by Ehsan Masood
Cairo 4–5, 9, 33, 83–90, 110, 121–2, 127, 145, 169, 173, 175, 178, 187
caliphs
Abd al-Malik 35–6, 60
Abu Bakr 26–7, 54
Abu’l-Abbas 38
al-Hakim 84, 88–90, 121–2, 173, 210
al-Mahdi 44
al-Mamun 9, 39, 44, 55–64, 74, 83–4, 121, 125–6, 140, 161–3, 170–1, 177, 183
al-Mansur 11, 39, 41, 124
al-Mutawakki 83
al-Rashid, Harun 11, 40, 44, 55, 140, 156, 161
al-Walid I 31–2
Marwan 38
Muawiya 26, 29
calligraphy
Arabic 53
Chinese 53
Cambridge University, see universities
Canopus (star) 148
Catholic Church, the 3, 138, 188
Champier, Symphorien 181
Charlemagne 11–12
Chaucer, Geoffrey 75, 124
chemistry, see also alchemy 3–4, 54, 153–60, 179, 209
chess 12–13, 49, 70
China 17, 30, 40, 44, 53, 80, 90, 133–4, 210
Christianity 6, 17, 30, 32, 84
Christians 30–1, 42–7, 66, 70–1, 86, 97
clock-making 191
clocks
atomic 146, 214
development of 163
elephant 163
programmable 214
water 12, 74, 163
coins, minting of 36
Cold War, the 180
Columbia University, see universities
Constantinople 1
Cooperson, Michael 62
al-Ma’mun (book) 62
Copernicus, Nicolas 4, 75, 87, 136–8, 165, 169
Commentariolus (book) 137
Cordoba 9, 65–85
Damascus Palace 68
hospitals at 75
mosque 68
Rustafa garden 72
sack of 108
Umayyad library 68
Cremona, Gerard of 109, 180
Crusades, the 10, 90, 179–81
cryptography 51–2
Ctesiphon (Persian capital) 20, 41
Damascus 26–31, 37, 39, 65, 67, 77, 81, 97, 110, 113, 187, 212
Great Mosque 135
Damascus Palace, the, see Cordoba
Dar al-Hikma, see House of Wisdom
Dark Ages, the 2, 6–10
Darwin, Charles 184
Origin of Species (book) 216
Deneb 117
dinars, Arabic 11, 36, 44
Diophantus 145
Dioscorides 97
De Materia Medica (book) 97
East India Company 196–7
Edinburgh 196
Egypt 28, 33, 64, 66, 80, 82, 85, 89–90, 153, 156, 175, 194, 208
Elborz mountains, the 82
electromagnetic radiation 170
elephant clock, see clocks
Elijah 201
energy, identification of different forms 104
English Channel, the 11
Ethiopia 12
Euclid 3, 144
Elements (book) 46
Fifth (or Parallel) Postulate 147
geometry 147
Euphrates, the 39, 66, 164
Europe, Western 3, 7, 11, 109, 160, 165, 175–6, 180, 188–93, 205, 216
extramission theory, the 170, 175
Fairouzabad 41
Faraday, Michael 3
Fatima 82
Fatimids, the 82–90, 173, 178
Fez 85
Fihrist (dictionary) 154
First World War, the 179, 189, 191
flight, early pioneers of 72
Ford, Henry 6
Formalhaut 117
France 12, 180–1, 188–91, 194
Fustat, see Cairo
Gabriel, the angel 22
Galen 45, 47, 98–102, 110, 131, 170, 181–2, 200–2
Galileo Galilei 3, 145
gems, trade in 20
Genghis Khan 90–1, 126, 133–4
geometry 119, 126, 135, 147
Germany 175, 180–1, 189
Gibbon, Edward 6, 69
Decline and Fall (book) 6
Gibraltar 66, 124
Straits of 67
Gilchrist, John 196–7
Giza, Pyramid of 64
glassmaking 14, 71
Goody, Jack 2
Google 208
Granada 80, 85
Greeks, Ancient
medical ideas 97
philosophy 43, 60
Greenwich Mean Time 191
Grierson, George 204
Gundeshapur 57, 97
Gutas, Dmitri 43
Hagar (second wife of Abraham) 21
hakims 202–4
Hanbali School, the 113
Hartford Seminary, Connecticut 43, 107, 150
Harvard University, see universities
Harvey, William 3, 111
heaven and hell, traditional view of 107
Helagu (grandson of Genghis Khan) 91, 92, 133, 122, 210
Heraclius, Emperor 27
herbal medicine, see medicine
Hermes Trismegistus 56
Herrin, Judith 7
Hijaz Railway 191
hijra, the 23
Himalayas, the 18
Hindoostanee, see languages
Hippocrates 45, 98, 101, 182
Hira, village of 22, 42
Holland 188
hospitals
at Baghdad 99
at Cairo 87, 110
at Cordoba 68, 75
at Rayy 99
development of 212
medieval Islamic 14, 87–8, 96, 122
House of Wisdom, the 57–9, 88, 140, 162
Hroswitha of Gandersheim 67
human origins 170, 182–3
humours, the 101–2
ibn al-Athir 81
ibn al-Haitham, Hassan 5, 84, 87, 89–90, 121–2, 131, 145, 147, 169–70, 173–5, 210
The Book of Optics (book) 173
Doubts Concerning Ptolemy (book) 173
On the Light of the Moon (book) 173
On the Spherical Burning Mirror (book) 173
ibn al-Nadim 49, 154
ibn al-Nafis, Abu al-Hasan Ali 4, 9, 69, 87, 108, 110–11
Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna’s Canon (book) 110
ibn al-Shatir 122, 135–8, 212
ibn-Arabi, Muhammad 76–8
ibn-Athar, Messahala 120
ibn-Batuta of Granada 79–80
ibn-Firnas, Abbas 4, 71–3
ibn-Hanbal, Ahmad 62–3, 113
ibn-Hayyan, Jabir 4, 54, 153–4
ibn-Ishaq al-Kindi, Ya’qub 49
ibn-Ishaq, Hunayn 42, 47–8, 59, 96, 171–2
ibn-Luqa, Qusta 48
ibn-Musa al-Kharwizmi, Abu Ja’far Muhammad 124
Algoritmi de numero Indorum (book) 142
The Compendious Book on Calculating by Completion and Balancing (book) 144
ibn-Qayyim Al-Jawziyya 113–15
Medicine of the Prophet (book) 113
ibn-Qurra, Thabit 48–9
ibn-Ridwan 127
ibn-Rushd, Walid 69
Incoherence of the Incoherence (book) 76
ibn-Shuhaid 122, 212
ibn-Sina 84, 96, 103–15, 122, 127, 153, 170, 173, 180–2, 191, 202, 214–15
The Canon of Medicine (book) 84, 104–5, 110, 180–1, 191, 202
ibn-Tulun 87
ibn-Yunus 87
ibn-Zuhr, Abu Marwan 76, 79, 86
Al-Taysir (book) 76
Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin 192
ilm (knowledge), concept of 60
India 4, 13, 34, 44, 59, 80, 103, 141, 144–5, 178, 188–9, 196–9, 202–6, 211
Indian numerals, see numerals
Industrial Revolution, the 13, 165
intromission theory, the 170, 172
Iqbal, Muhammad 184–5, 200
Iran 28, 34, 82, 92, 155, 209–10
Iraq 4, 27, 33, 37–8, 42, 69, 80, 82, 156
&n
bsp; Isfahan 86, 91, 126
Islamic empire, the 25, 30, 34, 56, 79, 81, 84, 91, 96, 108, 121, 126, 188–9, 198, 204, 208, 212
Ismaili, see also Shia Islam 83–4, 89, 133, 173, 184, 200
Istanbul 121, 187, 191, 194
Izn-Rand Onda (modern Ronda) 71
Ja’far (Barmakid vizier) 41
jahiliya, the (age of reckless ignorance) 20
Jebel al-Tariq, see Gibraltar
Jeddah 21
Jerusalem 28, 32, 60
Jesus 23, 32
Jews, the 17, 30–1, 42, 70, 80
Muslim discrimination against 71
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 200
Jordan 27
Jupiter 135
Ka’bah, the 21–2, 119, 148, 150
Kabul 85
Kepler 129, 136
Kepler, Johannes 175
Khadija (wife of Muhammad) 22–3
Khayyam, Omar 5, 86–7, 104, 145–7
Khomeini, Ayatollah 210
Khorasan 37, 132, 155
King, David 2, 120, 123, 148
King’s College London 7
Kufa 4, 33, 37–8, 40, 51, 156
Landi, Bassiano 181
languages
Arabic 8, 11, 17–18, 30, 35–7, 40–9, 52–3, 57, 70, 78–80, 86, 97, 99, 103–5, 117–18, 123, 138–9, 154–5, 158, 165, 170–1, 179–80, 196–7, 204–5, 213
Aramaic 45
English 18–19, 35, 197, 199, 200, 205
French 18, 192
Greek 30, 45–50, 100, 130, 170
Italian 192 ‘Hindoostanee’ 197
Persian 14, 17–18, 196–8, 205
Syriac 48, 100
Urdu 197–8, 205
Latin America 211
Le Gai Eaton, Charles 179
Islam and the Destiny of Man (book) 179
Levant, the 18, 27
Lindberg, David 171–2
Ten treatises on the eye (book) 172
Theories of Vision: From Al-Kindi to Kepler (book) 171
Madras 87, 194, 199
Madrid 73, 86
majalis (salons) 41
Makdisi, George 176
Malaysia 209–11
Malik Shah, Sultan 87
Maragha 121, 126
observatory at 122, 134, 210
Mars 74, 135
Martina (wife of Heraclius) 27
martyrs
Muslim 24, 63
Martyrs of Cordoba 71
Marwan, Caliph, see caliphs
Matar, Nabil 12
mathematics 4, 54, 119, 134, 139–40, 142, 145, 148–9, 155, 169, 174
measles, identification of 100
Mecca 20–6, 80, 87, 119, 145, 148–50, 191, 214–15
Black Stone 21
Sacred Mosque 21
medicine 14, 42, 54, 83, 88, 95–99, 102–8, 112–15, 169, 178, 180–1, 191
Ancient Greek or Unani 103, 179, 181, 203
Ayurvedic 202
Chinese 100
development of 212
herbal 102, 112–13, 160, 170, 209
Islamic 103, 179
modern 202
the Prophet’s Medicine 112–15, 202
Medina 23–5
Medinat al-Zahra 75, 108
Mediterranean, the 18
meningitis, treatment of 102
Mercury 74, 135
Merv 37, 56
Mesopotamia 86
metallurgy 51
mi’raj, the 32
Michot, Yahya 43, 107, 150
Microsoft 208
middle ages, the 160, 175
Middle East, the 10, 17–18, 33–4, 175, 178, 208
mihna, the 61
miracles 106–7, 181
Mohammed, Mahathir 210
Mongolia 33
Mongols, the 17, 81, 90–1, 133–4
Moors, the 197
Morocco 33, 80, 85
Moses 23, 201
Mosul 38
Mozarabs 70
Muawiya, Caliph, see caliphs
Mughals, the 188
Muhammad, The Prophet 29, 77, 82, 95, 106, 117, 185, 194
music notation 14
Mutazilites, the 60–1
National Scientific Research Centre, Paris 145
Naubakht dynasty, the 118
Nestorians, the 30
Netherlands, the 6
Neugebauer, Otto 137
Newton, Sir Isaac 3, 160
Nile, the 89
Nishapur 90, 133
norias (water wheels) 34
numbering systems, see also numerals 140–1
numerals
Arabic 141–2
Indian 140–1
Roman 141
Offa, King 11
Old Testament, the 201
Optics 5, 84, 90, 169, 173–5, 178–9, 210
Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC) 209–11
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 67
Ottoman Scientific Society 191
Ottomans, the 188–90, 194–6
Oxford University, see universities
Padua 175, 180–1
Pakistan 103, 184, 197–8, 200, 208–11
Palestine 189
Papacy, the, see Catholic Church
papermaking 52–3
Paris University, see universities 138
Pergamon 98
Persepolis 43
Persia 9, 13–14, 17–20, 27–30, 37, 41–6, 57, 81, 97–100, 105, 108, 118, 120, 124, 126, 133–4, 155–6, 160, 163, 196–9, 205
Persian Gulf, the 20
Petrarch, Francisco 6, 181
philosophy 43, 46, 57, 76, 79, 112, 177, 182, 208
ancient Greek 60, 129
phlebotomy, see bloodletting
physics 2–3, 104, 191
plague, the 18, 114–15, 202–3
Plato 46, 170
Poetry 14, 20, 51, 103–4, 185
Pormann, Peter 46, 103, 111
Portugal 6, 188
Postel, Guillaume 137
precious metals, trade in 20
Prophet’s Medicine, the, see also medicine 112–15, 202
Prussian State Library, Berlin 110
Psalm 84 22
Ptolemy, Claudius 46, 48, 86, 125, 128–36
the Almagest (book) 46, 56
Handy Tables (book) 125
Planetary Hypotheses (book) 125
Pyramid of Giza, see Giza, Pyramid of 64
Pythagoras 59, 145
Qadisiyyah, battle of 28
Qalawun 87–8
qanats 34, 91
Qasiyun, Mount 125
qibla, the 119, 148, 150
Qulawun, Sultan 87–8
Qur’an, the 32, 60–3, 76, 103, 114, 117, 120, 125, 149, 182–4, 201
Quraysh tribe, the 20, 22, 26
Ramadan 194, 214
rationalism 56, 62, 113, 177, 205, 208, 215
Rayy 99, 126
Red Sea, the 21
Renaissance Europe 6, 8, 10, 180
Rigel 117
Rinio, Benedetto 182
Roderick, King of the Visigoths 66
Roger, King of Sicily 79
Roman Catholic Church, see Catholic Church
Roman numerals, see numerals
Rome, Ancient 6–7, 98
Romulus Augustus, Emperor 1
Rumi, Jalaluddin 184
Russia, see also Soviet Union 80, 188, 194
Sabian community, the 48
Sabra, Abelhamid 2
Sacred Mosque, see Mecca
Safavids, the 82, 85
Saiyidain, K.G. 185
Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy (book) 185
Saliba, George 4, 36
Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (book) 4
Samanids, the 82, 85
Samarkand 85, 121–2, 126, 210
Sarah (first wife of Abraham) 21
Sassanid empire 18, 20, 24, 27, 41, 82, 97
Saturn 104, 135
Saudi Arabia 113, 191
Savage
-Smith, Emilie 111
Sayili, Aydin 123
Sayyid Ahmad Khan 200–1, 206
Scheherezade 40
scientific texts, translation of 36–7, 47
Scotland 196
Seljuk Turks, the 86–7
Seville 70, 76, 85–6
Shamsiya, observatory at 58
Shelley, Mary 157
Frankenstein (book) 157
Shia Islam/Muslims 26, 65, 83, 154
Shiraz 126
Sicily 12, 79, 82
Sinai, Mount 28
Sindhind, the 124
Singapore 210
smallpox, identification of 100
Soviet Union, the, see also Russia 30, 180
Spain, see also Andalusia 12–13, 17, 34, 668, 75–80, 85–6, 180
Spanish Inquisition, the 80
spices, trade in 20
Sufi, Muhammad 203
Sufism 111, 113, 215
Sumatra 80
Sumeria 140
Sunni Islam/Muslims 26, 65
surgery 76, 88, 108–9
sword-making 51
Syria 20, 28, 30, 34, 38, 40, 68, 80, 86
Tables of Toledo (astronomical tables) 74
Tallas, battle of 52
Tamerlane the Great 91–2, 126
Tariq 66, 124
Tartars, the 91–2
Tashkent 85
Tehran 126
theology, Islamic 62, 106
theory of everything, the 77, 107
Tigris, the 39, 164
Toledo 13, 70, 73–4, 85–6, 163, 180
Toledo School, the 70
Trevelyan, Charles 199
trigonometry 119, 126, 135, 148, 150, 169
Tuareg, the 78
tuberculosis 105
Tulunids, the 82
Tunisia 82
Turkey 17, 28, 48, 98, 123, 161, 164, 209–11
Tus 132, 155–6
Tusi Couple, the, see also al-Din al-Tusi, Nasir 134–7
Ulugh Beg 122, 126
Umar 26
Umayyads, the 26, 37, 67, 69, 81, 85
United States, the 180
universities, development of 169
universities
al-Azhar 83, 88, 90, 178
Bologna 175–6, 180–2
Cambridge 43, 175, 200
Columbia 4, 36
Harvard 2
London 12
Manchester 5
Oxford 111, 175–6, 200
Padua 175, 180–1
Paris 137, 175–6, 180
Siena 175
Warwick 46, 103, 111
Yale 43
Urdu, see languages
Uthman 26
Uzbekistan 9, 103, 121, 140
Vatican library 137
Venice 182, 188
Venter, Craig 157
Victoria, Queen 206
Visigoths, the 1, 66
Warwick University, see universities
Washington, George 101
water clocks, see clocks
Watt, James 6
Yale University, see universities
Yarmuk, battle of 27–8
Yemen 12, 20
Zab, River 38
Zamzam, well of 21–2
zero, concept of 141
Zewail, Ahmed 208