349
a few put their hands over their eyes — Higgins, “Army Forces Weimar Citizens to View Buchenwald’s Horrors,” New York Herald Tribune, April 18, 1945.
349
Marguerite Higgins gave an exhaustive accounting — Ibid.
349
also reported the memorial service — Higgins, “The 51,000 Dead of Buchenwald Honored by the 20,000 Living,” New York Herald Tribune, April 21, 1945.
350
Twelve days after the camp’s liberation — Kirkpatrick, “3,000 Skeletons Come Slowly Back to Life,” Chicago Daily News, April 24, 1945.
350
Helen ran across a German Jew — Kirkpatrick, interview.
350
Janet Flanner waited almost three weeks — Flanner, letter to Solita Solano, April 16, 1945, in Wineapple, Genet, p. 192.
350
At Lager Dora ... starving men and women — Carpenter, No Woman’s World, pp. 293-295.
351
Ann Stringer also went to Nordhausen — Stringer (UP), “10,000 Dead and Dying in Nazi Horror Plant,” New York World Telegram, April 14, 1945.
351
“The spring wind ruffled a white flag” — Carson (INS), “Nazi Massacre of War Slaves,” New York Journal-American, April 23, 1945.
351
The work camp was not their planned destination — Bourke-White, “Dear Fatherland,” p. 76.
351
Walton recalled walking about... sobbing — Walton, interview.
353
At Landsberg — E. Packard (UP), “Germans View Victims’ Bodies, Voice Sorrow,” New York World Telegram, April 30, 1945.
353
a visit ... to Hitler’s great “abortion camp” — Irwin, “Nazis Killed Slave Women, Babies in ‘Murder-Before-Birth’ Camp,” Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, April 15, 1945.
354
Janet Flanner did not go to Ravensbrück — Flanner, “Letter from Paris,” New Yorker, April 25, 1945.
356
Marguerite Higgins’s dream of journalistic triumph — May, Witness to War, pp. 87-91; Higgins, “Finale in the West,” Mademoiselle, July 1945.
357
“There was not a soul in the yard” — Higgins, “33,000 Dachau Captives Freed by 7th Army,” New York Herald Tribune, May 1, 1945.
358
recalled the boxcars — Lochridge, “Are Germans Human?” Woman’s Home Companion, July 1945.
359
Lee Miller hooted at the idea — Penrose, Lee Miller’s War, p. 182.
360
By the time she got to Torgau — Gellhorn, “The Russians’ Invisible Wall,” Collier’s, June 30,1945.
360
This was true at Dachau, too — Gellhorn, “Dachau: Experimental Murder,” Collier’s, ]unt 21, 1945.
31. The Longed-for Day
362
Lee Miller promptly moved in — Penrose, Lee Miller’s War, pp. 191-199.
365
Carson and Whitehead had a little bad luck — Carson interview by Dwight Bentel of Editor & Publisher, spring 1945; Oestreicher, The World Is Their Beat, pp. 225-227.
366
Irwin’s better luck — Stories of her Berlin coup were delayed by censors, but appeared under banner headlines in the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch for May 8, 9, and 10, 1945.
368
On the evening of the second day — Kenney, “She Got to Berlin,” pp. 473 — 474.
369
Lee Miller and Dave Scherman drove like mad — Penrose, The Lives of Lee Miller, p. 143.
369
“The mountainside was a mess of craters” — Penrose, Lee Miller’s War, p. 200.
370
“Stores of china, glassware, linen and silver” — Higgins, “U.S. Flag Flies Over Ruins of Berchtesgaden,” New York Herald Tribune, May 7, 1945.
370
By the time Helen Kirkpatrick and Bill Walton arrived — Walton, interview.
370
Lael Wertenbaker of Time-Life knew — Wertenbaker, interview.
371
“A general who had been assigned as the Poohbah” — Kirkpatrick, interview.
371
Years later it was reliably reported — Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Garden City: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 240-241.
372
during the ceremony Eisenhower sat — Avery, “ ‘Ike’ Reads a Cowboy Story as Enemy Capitulates,” Detroit Free Press, May 9, 1945.
372
“Those who saw him said” — Coyne, “His Feet on Desk, ‘Ike’ Reads ‘Westerns’ as Germans Sign,” Boston Herald, May 9, 1945.
373
photographing... Bremerhaven from a Piper Cub — Bourke-White, “Dear Fatherland,” v>. 55-60.
373
Lee Miller and Dave Scherman were at the press camp — Penrose, The Lives of Lee Miller, p. 144.
373
“At exactly one minute after midnight” — Higgins, “Finale in the West,” Mademoiselle, July 1945.
373
“We sat in the press camp” — Carpenter, No Woman’s World, pp. 330-332.
374
“In Paris the war ended the way it began” — Flanner, “Letter from Paris,” New Yorker, May 11, 1945; reprinted in Paris Journal 1944-1965, pp. 26-27’.
376
Ann Stringer too was in Paris — telephone interview of Allan Jackson by author, July 15, 1994.
32. “It Is Not Over, Over Here”
377
Peggy Hull Deuell heard the news — Deuell, “V-E Day No Fiesta,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 21, 1945.
377
Dickey ... managed to go ashore on still-unsecured Okinawa — Notes labeled “4-5 April 1945, Okinawa Harbor,” Dickey Chapelle Collection; Chapelle, What’s A Woman Doing Here?, pp. 97-127; Ostroff, Fire in the Wind, pp. 108-125.
378
John Lardner ... set down his impressions — Lardner, radio dispatch to NANA, April 6, 1945.
380
Shelley Mydans met up with some [Japanese] on Guam — S. Mydans, “Guam Holdouts Give Up,” July 2, 1945.
380
“Now he stood in the clearing” — Ibid.
33. Women Winding Up a War
382
to Prague the day after V-E Day — Carpenter, No Woman’s World, pp. 333338.
383
on hand to report the surrender — E. Packard (UP), “Goering Held by 7th Army,” New York World-Telegram, May 9, 1945.
383
Patricia Lochridge’s version — Lochridge, interview.
383
fabulous art treasures — Higgins, “2,000,000,000 Art Loot Seized in Nazi Caches,” and “$500,000,000 in Art Captured at Goering Villa,” New York Herald Tribune, May 14 and 21, 1945.
383
Life sent Margaret Bourke-White to Essen — Bourke-White, “The Krupps,” Life, August 27, 1945.
383
Marjorie “Dot” Avery and Catherine Coyne flew to liberated Norway — Avery, “Nazi Army in Norway Still Carrying Arms,” Detroit Free Press, May 22, 1945; Coyne, “Norse ‘Forgive’ Nazi Soldiers Who Still Keep Guns, Live Well,” Boston Herald, May 19, 1945.
383
“the people almost tore themselves apart” — Avery, “Norse Hail Freedom in Big Parade,” Detroit Free Press, May 21, 1945.
383
Ann Stringer went in with the first convoy—Jackson, “Ann Stringer, Memories”; Edwards, Women of the World, pp. 172-173.
384
Lee Miller sought out and interviewed ... Nijinsky — Penrose, The Lives of Lee Miller, p. 154.
384
In England, where British Vogue hailed her return — Ibid., pp. 146-147.
384
Much of her reporting that summer — Higgins, “Voices of the Defeated,” Mademoiselle, August 1945; May, Witness to War, pp. 93-101.
385
Ray Daniell and Tarda Long arrived — Long, “This Is Berlin — Without Hitler,” New York Times Magazine,
July 22, 1945; interview.
385
Helen . . . spent much of July and August — Kirkpatrick, “Petain’s Supporters Decry Reynaud Attack,” Chicago Daily News, July 25, 1945.
386
the trial... tarnished everyone — Flanner, “Letter from Paris,” New Yorker, July 26, 1945; reprinted in Paris Journal 1944-1965, pp. 31-35.
386
Lael Wertenbaker, now noticeably pregnant — Wertenbaker, interview.
386
Sonia Tomara, confined to the U.S. General Hospital — Tomara, unpublished memoir.
386
an exhausted Ruth Cowan — Cowan to “Ed” (probably Edward Kennedy of the AP), April 25, 1945, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College.
387
Virginia Irwin, disaccredited — Kenney, “She Got to Berlin,” p. 476.
387
Lee Carson managed to hitch an early plane — Oestreicher, The World Is Their Beat, p. 225.
387
Carpenter ... planned to go to the Pacific theater — Carpenter, interview.
387
Martha Gellhorn flew from Scotland — Gellhorn, “You’re on Your Way Home,” Collier’s, September 22, 1945.
387
“You think in small amazed snatches” — Ibid.
389
“For the war, the hated and perilous and mad” — Ibid.
Epilogue
390
What the women in these pages did — except where indicated, biographical material included here comes from sources previously noted.
391
“I’ve never wanted to do anything else” — Mimi Mead, “Janet Flanner recalls joys of Paris lifetime,” Women’s News Service, December 26, 1971.
Selected Bibliography
Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969.
Belford, Barbara. Brilliant Bylines: A Biographical Anthology of Notable Newspaperwomen in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Bourke-White, Margaret. “Dear Fatherland, Rest Quietly.” New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946.
——. Portrait of Myself. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.
——. Shooting the Russian War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942.
——. They Called It “Purple Heart Valley.” New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944.
Calvocoressi, Peter, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard. Total War. Revised edition. New York: Pantheon, 1989.
Carpenter, Iris. No Woman’s World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946.
Chapelle, Dickey. What’s a Woman Doing Here? New York: William Morrow, 1961.
——. Unpublished papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
Cowles, Virginia. Looking for Trouble. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941.
Daniell, Raymond. Civilians Must Fight. New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1941.
Davis, Frances. My Shadow in the Sun. New York: Carrick & Evans, 1940.
Edwards, Julia. Women of the World: The Great Foreign Correspondents. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988.
Flanner, Janet. Janet Planner’s World: Uncollected Writings 1932-1975, edited by Irving Drutman. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979.
—— . Paris Journal 1944-1965, edited by William Shawn. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
—— . Paris Was Yesterday 1925-1939, edited by Irving Drutman. New York: Viking Press, 1972.
Gellhorn, Martha. The Face of War. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988.
—— .A Stricken Field. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940.
—— . Travels with Myself and Another. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978.
—— . The View from the Ground. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988.
Goldberg, Vicki. Margaret Bourke-White. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
Goodwin, Doris Kearns. No Ordinary Time. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Hahn, Emily. China to Me: A Partial Autobiography. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1944.
Hemingway, Mary Welsh. How It Was. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.
Higgins, Marguerite. News Is a Singular Thing. Garden City: Doubleday, 1955.
Hohenberg, John. Foreign Correspondence: The Great Reporters and Their Times. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
Hosley, David H. and Gayle K. Yamada. Hard News: Women in Broadcast Journalism. New York: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Keegan, John. The Second World War. New York: Viking Penguin, 1989.
Kenney, Anne R. “‘She Got to Berlin’: Virginia Irwin, St. Louis Post Dispatch War Correspondent.” Missouri Historical Review, Vol. LXXIX, No. 4, July 1985.
Kert, Bernice. The Hemingway Women. New York, W. W. Norton, 1983. Kirkpatrick, Helen. Under the British Umbrella. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1939.
—— . See Milbank, Helen Kirkpatrick.
Kurth, Peter. American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.
Langer, Elinor. Josephine Herbst. Boston: Little, Brown, 1983.
Lee, Clark. They Call It Pacific. New York: Viking Press, 1943.
Lynn, Kenneth S. Hemingway. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.
MacKinnon, Stephen R. and Oris Friesen. China Reporting. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Marzolf, Marion. Up From the Footnote: A History of Women Journalists. New York: Hastings House, 1977.
May, Antoinette. Witness to War: A Biography of Marguerite Higgins. New York: Beaufort Books, 1983.
Mellow, James R. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Addison Wesley, 1992.
Messenger, Charles. The Chronological Atlas of World War Two. New York: Macmillan, 1989.
Milbank, Helen Kirkpatrick. Interview by Anne S. Kasper, April 1990. Women in Journalism Oral History Project of the Washington Press Club Foundation.
Moats, Alice-Leone. Blind Date With Mars. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1943.
Mydans, Carl. More Than Meets the Eye. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959.
Mydans, Shelley Smith. The Open City. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1945.
Oestreicher, J. C. The World Is Their Beat. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1945.
Oldfield, Colonel Barney. Never a Shot in Anger. Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1956.
Ostroff, Roberta. Fire in the Wind: The Life of Dickey Chapelle. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992.
Packard, Reynolds and Eleanor. Balcony Empire. New York: Oxford, 1942.
Penrose, Antony. The Lives of Lee Miller. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1985.
Penrose, Antony, editor. Lee Miller’s War. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992.
Rand, Peter. China Hands. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Reynolds, David. Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain, 1942-1945. New York: Random House, 1995.
Rollyson, Carl. Nothing Ever Happens to the Brave: The Story of Martha Gellhorn. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
Sanders, Marion K. Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Time. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.
Schultz, Sigrid. Interview by Harold Hutchings for Chicago Tribune, April 5-6, 1977. Sigrid Schultz Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
——. Interview by Alan Green, February 12, 1971. Sigrid Schultz Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Shirer, William. Berlin Diary. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
—— . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.
—— . Twentieth Century Journey: The Nightmare Years, 1930-1940. Boston: Little, Brown, 1984.
Sicherman, Barbara and Carol Hurd Green, Notable American Women: The Modern Period. Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard), 1980.
Smith, Wilda M. and Eleanor A. Bogart. The Wars of Peggy Hull: The Life and Times of a War Correspondent. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1991.
Voss, Frederick S. Reporting the War: The Journalistic Coverage of World War II. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
Wason, Elizabeth. Miracle in Hellas.
New York: Macmillan, 1943.
Welsh, Mary. See Hemingway, Mary Welsh.
White, Theodore H. and Annalee Jacoby. Thunder out of China. New York: William Sloane, 1946.
Wineapple, Brenda. Genet: A Biography of Janet Flanner. New York, Ticknor & Fields, 1989.
Index
Aachen, 276-77, 317-18
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 38, 39
accreditation, 176, 178, 212-13283-84,296-97,301,303-4
Acheson, Dean, 392
Air Power Press Camp, 330, 347
Akers, Russell E, Jr., 284, 395
Albania, 63-64, 113 Albany Times Union, 22 Alfiero, Dino, 65
Algiers, 180, 182-84, 187-88, 192-93, 208
Alsace, 279-80
American Expeditionary Force, 171-73
American Friends of France, 72, 81
American Friends Service
Committee, 397
American Red Cross, 1, 96, 212
Anderson, Margaret, 71-72
Anderson, Maxwell, 15, 37
Angly, Ed, 95
anti-Semitism, 17, 23, 47-48, 195, 220
Ardennes, 284, 285
Army Air Transport Command, 298
arrests of reporters, 150-51, 163-65. See also internment
Associated Press (AP), 77, 181, 188, 192, 386
Athenee Palace (Bucharest), 78
Atkinson, J. Hampton, 177, 189, 201
atomic bombs, on Japan, 381
Auden,W.H.,25
Aulock, Colonel von, 251, 253
Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), 128, 195
Avery, Marjorie “Dot”: Bastogne, 288-90; Cologne, 317-19; death of FDR, 333-34; Holland parachute mission, 273-76; Leipzig, 336-37; in liberated Paris, 261, 267, 271; “London Diary,” 216; Nijmegen, 274; Normandy invasion, 225-26, 228, 231-32; Norway after surrender, 383; and Patton, 324; post-D Day France, 242-44; postwar adjustment, 395-96; Remagen bridge, 328-29; Rheims surrender, 372-73; Russian-U.S. meeting in Torgau, 342, 345; Siegfried Line, 281-82
The Women who Wrote the War Page 48