by Sarah Jaffe
23. Amber Hollibaugh, interviewed by Kelly Anderson, Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 2003–2004, 69; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 25.
24. Engels, Origin of the Family, 70.
25. Angela Y. Davis, “Surrogates and Outcast Mothers: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 216; Andrew Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), loc. 179, 186, 1422–1449, 1680, Kindle; Phyllis Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 22.
26. Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25; Allan Carlson, The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age, with a new introduction by the author (London: Routledge, 2017), 40; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1109–1129, 1515, 1526; Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 13.
27. Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 733–733; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1149–1153, 1170–1175, 1186–1188, 1213–1214; Tera Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 37, 39–40.
28. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1378, 1401; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 49; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 75–77.
29. Cooper, Family Values, loc. 47–50.
30. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 192–195, 247; Silvia Federici, “Preoccupying: Interview with Silvia Federici,” Occupied Times, October 26, 2014, http://theoccupiedtimes.org/?p=13482; Eva Kittay, Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Disability (London: Routledge, 1999), 41; Engels, Origin of the Family, 68–69; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 749–752, 811.
31. Selma James, “Child Benefit Has Been Changing Lives for 70 Years. Let’s Not Forget the Woman Behind It,” The Guardian, August 6, 2016, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/06/child-benefit-70-years-eleanor-rathbone. See also Silvia Federici with Arlen Austin, eds., Wages for Housework: The New York Committee, 1972–1977: History, Theory, Documents (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2017); Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 29–30, 76, 91, 101; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1467.
32. Kristen Ghodsee, Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism (New York: Bold Type Books, 2018), 8, 62; Alexandra Kollontai, The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman, trans. Salvator Attansio (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), transcribed for Marxists Internet Archive, 2001, www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm.
33. Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 58–59, 60–66, 121.
34. Ai-jen Poo, Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015), 100; Kipnis, Against Love, 93, 169.
35. Davis, “Women and Capitalism,” 180; Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 874–875; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1510.
36. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 64, 156; Barbara Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, ed. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), loc. 1560, Kindle.
37. Kathi Weeks, “‘Hours for What We Will’: Work, Family, and the Movement for Shorter Hours,” Feminist Studies 35, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 101–127; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 42–44, 56; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 65.
38. Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex (London: Women’s Press, 1979). Just the first chapter is reproduced at the Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/firestone-shulamith/dialectic-sex.htm.
39. Davis, Women, Race and Class, 205; Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 8, 118.
40. Luker, Abortion, 138, 145, 163, 202, 205, 206.
41. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Premilla Nadasen, Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States (London: Routledge, 2004), 204.
42. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 228, 395, 431, 441.
43. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 242, 249, 276, 300, 385.
44. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 2335, 2379, 2424, 2464, 3368; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 124.
45. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 3254, 5569; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 1370, 1587, 1672.
46. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 3456, 3667; Johnnie Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue,” Ms., 1972, www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/tillmon.asp; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1466–1467.
47. A few years later, discussing the Family Assistance Plan (FAP) proposal presented in 1971 by the Nixon administration, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan recognized that this demand was far from extravagant: “If American society recognized homemaking and child rearing as productive work to be included in the national economic accounts… the receipt of welfare might not imply dependency. But we don’t. It may be hoped that the Women’s Movement of the present time will change this. But as of the time I write it had not.” Cited in Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 3611, 3672, 3973, 4302, 4330, 4038, 4079.
48. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 4079, 4873; interview by Tony Brown, 1933–, in Tony Brown’s Journal: The President and Black America, directed by Michael Colgan, Tony Brown Productions, 1982, 28 min.
49. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 13, 48; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 15, 119; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 381–383, 426–428, 439–441.
50. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 7.
51. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 7; James, Sex, Race and Class, 81.
52. James, Sex, Race and Class, 51, 82; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 34, 203, 260; Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “The General Strike,” in Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 275; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 130.
53. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 34, 205.
54. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 21, 125.
55. Nancy Folbre, ed., For Love or Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), xii; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 113.
56. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 23–24, 244; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 821–823.
57. Kittay, Love’s Labor, 126; Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue”; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 886–888; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 165; Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 674–675, Kindle.
58. Ken Taylor, “The Reality of ‘Welfare Reform,’” Isthmus, March 1, 2018, https://isthmus.com/opinion/opinion/welfare-reform-bill-walker-republican. As Melinda Cooper writes: “The opening preamble of PRWORA thus sets out the following extraordinary definition of public morality: ‘1) Marriage is the foundation of a successful society; 2) Marriage is an essential institution of a successful society, which promotes the interests of children’; and ‘3) Promotion of responsible fatherhood and motherhood is integral to successful childrearing and the wellbeing of children.’” Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1641–1644, 972–974, 989–996, 998–1001, 1497–1499, 1511–1513.
59. Premilla Nadasen, “How a Democrat Killed Welfare,” Jacobin, February 9, 2016, www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/welfare-reform-bill-hillary-clinton-tanf-poverty-dlc; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1550–1557.
60. Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25–26; Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009); Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 10, 68; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 159, 180.
61. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 3016; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 3279–3282; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 47, 97.
62. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 459, 465, 2839; Stephanie Coontz, “The New Instability,” New York Times, J
uly 26, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/opinion/sunday/the-new-instability.html; Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, “Just Say No,” Slate, April 22, 2014, https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/white-working-class-women-should-stay-single-mothers-argue-the-authors-of-marriage-markets-how-inequality-is-remaking-the-american-family.html.
63. Folbre, For Love or Money, 4, 97. See also Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking, 1989); “Women Still Do More Household Chores Than Men, ONS Finds,” BBC, November 10, 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37941191; Claire Cain Miller, “Nearly Half of Men Say They Do Most of the Home Schooling. 3 Percent of Women Agree,” New York Times, May 6, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/upshot/pandemic-chores-homeschooling-gender.html; Reni Eddo-Lodge, “Women, Down Your Tools! Why It’s Finally Time to Stop Doing All the Housework,” The Telegraph, October 6, 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11142847/Women-down-your-tools-Why-its-finally-time-to-stop-doing-all-the-housework.html; Suzanne M. Bianchi, John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006); Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 32.
64. Heather Abel, “The Baby, the Book, and the Bathwater,” Paris Review, January 31, 2018, www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/01/31/baby-book-bathwater.
65. Annie Kelly, “The Housewives of White Supremacy,” New York Times, June 1, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/opinion/sunday/tradwives-women-alt-right.html. Of the far right and the family, Jordy Rosenberg wrote, “Another way of putting this is that, unlike Bloch’s midcentury Europe, we don’t have the surplus libidinal energies of mass communist movement for fascists to usurp, parody, or mimic. Rather, today’s neofascism has a strange, parasitic relation to the affective surplus and the energies of the family. Actually, to be much more specific, it has a strange, parasitic relationship to the energies of the family’s decomposition.… Contemporary neofascism harvests this splintering—this familial decomposition, which, like a collapsing star, emits a chaos of energy as it is vacuumed into oblivion. Note that, here, neofascism isn’t about claiming the moral high ground for itself. Rather, it exults in performing its perversity. I’m not defending the nuclear family from these scavengers. I’m saying that the energies of the family’s decomposition ought to be ours to harvest, to resignify—to kink.… What will become of us? I don’t know, but I’m saying that fascism tries to usurp everything, including or especially unruliness, and I’m sorry, but no: the supernova of the family’s destruction ought to be ours to redefine.” Jordy Rosenberg, “The Daddy Dialectic,” Los Angeles Review of Books, March 11, 2018, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-daddy-dialectic.
66. Alexis C. Madrigal, “Two Working Parents, One Sick Kid,” The Atlantic, August 12, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/08/two-working-parents-one-sick-kid/375909; Lindsay King-Miller, “Two Moms, Four Shifts: Queer Parents Are Overwhelmed Too,” The Guardian, December 15, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/14/two-moms-four-shifts-queer-parents-are-overwhelmed-too; Kat Stoeffel, “If You Cover Egg Freezing, You Better Cover Day Care,” The Cut, October 15, 2014, www.thecut.com/2014/10/you-cover-egg-freezing-also-cover-day-care.html; Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 10; Wednesday Martin, “Poor Little Rich Women,” New York Times, May 16, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/opinion/sunday/poor-little-rich-women.html.
67. Julie Beck, “The Concept Creep of Emotional Labor,” interview with Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Atlantic, November 26, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/11/arlie-hochschild-housework-isnt-emotional-labor/576637; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 23–24; Jane Miller, “The Ambiguities of Care,” In These Times, April 29, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/article/16532/the_ambiguities_of_care; Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 152; Samantha Marie Nock, “Decrying Desirability, Demanding Care,” Guts, January 24, 2018, http://gutsmagazine.ca/decrying-desirability-demanding-care.
68. Caleb Luna, “Romantic Love Is Killing Us: Who Takes Care of Us When We Are Single?,” The Body Is Not an Apology, September 18, 2018, https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/romantic-love-is-killing-us; Folbre, For Love or Money, 13; Laura Anne Robertson, “Who Cares?” New Inquiry, December 5, 2014, https://thenewinquiry.com/who-cares.
69. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 155, 168; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 2442–2444.
70. Silvia Federici points to “‘communities of care’… formed by the younger generations of political activists, who aim at socializing, collectivizing the experience of illness, pain, grieving and the ‘care work’ involved, in this process beginning to reclaim and redefine what it means to be ill, to age, to die,” as well as “solidarity contracts” created by the elderly, who pool resources to avoid being institutionalized. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 125; Bhattacharya, “Introduction,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 8; Sunny Taylor, “The Right Not to Work: Power and Disability,” Monthly Review, March 1, 2004, https://monthlyreview.org/2004/03/01/the-right-not-to-work-power-and-disability; John Tozzi, “Americans Are Dying Younger, Saving Corporations Billions,” Bloomberg, August 8, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/americans-are-dying-younger-saving-corporations-billions; Park McArthur and Constantina Zavitsanos, “Other Forms of Conviviality,” Women and Performance, October 30, 2013, www.womenandperformance.org/ampersand/ampersand-articles/other-forms-of-conviviality.html?rq=other%20forms%20of%20conviviality. Writer Johanna Hedva suggested a radical potential in embracing illness and disability: “Because, once we are all ill and confined to the bed, sharing our stories of therapies and comforts, forming support groups, bearing witness to each other’s tales of trauma, prioritizing the care and love of our sick, pained, expensive, sensitive, fantastic bodies, and there is no one left to go to work, perhaps then, finally, capitalism will screech to its much-needed, long-overdue, and motherfucking glorious halt.” Johanna Hedva, “Sick Woman Theory,” Mask, January 2016, www.maskmagazine.com/not-again/struggle/sick-woman-theory.
71. Matt Steib, “Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick: ‘Lots of Grandparents’ Willing to Die to Save Economy for Grandchildren,” New York, March 23, 2020, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/dan-patrick-seniors-are-willing-to-die-to-save-economy.html.
72. Kittay, Love’s Labor, 68.
73. Sophie Lewis points out, “Feminists used to draw a distinction between mothering (potentially good) and motherhood (bad). The former conjured an ensemble of practices (including Audre Lorde’s ‘we can learn to mother ourselves’) that could potentially destroy the latter institution.” Sophie Lewis, “All Reproduction Is Assisted,” Boston Review, August 14, 2018, http://bostonreview.net/forum/all-reproduction-assisted/sophie-lewis-mothering; Marina Vishmidt, “Permanent Reproductive Crisis: An Interview with Silvia Federici,” Mute, March 7, 2013, www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/permanent-reproductive-crisis-interview-silvia-federici; James, Sex, Race and Class, 229; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 103; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 27; Silvia Federici, Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2018), loc. 852, Kindle.
74. Weeks, The Problem with Work, 111; Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 135.
75. Patrick Butler, “Benefit Sanctions Found to Be Ineffective and Damaging,” The Guardian, May 22, 2018, www.theguardian.com/society/2018/may/22/benefit-sanctions-found-to-be-ineffective-and-damaging.
76. Facundo Alvaredo, Bertrand Garbinti, and Thomas Piketty, “On the Share of Inheritance in Aggregate Wealth: Europe and the USA,” Economica 84, no. 334, (2017): 239–260, available at Paris School of Economics, http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Alvaredo GarbintiPiketty2015.pdf.
CHAPTER 2: JUST LIKE ONE OF THE FAMILY
1. Children’s names have been changed to protect their identity.
2. Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas, “Introduction,” in Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care, ed. Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 2.
&
nbsp; 3. Viviana Zelizer, “Caring Everywhere,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 269–270; Nancy Folbre, For Love or Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), 2; Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 8, 10.
4. Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 2; Eva Kittay, Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Disability (London: Routledge, 1999), 95, 110; Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004), 99; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 4112, Kindle; Bridget Anderson, “Just Another Job? The Commodification of Domestic Labor,” in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, ed. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), 137; Andrew Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), loc. 892, Kindle. Seemin Qayum and Raka Ray cite Mary Romero on “the proliferation of master-servant relationships in which race, ethnicity, and gender replace class as immutable social structures dictating a person’s place in the hierarchy,” where for white domestic workers, the occupation could catapult them up the social ladder, while women of color remained trapped in an “occupational ghetto.” Seemin Qayum and Raka Ray, “Traveling Cultures of Servitude,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 101.
5. Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 2, 11; Lyz Lenz, “These 12 Apps Will Revolutionize Motherhood, Except They Won’t,” Pacific Standard, April 15, 2016, https://psmag.com/news/these-12-apps-will-revolutionize-motherhood-except-they-wont; Anderson, “Just Another Job,” 135; Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018), 24–25.