movements of, 80–81
peopling of the world, 76–80
and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies, 128–29
poverty, escape from, 177–82
primates, 242
chimpanzees, see chimpanzees
printing presses, 229, 231
Pritchard, Jonathan, 103, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112
property rights, 194, 224, 237
Protestantism, 126
Ptolemaic system, 216, 217
punishment, 49–50, 57–58, 124, 125, 238, 243
in hunter-gatherer societies, 49
self-, 125
pygmies, 101, 112–13
Qur’an, 229
race(s):
agreement for existence of, 69
AIMs (ancestry informative markers) and, 70, 115–16
arguments against existence of, 117–22
biological basis for, 4, 5, 68
classification of, 18–23, 92–94, 119, 121
as clusters of variation, 96–102
culture and, 184, 185
denial of existence of, 67–68, 70, 91
distinct boundaries lacking between, 121
evolution and, 71–75
evolutionary perspectives on, 239–51
five continental, 92–94, 96, 97–98, 100
genes and, 95
genetics of, 95–122
genetic structure of, 114–17
interbreeding and, 17, 19, 23, 71, 75, 78, 92
political agendas and, 37, 68–69, 201
separate creation of, 20, 21
as separate species, 20, 22–23
as social construct, 5, 68, 119
social scientists’ view of, 5
speciation and, 71–75, 76
three principle, 2, 4
understanding, 249–51
Race? Debunking a Scientific Myth (Tattersall and DeSalle), 67–68
racial differences, genomics and, 7–9
racism, 17–18, 120, 201, 222, 250
emergence of, 17, 18
ethnic prejudice vs., 17
fear of promoting, 2, 6, 10, 249, 251
hierarchy of races in, 17
opposition to, 7
Rambam Health Care Center, 56
rats, 54
reason, 232
recombination, 106
religion, 50, 63, 124–26, 130–31, 142, 231, 232
Christianity, see Christianity
in European institutions, 145–46
in hunter-gatherer societies, 130–31
Islam, 229, 230
Judaism, 210–11
religious office, 133
reproduction, age at first, 3
Ricci, Matteo, 217–18
Risch, Neil, 97, 207
Robinson, James, 148–49, 175, 180, 193–96
Rockefeller Foundation, 28–29, 38
Roman empire, 140, 141, 201
Roosevelt, Theodore, 29
Rosenberg, Noah, 97–99
rule following, 49, 57, 124, 125, 188, 238, 243
see also law
Russia, 135, 187, 220, 229, 246
Sabeti, Pardis, 105
Sachs, Jeffrey, 183–84
Sahul, 76, 93
Saint Louis University, 56
Salzman, Philip, 174
Samuelson, Paul, 6
saving and thrift, 156, 160, 172, 183, 184–85, 244
Schall von Bell, Adam, 218
science, 248, 249
astronomy, 215–19, 228
in China, 228–32
in Islamic world, 228–32
perversions of, 16–38
Western, 220, 222, 224, 228–32, 233, 234
Scientific Revolution, 216
Selim I, Sultan, 229
Sephardim, 200–201, 204, 206, 209
serotonin, 54–55
sexual selection, 86, 90, 91
Shah Jahan, 216
shame, 50, 125
Shang Yang, 139, 140
shared intentionality, 48, 49
Shaw, George Bernard, 33
Sherratt, Yvonne, 37
Shih, Jean, 55
sickle-cell anemia, 111, 116, 206
Singapore, 13, 147, 148, 187
skeletons, 106, 107, 108, 167
gracilization of, 82
see also skulls
skin color, 41, 80–81, 85, 86–88, 92, 106, 108, 109–10, 111–12, 114, 118, 236, 250
Skorecki, Karl, 56
skulls, 70, 84, 118, 121
gracilization of, 167–68, 170
Mongoloid, 91
slavery, 21, 170
military, 142–44
SLC24A5 gene, 88, 111
Smith, Adam, 235
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), 79, 99–100, 102, 116, 200
social behaviors, 109, 124, 236–37, 241–44, 246, 248–51
aggression and, see aggression
changes in, 126
chimpanzee society and, 41–47
cooperation in, 47–50, 51, 62, 124, 243
and development of large hierarchical organizations, 63, 83, 85
economic progress and, 183–89
environment and, 57–61
evolution and, 65–66
and expansion of populations and social structures, 64
eyes and, 39–40
genes and, 9, 41, 46–47, 50–51, 53, 57–59, 64, 85
genetically based, 126
history and, 9–13, 135–46
institutions’ effect on, 147–49
modulation of, 185
natural selection and, 40, 41, 66
origins of, 39–66
shaping of, 62–64
and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies, 127–32
trust in, see trust
social cohesion, 126
Social Darwinism, 16, 18, 24–25, 27, 37, 249
social institutions, 14, 58, 59, 62, 63–64, 66, 123–49, 150, 236, 241, 242, 250
effects on social and individual behavior, 147–49
genetics and culture blended in, 124–27
history and, 135–46
institutional drift and, 196
longevity of, 126, 135, 150
national failure and, 193–96
transfer of, 14, 148, 241
and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies, 127–32
social norms, 49–50, 57, 58
punishment for violating, 49–50, 57–58, 124, 125, 238, 243
social rank, 129–30
descent in, 160, 163, 166
mobility in, 164
social science, 4, 241
human evolution and, 5
race as viewed in, 5
societies, 123–49
evolution of, 132–35
Sociobiology (Wilson), 59
South America, 134, 246
South Korea, 13, 179–80, 183, 189
Soviet Union, 195
Sowell, Thomas, 150, 185, 186–88
species:
new, generation of, 71–75
races as, 20, 22–23
Spencer, Herbert, 24
sperm, 106
sphingolipids, 206, 207–8
spread zones, 83, 84–85
Stalin, Joseph, 135
Stanford University, 79
states, formation of, 63, 133–35, 137–44, 178, 226, 245, 246
in China, 137–42, 144
in Europe, 137, 138, 140–41, 142, 144, 146
in India, 137, 141–42
&
nbsp; in Muslim world, 137
Stearns, Stephen, 3–4
sterilization, 27–31, 33–38
Stoneking, Mark, 108–9
Suleiman the Magnificent, 12
Sumerian civilization, 134
Sunda, 91
sundadonty, 91, 92
Supreme Court, U.S., 29–30, 31, 38
surnames, 163–64
survival of the fittest, 24
sweat glands, 89, 90, 91
Taiwan, 13
Talmud, 205, 211, 212
Tasmania, 93
Tay-Sachs disease, 206
technology, 234, 248
teeth, 89, 91, 92, 121
wisdom, 168
telescopes, 215–19, 228
Tempier, Étienne, 231
Thailand, 88, 187
thalassemia, 111, 118
theory of mind, 48
thrift and saving, 156, 160, 172, 183, 184–85, 244
Tibetans, 3, 8, 84, 107, 214
time preference, 157–58
Tishkoff, Sarah, 100, 101
Tomasello, Michael, 48, 49
Torah, 210–11
torture, 169, 170
trade, 124–25, 180, 232–33, 247
Jews and, 212, 213, 214
tribalism, tribal societies, 9, 10, 63, 64, 136–37, 142, 147–48, 173–77, 196–97, 223, 241
in Africa, 173, 175, 177, 181
in China, 140, 142
escape from, 177–82
in Europe, 137, 144, 145, 147
kinship in, 178
lineage in, 136–37, 145
in Middle East, 173, 174–75, 177
trust, 50–53, 57, 61, 62, 148, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 196–97, 241, 243, 245
natural selection and, 53
oxytocin and, 51–53, 243
twins, 54
Uigur Turks, 84, 94
UNESCO, 69
United Nations, 174
University of Utah, 202–5, 207–9, 214
universities, 231–32
politics and, 6–7
Unz, Ron, 165, 192
urbanization, 180, 188
Ussher, James, 20
vaccination, 24–25, 30
Vanhanen, Tatu, 191–93
vasopressin, 53
Vaughn, Michael, 56
Venter, Craig, 68
Vietnam, 187, 220
villages, 132
violence, 57, 156, 160, 168–71, 175, 189, 236, 244
to animals, 169
homicide, 156, 170, 172
torture, 169, 170
see also aggression
vitamin D, 86–87
voles, 52–53
Wagner, Richard, 37
walking upright, 44
warfare, 64, 78, 80, 83, 124–25, 130–31, 132, 133, 169–70, 232, 245, 247
wealth, 11–12, 83, 129–30, 148, 196
children and, 159–60, 166, 171–72, 203, 245
IQ and, 189–93
Wealth and Poverty of Nations, The (Landes), 235–36
weapons, 45
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 33
Weber, Max, 140
“we” group, 48, 49
West, 246–50
competing institutions in, 224
dynamism of, 219–21
geographic determinism and, 221–25
military power of, 220
as open society, 224–25, 232–35, 237, 247–48
rise of, 12, 215–38, 244
science in, 220, 222, 224, 228–32, 233, 234
West Africans, 8
Western culture, 9
Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu and Robinson), 148–49, 180, 193–96
William of Orange, 152, 194
Wilson, Edward O., 59
witchcraft burnings, 170
wolves, 167
work, hours spent in, 157, 158
work ethic, 156, 172, 183, 186, 188, 244
World Bank, 176
World War I, 35, 37
World War II, 36, 38, 183, 220, 236
Wrangham, Richard, 168
Wright, Sewall, 120
Wright’s fixation index, 118–19, 120
Wu, Emperor, 166
Yang Guangxian, 219
Yanomamö, 131
Y chromosome, 74–75, 78, 163
Yellow River valley, 226
Yoruba, 111
Zheng He, 233
*Complementary here means that two strands of DNA carry sequences of DNA units that match each other at each pair of bases. Where one strand has A, the other has T at the same position, and where one strand has G, the other has C. Two such strands have a high chemical affinity for each other, which is weakened if even one pair of bases is not complementary.
A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History Page 29