by Sarah Jaffe
30. Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 76, 81–82; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 230–231.
31. Hatton, Coerced, loc. 158–165, 191–194, 207–209, 228–242, 281–299, 305–307, 354–374.
32. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 36; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 553–554.
33. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 22, 39–40, 43; Gwendolyn Bradley, “How Managerial Are Faculty?,” American Association of University Professors, May–June 2014, www.aaup.org/article/how-managerial-are-faculty; Hatton, Coerced, loc. 154–155, 748–750, 756–758.
34. Krause et al., “Introduction,” 26–49, 79–80, 90–93; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 305–306, 311–312; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 341–344, 575–578.
35. Jeff Goodwin, “Which Side Are We On? NYU’s Full-Time Faculty and the GSOC Strike,” in Krause et al., University Against Itself, loc. 2365; “Joint Statement of New York University and GSOC and SET, UAW,” November 26, 2013, www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/publicAffairs/documents/20131126-JointStmntNYUgsocSETuaw.pdf.
36. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 97–98; Krause et al., “Introduction,” loc. 62–63; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 327–328; James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 83; Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009), 42.
37. Tressie McMillan Cottom, Lower Ed: The Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges in the New Economy (New York: New Press, 2017), 6–11, 84, 96, 180.
38. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Camilo Maldonado, “Price of College Increasing Almost 8 Times Faster Than Wages,” Forbes, July 24, 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/camilomaldonado/2018/07/24/price-of-college-increasing-almost-8-times-faster-than-wages; College Tuition Inflation Calculator, In 2013 Dollars, www.in2013dollars.com/College-tuition-and-fees/price-inflation; Alex Press, “On the Origins of the Professional-Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich,” Dissent, October 22, 2019, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/on-the-origins-of-the-professional-managerial-class-an-interview-with-barbara-ehrenreich.
39. Angela Y. Davis, “Black Women and the Academy,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 222–224; Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 5876, 7888–7889, Kindle; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 1055–1103; Jeevan Vasagar and Jessica Shepherd, “Browne Review: Universities Must Set Their Own Tuition Fees,” The Guardian, October 12, 2010, www.theguardian.com/education/2010/oct/12/browne-review-universities-set-fees; Sirin Kale, “An Oral History of the 2010 Student Protests,” Vice UK, December 12, 2019, www.vice.com/en_uk/article/qjddzb/oral-history-2010-student-protests.
40. Paul Mason, Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions (London: Verso, 2012); Jodi Dean, Crowds and Party (New York: Verso, 2016), loc. 314, Kindle; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 1130–1132, 2930–2931, 3481–3484.
41. Katerina Bodovski, “Why I Collapsed on the Job,” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2018, www.chronicle.com/article/Why-I-Collapsed-on-the-Job/242537; Social Sciences Feminist Network Research Interest Group, “The Burden of Invisible Work in Academia: Social Inequalities and Time Use in Five University Departments,” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 39, Special Issue 39: Diversity & Social Justice in Higher Education (2017): 228–245; Tressie McMillan Cottom, “‘Who Do You Think You Are?’: When Marginality Meets Academic Microcelebrity,” Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, no. 7 (2015), https://adanewmedia.org/2015/04/issue7-mcmillancottom.
42. Yasmin Nair, “Class Shock: Affect, Mobility, and the Adjunct Crisis,” Contrivers’ Review, October 13, 2014, www.contrivers.org/articles/8.
43. Jaffe, “Injury to All.”
44. Kotsko, “Not Persuasion, but Power”; Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 262.
45. Gareth Brown and David Harvie, “2+ Years of Militancy in Universities: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?” Plan C, February 17, 2020, www.weareplanc.org/blog/2-years-of-militancy-in-universities-what-do-we-know-and-where-do-we-go; Amia Srinivasan, “Back on Strike,” London Review of Books, December 3, 2019, www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2019/december/back-on-strike; Interview with Claire English.
46. “Fordham Faculty Ratify First Contract, Win 67%–90% Raises for a Majority of Adjuncts,” SEIU: Faculty Forward, July 2018, http://seiufacultyforward.org/fordham-faculty-ratify-first-contract-win-67-90-raises-majority-adjuncts; Daniel Moattar, “These Faculty Organizing Victories Show Labor Doesn’t Need the Courts on Its Side,” In These Times, August 31, 2018, https://inthesetimes.com/article/iowa-fordham-unions-seiu-trump-janus-faculty.
47. “Fordham Faculty Ratify First Contract.”
CHAPTER 9: PLAYBOR OF LOVE
1. Studio Gobo Home Page, www.studiogobo.com.
2. Jamie Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade: Consoles, Controllers and Class Struggle (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019), loc. 1244–1247, Kindle; Chella Ramanan, “The Video Game Industry Has a Diversity Problem—But It Can Be Fixed,” The Guardian, March 15, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/15/video-game-industry-diversity-problem-women-non-white-people; Eve Crevoshay, Sarah Hays, Rachel Kowert, Raffael Boccamazzo, and Kelli Dunlap, “State of the Industry 2019: Mental Health in the Game Industry,” TakeThis, 2019, www.takethis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/TakeThis_StateOfTheIndustry_2019.pdf.
3. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 1200–1209; David Jenkins, “Programmers Win EA Overtime Settlement, EA_Spouse Revealed,” GamaSutra, April 26, 2006, www.gamasutra.com/view/news/100005/Programmers_Win_EA_Overtime_Settlement_EASpouse_Revealed.php.
4. Laura Sydell, “The Forgotten Female Programmers Who Created Modern Tech,” NPR, October 6, 2014, www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/10/06/345799830/the-forgotten-female-programmers-who-created-modern-tech; Walter Isaacson, “Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC,” Fortune, September 18, 2014, https://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac. See also Walter Isaacson, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014); Miss Cellania, “Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer,” Mental Floss, October 13, 2015, http://mentalfloss.com/article/53131/ada-lovelace-first-computer-programmer.
5. John Patrick Leary, “The Innovator’s Agenda,” The Baffler, March 2019, https://thebaffler.com/outbursts/the-innovators-agenda-leary. See also John Patrick Leary, Keywords: The New Language of Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019); Judy Wacjman, Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), loc. 9.
6. Tasnuva Bindi, ”Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding, They Actually STOPPED Coding Decades Ago,” Startup Daily, February 24, 2015, www.startupdaily.net/2015/02/women-didnt-just-recently-start-coding-actually-stopped-coding-decades-ago; Alyson Sheppard, “Meet the ‘Refrigerator Ladies’ Who Programmed the ENIAC,” Mental Floss, October 13, 2013, http://mentalfloss.com/article/53160/meet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac; Isaacson, “Women of ENIAC”; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers.”
7. Brenda D. Frink, “Researcher Reveals How ‘Computer Geeks’ Replaced ‘Computer Girls,’” Stanford Clayman Institute for Gender Research, June 1, 2011, https://gender.stanford.edu/news-publications/gender-news/researcher-reveals-how-computer-geeks-replaced-computer-girls; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers.”
8. Sheppard, “Refrigerator Ladies”; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers”; Bindi, “Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding”; Frink, “Computer Geeks”; Astra Taylor and Joanne McNeil, “The Dads of Tech,” The Baffler, October 2014, https://thebaffler.com/salvos/dads-tech.
9. Frink, “Computer Geeks”; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech.”
10. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999
), 10–11, 107.
11. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 12–14, 19–20.
12. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 44, 53.
13. In the United Kingdom, where Alan Turing’s research laid the foundations for a digital computer that could hold programs in its memory, David Davies emerged from the team to put forth the concept that would be called “packet switching” at nearly the same time as American programmers. (Turing also invented an early version of a video game, a computer program that could play chess.) “Alan Turing: Creator of Modern Computing,” BBC Teach, 2020, www.theatlantic.com/timelines/z8bgr82; Colin Drury, “Alan Turing: The Father of Modern Computing Credited with Saving Millions of Lives,” The Independent, July 15, 2019, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-50-note-computers-maths-enigma-codebreaker-ai-test-a9005266.html; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 262; Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 79.
14. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 85.
15. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 123–190, 206–207.
16. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 185, 220, 250, 990–993; Astra Taylor, The People’s Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age (New York: Metropolitan, 2014), 18; Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 214–218.
17. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 327.
18. Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 113, 259; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, 232; Corey Pein, Live Work Work Work Die: A Journey into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley (New York: Metropolitan, 2018), loc. 1705–1707, 1711, Kindle.
19. Alex Press, “Code Red,” n+1, Spring 2018, https://nplusonemag.com/issue-31/politics/code-red.
20. Bindi, “Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding”; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 2134–2137, 422–429, 2142–2165; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers”; Miriam Posner, “Javascript Is for Girls,” Logic Magazine, March 15, 2017, https://logicmag.io/intelligence/javascript-is-for-girls; Mark J. Perry, “Chart of the Day: The Declining Female Share of Computer Science Degrees from 28% to 18%,” American Enterprise Institute, December 6, 2018, www.aei.org/carpe-diem/chart-of-the-day-the-declining-female-share-of-computer-science-degrees-from-28-to-18.
21. Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1718–1723; Andrew Ross, No Collar: The Hidden Cost of the Humane Workplace (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 3, 9–10; Taylor, People’s Platform, 11–12.
22. Ross, No Collar, 10–12; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 11160–11211, Kindle; Joanne McNeil, Lurking: How a Person Became a User (New York: MCD, 2020), loc. 837–839, Kindle.
23. J. K. Siravo, “The London Hackspace: Exploring Spaces of Integration and Transformation in a Hacker Community” (Architectural Design Year 3 History and Theory Dissertation, University College London, 2013).
24. As Andrew Ross wrote, “When elements of play in the office or at home/offsite are factored into creative output, then the work tempo is being recalibrated to incorporate activities, feelings, and ideas that are normally pursued during employees’ free time.” Ross, No Collar, 19–20; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1038–1039.
25. McNeil, Lurking, loc. 196–198.
26. Moira Weigel, “Coders of the World, Unite: Can Silicon Valley Workers Curb the Power of Big Tech?,” The Guardian, October 31, 2017, www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/31/coders-of-the-world-unite-can-silicon-valley-workers-curb-the-power-of-big-tech; Taylor, People’s Platform, 14; Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy (London: Pluto Press, 2018), loc. 1484, 1493, Kindle.
27. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 60, 72–74, 82, 107; Leary, “Innovator’s Agenda”; Dylan Love, “Steve Jobs Never Wrote Computer Code for Apple,” Business Insider, August 29, 2013, www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-never-wrote-computer-code-for-apple-2013-8; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech”; Posner, “Javascript”; ”The Smart, the Stupid, and the Catastrophically Scary: An Interview with an Anonymous Data Scientist,” Logic Magazine, March 15, 2017, https://logicmag.io/intelligence/interview-with-an-anonymous-data-scientist/; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1179–1181; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 983; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc.1114–1115.
28. Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld, “Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace,” New York Times, August 15, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html. Andrew Ross, too, had noted the similarity to “extreme sports,” another innovation of the 1990s. Ross, No Collar, 12.
29. Kate Losse, “Sex and the Startup: Men, Women, and Work,” Model View Culture, March 17, 2014, https://modelviewculture.com/pieces/sex-and-the-startup-men-women-and-work; Kate Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network (New York: Free Press, 2012), 5, 6, 9, 13–14, 25, 36, 38.
30. Losse, Boy Kings, 30, 36, 49, 53, 54, 58.
31. Losse, Boy Kings, 105, 109, 122.
32. Losse, Boy Kings, 74–75, 137; Losse, “Sex and the Startup”; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1830–1831; Astra Taylor, “The Automation Charade,” Logic Magazine, August 1, 2018, https://logicmag.io/05-the-automation-charade; Adrian Chen, “The Laborers Who Keep Dick Pics and Beheadings out of Your Facebook Feed,” Wired, October 23, 2014, www.wired.com/2014/10/content-moderation; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 46–48, 247–249; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1081–1084, 1102; Miranda Hall, “The Ghost of the Mechanical Turk,” Jacobin, December 16, 2017, www.jacobinmag.com/2017/12/middle-east-digital-labor-microwork-gaza-refugees-amazon.
33. Losse, Boy Kings, 183; Kat Stoeffel, “If You Cover Egg Freezing, You Better Cover Day Care,” The Cut, October 15, 2014, www.thecut.com/2014/10/you-cover-egg-freezing-also-cover-day-care.html; Ray Fisman and Tim Sullivan, “The Internet of ‘Stuff Your Mom Won’t Do for You Anymore,’” Harvard Business Review, July 26, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/07/the-internet-of-stuff-your-mom-wont-do-for-you-anymore; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 270; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech”; Geoff Nunberg, “Goodbye Jobs, Hello ‘Gigs’: How One Word Sums Up a New Economic Reality,” NPR, January 11, 2016, www.npr.org/2016/01/11/460698077/goodbye-jobs-hello-gigs-nunbergs-word-of-the-year-sums-up-a-new-economic-reality; Susie Cagle, “The Sharing Economy Was Always a Scam,” OneZero, March 7, 2019, https://onezero.medium.com/the-sharing-economy-was-always-a-scam-68a9b36f3e4b; Sarah Kessler, “Pixel & Dimed On (Not) Getting By in the Gig Economy,” Fast Company, March 18, 2014, www.fastcompany.com/3027355/pixel-and-dimed-on-not-getting-by-in-the-gig-economy; Kevin Roose, “Does Silicon Valley Have a Contract-Worker Problem?,” New York, September 18, 2014, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/09/silicon-valleys-contract-worker-problem.html; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 895. See also Emily Guendelsberger, On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane (New York: Little, Brown, 2019).
34. Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1130; Greg Bensinger, “‘MissionRacer’: How Amazon Turned the Tedium of Warehouse Work into a Game,” Washington Post, May 21, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/21/missionracer-how-amazon-turned-tedium-warehouse-work-into-game; Catie Keck, “Amazon Goes Full Black Mirror by Turning Grueling Warehouse Work into a Video Game,” Gizmodo, May 22, 2019, https://gizmodo.com/amazon-goes-full-black-mirror-by-turning-grueling-wareh-1834936825; Noam Scheiber, “How Uber Uses Psychological Tricks to Push Its Drivers’ Buttons,” New York Times, April 2, 2017, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/02/technology/uber-drivers-psychological-tricks.html; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 1901–1903; Alberto Mora, “Does Gamification Work in the Software Development Process?,” HCI Games, 2015, http://hcigames.com/gamification/gamification-work-software-development-process.
35. Wacjman, Pressed for Time, 62, 71; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 59.
36. Andrew Ross noted, “77.7 percent of companies acknowledged routine electronic monitoring of their employees, a figure that had
doubled since 1997.” Ross, No Collar, 11–12; Tokumitsu, Do What You Love, 57; Bryan Clark, “Facebook Employees Are Next-Level Paranoid the Company Is Watching Them,” The Next Web, February 13, 2018, https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2018/02/13/facebook-employees-are-next-level-paranoid-the-company-is-watching-them; Nicholas Thompson, “Inside the Two Years That Shook Facebook—and the World,” Wired, February 12, 2018, www.wired.com/story/inside-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-2-years-of-hell; Evgeny Morozov, “The Digital Hippies Want to Integrate Life and Work—But Not in a Good Way,” The Guardian, December 3, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/03/digital-hippies-integrate-life-and-work-wework-data-firms; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 318, 474, 942, 947–953; Gerbaudo, Digital Party, loc. 1490; Lizzie Widdicombe, “The Rise and Fall of WeWork,” New Yorker, November 6, 2019, www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-rise-and-fall-of-wework.
37. Posner, “Javascript”; Clive Thompson, “The Next Big Blue-Collar Job Is Coding,” Wired, February 8, 2017, www.wired.com/2017/02/programming-is-the-new-blue-collar-job; Samantha Cole, “This Company Will Pay You to Learn to Code, and Take 15 Percent of Your Income Later,” Vice, March 28, 2019, www.vice.com/en_us/article/yw878x/modern-labor-coding-bootcamp-will-pay-you-to-learn-to-code.
38. Toshio Meronek, “Mark Zuckerberg’s Immigration Hustle,” Splinter, March 12, 2015, https://splinternews.com/mark-zuckerbergs-immigration-hustle-1793846366.
39. Julia Carrie Wong, “Tesla Factory Workers Reveal Pain, Injury and Stress: ‘Everything Feels Like the Future but Us,’” The Guardian, May 18, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/18/tesla-workers-factory-conditions-elon-musk; Caroline O’Donovan, “Elon Musk Slams Tesla Union Drive, Promises Workers Free Frozen Yogurt,” BuzzFeed, February 24, 2017, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/musk-slams-union-drive-in-email-to-employees.
40. Kate Losse, “Cults at Scale: Silicon Valley and the Mystical Corporate Aesthetic,” 2015, http://dismagazine.com/discussion/72970/kate-losse-cults-at-scale; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech.”