by Sarah Jaffe
26. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 181; Erickson, Class War, 126.
27. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 200–204; Elizabeth Todd-Breland, A Political Education: Black Politics and Education Reform in Chicago Since the 1960s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 12, 24; Michael Fultz, “The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis,” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1, A Special Issue on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the “Brown v. Board of Education” Decision (Spring 2004): 13–14, 20.
28. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 214, 1592, 2271, 2332, 2402; Fultz, “The Displacement of Black Educators,” 19, 25–26; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 128.
29. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 213–214, 239, 242, 243–245; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 29, 52, 114; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2530, 2572–2627.
30. Lois Weiner, The Future of Our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), loc. 1785–1800, Kindle.
31. Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 124–125; Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 318; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2612–2751; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 242; Jane McAlevey, No Shortcuts: Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 103.
32. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 211; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2925.
33. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 267–269, 271–272; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 2, 164; Erickson, Class War, 53.
34. Josh Eidelson and Sarah Jaffe, “Defending Public Education: An Interview with Karen Lewis of the Chicago Teachers Union,” Dissent, Summer 2013, www.dissent magazine.org/article/defending-public-education-an-interview-with-karen-lewis-of-the-chicago-teachers-union.
35. Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 189, 198, 209, 215; Michael Powell, “Gilded Crusade for Charters Rolls Forward,” New York Times, March 12, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/gilded-crusade-for-charters-rolls-onward.html.
36. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3123, 3236, 3240; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 159, 204–205.
37. Weiner, The Future of Our Schools, loc. 824, 1857–1864, 1916, 1995–1999, 2016, 2022–2029, 2045; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3160, 3510; Erickson, Class War, 45.
38. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3974–4081.
39. New York teacher and researcher Brian Jones explained the work that is still devalued: “Helping students find confidence, helping them to latch on to their passions, empowering them, that aspect of teaching and learning is greatly undervalued, and that’s a very difficult thing to impose from above.” Sarah Jaffe, “Taking the Caring Out of Teaching,” In These Times, July 4, 2013, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15245/taking_the_caring_out_of_teaching_new_yorks_new_teacher_evaluation_system_i; Weiner, The Future of Our Schools, loc. 298, 344.
40. Erickson, Class War, 105; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 119–120.
41. McAlevey, No Shortcuts, 107–109; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2886; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 144; Eidelson and Jaffe, “Defending Public Education.”
42. McAlevey, No Shortcuts, 20–29, 102.
43. Kate Bahn interview with author; see also Kate Bahn, “The ABCs of Labor Market Frictions: New Estimates of Monopsony for Early Career Teachers in the U.S. and Implications for Caring Labor” (PhD diss., The New School for Social Research University, 2015); Emma García and Elaine Weiss, “Low Relative Pay and High Incidence of Moonlighting Play a Role in the Teacher Shortage, Particularly in High-Poverty Schools,” Economic Policy Institute, May 9, 2019, www.epi.org/publication/low-relative-pay-and-high-incidence-of-moonlighting-play-a-role-in-the-teacher-shortage-particularly-in-high-poverty-schools-the-third-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-marke; Kevin Prosen, “A Letter to New York City’s School Teachers,” Jacobin, May 12, 2014, www.jacobinmag.com/2014/05/a-letter-to-new-york-citys-school-teachers.
44. Valerie Strauss, “Chicago Promised That Closing Nearly 50 Schools Would Help Kids in 2013. A New Report Says It Didn’t,” Washington Post, May 24, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2018/05/24/chicago-promised-that-closing-nearly-50-schools-would-help-kids-in-2013-a-new-report-says-it-didnt. The Janus case was officially between Mark Janus, a child support specialist who worked for the state of Illinois and contended that he should not have to pay representation fees, and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME). The suit was originally filed by Bruce Rauner, the wealthy governor of Illinois, and shortly after the Supreme Court decision, Janus left his public-sector job to join the conservative think tank that had helped bankroll his suit. Mitchell Armentrout, “Mark Janus Quits State Job for Conservative Think Tank After Landmark Ruling,” Chicago Sun-Times, July 20, 2018, https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/7/20/18409126/mark-janus-quits-state-job-for-conservative-think-tank-gig-after-landmark-ruling; Sarah Jaffe, “With Janus, the Court Deals Unions a Crushing Blow. Now What?,” New York Times, June 27, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/opinion/supreme-court-janus-unions.html; Heather Gies, “A Blow but Not Fatal: 9 Months After Janus, AFSCME Reports 94% Retention,” Salon, April 6, 2019, www.salon.com/2019/04/06/a-blow-but-not-fatal-9-months-after-janus-afscme-reports-94-retention_partner.
45. Sarah Jaffe, “The Chicago Teachers Strike Was a Lesson in 21st-Century Organizing,” The Nation, November 16, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/archive/chicago-ctu-strike-win; Sarah Jaffe, “Inside the Hard Road to Transform the Teacher’s Movement into Real Power,” Medium, October 19, 2018, https://gen.medium.com/inside-the-hard-road-to-transform-the-teachers-movement-into-real-power-f5932fc8ab6f; Samantha Winslow, “Saint Paul Teachers Strike for Their Students’ Mental Health,” Labor Notes, March 10, 2020, www.labornotes.org/2020/03/saint-paul-teachers-strike-their-students-mental-health.
46. Sarah Jaffe, “How the New York City School System Failed the Test of Covid-19,” The Nation, June 16, 2020, www.thenation.com/article/society/schools-teachers-covid.
47. Jacob Bogage, “Thousands of U.S. Workers Walk Out in ‘Strike for Black Lives,’” Washington Post, July 20, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/07/20/strike-for-black-lives.
48. Kyle Stokes, “After Deal with Teachers Union, LAUSD Students Can Expect (Some) Live Lessons Every Day,” LAist, August 3, 2020, https://laist.com/2020/08/03/coronavirus_distance_learning_lausd_los_angeles_teachers_union_live_video_lessons.php.
49. Zoie Matthew, “In a Dramatic Reversal, the L.A. City Budget Will Contain No New Funds for Police,” Los Angeles, June 3, 2020, www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/garcetti-agrees-to-reductions-in-lapds-share-of-city-funds; United Teachers Los Angeles, “UTLA Statement on LAUSD Vote to Defund School Police Budget by 35%,” July 1, 2020, www.utla.net/news/utla-statement-lausd-vote-defund-school-police-budget-35.
CHAPTER 4: SERVICE WITH A SMILE
1. Bryce Covert, “The Demise of Toys ‘R’ Us Is a Warning,” The Atlantic, July/August 2018, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/toys-r-us-bankruptcy-private-equity/561758; Sapna Maheshwari and Vanessa Friedman, “The Pandemic Helped Topple Two Retailers. So Did Private Equity,” New York Times, May 14, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/business/coronavirus-retail-bankruptcies-private-equity.html.
2. Sarah Jaffe, “America’s Massive Retail Workforce Is Tired of Being Ignored,” Racked, June 20, 2017, www.racked.com/2017/6/20/15817988/retail-workers-unions-american-jobs.
3. European Commission, “Which Sector Is the Main Employer in the EU Member States?,” Eurostat, October 24, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20171024-1; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Charts of the Largest Occupations in Each Area,” BLS.gov, May 2019, www.bls.gov/oes/current/area_emp_chart/area_emp_chart.htm; Bethany Biron, “The Last Decade Was Devastating for the Retail Industry. Here’s How the Retail Apocalypse Played Out,” Business Insider, December 23, 2019, www.businessinsider.com/retail-apocalypse-last-decade-timeline-2019-12; Derek Thompson, “Wh
at in the World Is Causing the Retail Meltdown of 2019?” The Atlantic, April 10, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/04/retail-meltdown-of-2017/522384; Abha Bhattarai, “‘Retail Apocalypse’ Now: Analysts Say 75,000 More U.S. Stores Could Be Doomed,” Washington Post, April 10, 2019; Françoise Carré and Chris Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better: Retail Jobs Across Countries and Companies (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2017), 1.
4. Peter Ikeler, Hard Sell: Work and Resistance in Retail Chains (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2016), loc. 379, 385, 389, Kindle.
5. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 395, 402.
6. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 394, 410–411, 419, 421, 431.
7. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 427, 433, 436, 442, 451–452; Tamara Draut, Sleeping Giant: How the New Working Class Will Transform America (New York: Doubleday, 2016), 44; Bethany Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 54–55; Dana Frank, Women Strikers Occupy Chain Stores, Win Big (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 8, 29; Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 229.
8. Benson, Counter Cultures, 4, 26, 79, 125–126, 130, 187; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 19.
9. Benson, Counter Cultures, 20, 23, 125, 128, 209–210, 228, 230–233, 245.
10. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), loc. 144, 159, Kindle; Benson, Counter Cultures, 127.
11. Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 1410, 1421, 1445.
12. Martin Gelin, “The Misogyny of Climate Deniers,” New Republic, August 28, 2019, https://newrepublic.com/article/154879/misogyny-climate-deniers; Jonas Anshelm and Martin Hultman, “A Green Fatwā? Climate Change as a Threat to the Masculinity of Industrial Modernity,” NORMA 9, no. 2 (2014): 84–96, https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2014.908627; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 8, 29; Benson, Counter Cultures, 131, 155, 166, 180, 229.
13. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 478–488; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 11–14; Benson, Counter Cultures, 236.
14. Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 13–14, 19–20, 24, 37, 40–41.
15. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 496–499, 525–527, 531, 550; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 8, 13; Nelson Lichtenstein, The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009), 54, 83.
16. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 54; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 5, 28, 37, 51.
17. Lichtentstein, Retail Revolution, 11, 14, 19–20, 24.
18. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 36–38; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 5, 51, 54, 61, 65, 71–72, 76–77.
19. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 79–80; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 41.
20. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 83, 89–90, 126, 94; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 103, 106, 116; Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 2095.
21. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 50, 120.
22. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 184–186; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 82; Valerie Strauss, “The ‘Walmartization’ of Public Education,” Washington Post, March 17, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2016/03/17/the-walmartization-of-public-education; Walton Family Foundation, “2020 K-12 Education Strategic Plan,” www.waltonfamilyfoundation.org/our-work/k-12-education; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 135.
23. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 246; Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993), loc. 6124, Kindle; Bethany Moreton, “On Her Book To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise,” Rorotoko, November 3, 2009, http://rorotoko.com/interview/20091104_moreton_bethany_serve_god_wal-mart_christian_free_enterprise/?page=2.
24. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 205, 92; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 580, 583, 586, 607, 609, 614, 654.
25. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 6120; Gabriel Winant, “Where Did It All Go Wrong?,” The Nation, February 7, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/organized-labors-lost-generations; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 99; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 2041; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 219.
26. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 331, 690, 767, 1478, 1511; James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 66; Yasemin Besen-Cassino, The Cost of Being a Girl: Working Teens and the Origins of the Gender Wage Gap (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017), 89, 92, 99–100; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 28.
27. Liza Featherstone, Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers’ Rights at Wal-Mart (New York: Basic Books, 2009), loc. 101, 137, 231–237, 420, 779, Kindle; Liza Featherstone, “‘Dukes v. Wal-Mart’ and the Limits of Legal Change,” The Nation, June 21, 2011, www.thenation.com/article/dukes-v-wal-mart-and-limits-legal-change; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011).
28. Featherstone, Selling Women Short, loc. 1936, 1996, 2020; Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 104–105, 107, 109; Sofia Resnick, “Hobby Lobby Allegedly Fired Employee Due to Pregnancy,” Rewire, July 29, 2014, https://rewire.news/article/2014/07/29/hobby-lobby-allegedly-fired-employee-due-pregnancy; Sarah Jaffe, “Why Harris and Hobby Lobby Spell Disaster for Working Women,” In These Times, June 30, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/16894/scotus_rules_against_female_workers.
29. Featherstone, Selling Women Short, loc. 1936, 1996, 2020; Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 104–105, 107, 109; Catherine Ruetschlin and Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, “The Retail Race Divide: How the Retail Industry Is Perpetuating Racial Inequality in the 21st Century,” Demos, June 2, 2015, www.demos.org/research/retail-race-divide-how-retail-industry-perpetuating-racial-inequality-21st-century; “Transgender Need Not Apply: A Report on Gender Identity Job Discrimination,” Make the Road New York, March 2010, www.maketheroadny.org/pix_reports/TransNeedNotApplyReport_05.10.pdf.
30. Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 82–85, 94, 97, 117; Daniel Lavelle, “Want a Shop Job? You’ve Got to Have the X Factor,” The Guardian, February 27, 2018, www.theguardian.com/money/2018/feb/27/x-factor-want-a-shop-job-auditions.
31. Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 82–85, 94, 97, 117; Mindy Isser, “The Grooming Gap: What ‘Looking the Part’ Costs Women,” In These Times, January 2, 2020, http://inthesetimes.com/article/22197/grooming-gap-women-economics-wage-gender-sexism-make-up-styling-dress-code.
32. Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 38; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Aaron Braun, “Dispatches from the Labor Market,” Full Stop, July 16, 2014, www.full-stop.net/2014/07/16/features/essays/aaron-braun/dispatches-from-the-labor-market.
33. Benson, Counter Cultures, 158; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 112–114; Joseph Williams, “My Life as a Retail Worker: Nasty, Brutish, and Poor,” The Atlantic, March 11, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/03/my-life-as-a-retail-worker-nasty-brutish-and-poor/284332; Graham Snowdon, “Get Happy!! Japanese Workers Face Smile Scanner,” The Guardian, July 7, 2009, www.theguardian.com/money/blog/2009/jul/07/japanese-smile-scanning; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 1185.
34. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 1408, 1418; Draut, Sleeping Giant, 155; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 29–30, 72; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce.”
35. Cairns, Age of Entitlement, 58; Office for National Statistics, “Contracts That Do Not Guarantee a Minimum Number of Hours: April 2018,” www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/articles/contractsthatdonotguaranteeaminimumnumberofhours/april2018; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 1–2, 111, 149.
36. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce.”
37. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 209.
38. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Retail Sales Workers: Summary,” April 10, 2020, www.bls.gov/ooh/sales/retai
l-sales-workers.htm, Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 18.
39. Emily Guendelsberger, “‘The Most Physically Painful Experience of My Life’: One Month Working in an Amazon Warehouse,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 11, 2019, www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/amazon-warehouse-on-the-clock-emily-guendelsberger-book-excerpt-20190711.html. See also Emily Guendelsberger, On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane (New York: Little, Brown, 2019); Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 215.
40. Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 3026.
41. Ikeler, Hard Sell, 1836, 1845, 2719–2720.
42. Abha Bhattarai, “Pandemic Bankruptcies: A Running List of Retailers That Have Filed for Chapter 11,” Washington Post, August 3, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/27/retail-bankrupcy-chapter11; Charisse Jones, “Walmart Workers Will Call Out of Work, Use Tracker to Protect Themselves from COVID-19,” USA Today, April 29, 2020, www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/04/29/coronavirus-leads-some-walmart-workers-call-out-work/3047692001; Sarah Jaffe, “Belabored Stories: Will Workers’ Gains Outlive the Crisis?,” Dissent, April 7, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/belabored-stories-will-workers-gains-outlive-the-crisis.
43. Michael Corkery, “Charles P. Lazarus, Toys ‘R’ Us Founder, Dies at 94,” New York Times, March 22, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/obituaries/charles-p-lazarus-toys-r-us-founder-dies-at-94.html; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 47, 199.
44. Chavie Lieber, “Why Bankrupt Toys R Us Might Not Be Dead After All,” Vox, October 3, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/the-goods/2018/10/3/17932344/toys-r-us-liquidation-coming-back.
45. Vanessa Romo, “New Jersey Mandates Severance Pay for Workers Facing Mass Layoffs,” NPR, January 22, 2020, www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798727332/new-jersey-mandates-severance-pay-for-workers-facing-mass-layoffs.
46. Eliza Ronalds-Hannon and Lauren Coleman-Lochner, “Toys R Us Workers Win $2-Million Settlement on Severance,” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2019, www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-toys-r-us-bankruptcy-pay-20190627-story.html.