Iran and, 183, 184
Iraq and, 116
Lincoln’s address to, 257
and military reductions, 235
partisan gridlock in, 225–26
and readiness requirements, 234
and restoring American power, 2
33, 234, 235
and Soviet Union as threat to U.S., 170
and Syria issues, 165
and Vietnam, 69
See also specific committee
containment policy, 45–46
Council of Europe, 88
Crimea, 202, 203, 204, 212
Crocker, Ryan, 117, 131, 138–39, 140–41, 161–62, 169–70
Cuba, 63–64, 65
Cuban Missile Crisis, 63–64, 67–68
Curtin, John, 39
cyber issues, 216, 223–24, 234, 235–36, 246–47, 255
Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic
and “Charter 77” manifesto, 75–76
and Cold War, 68
German invasion of, 11
human rights in, 76
Marshall Plan and, 49–50
and missiles, 126, 197, 198–99, 250
Munich Agreement and, 194
as NATO member, 53
Obama’s comments about, 126
Obama’s visit to, 126
opposition movements in, 68
D-Day (June 1944), 6, 26–30, 31–32, 40
de Gaulle, Charles, 54
Defense Department, U.S.
and Afghanistan War, 147
defense spending and, 233–34
and Guantánamo, 106
and list of targets connected to al Qaeda, 98
New Start Treaty and, 217
Quadrennial Defense Reviews by, 213
and readiness requirements list, 234
Regional Defense Strategy of, 94–95, 248
and restoring American power, 233–34, 235, 237, 251
Russia-NATO threats and, 250
and security objective for U.S., 242
and September 11 bombing of Pentagon, 99–100, 105, 119
and size and structure of U.S. military, 94, 234, 235
“two-war” strategy and, 213
U.S. missile system and, 251
U.S. nuclear program and, 237
Defense Department, U.S, See also defense spending, U.S.; specific person
defense spending, U.S.
and Iran, 184
Obama and, 138, 208–15, 221, 225–26, 233
Reagan and, 83, 84
reductions in, 138, 233, 237–38
and restoring American power, 233–34, 235, 237–38, 255
technology and, 235
Dempsey, Martin, 168, 190, 216
Denmark, 52, 204
détente policy, 71–72, 73, 82
detention, of terrorists, 106–7, 241
diplomacy
military force and, 254–55
and restoring American power, 254–55
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 74
Doherty, Glen, 156
domestic spending, U.S., 208, 225, 237
Doran, Michael, 191
Dost, Abdul Rahim Muslim, 107
Downing, Wayne, 97
Dubai (United Arab Emirates): Iranian-Khan representative meeting in, 171–72, 192
Duelfer, Charles, 110–11
Dunford, Joseph, 211
Dunkirk (1940), 16–17
Early, Steve, 32
Eastern Europe
collapse of communism in, 87–88