by Wendy Moffat
Thanks to the following people who granted me interviews: David Adkins, Tyringham MA and NYC (June 30, 2002; Aug. 21, 2002; Dec. 6, 2002), Gwyneth Barger, Lenox MA (June 27, 2002), Mollie Barger, Hampstead (July 24, 2001; June 26, 2009), Gary Haller, New Haven CT (June 28, 2002), Eugenie Rudd Fawcett, John Fawcett, Donald Fawcett, and Jim Fawcett, Tyringham MA (June 29, 2002), the late Mary Jackson, Los Angeles (Aug. 6, 2002), Bruce Kellner, Lancaster PA (March 14, 2003), Mary D. Kierstead, Tyringham MA (June 29, 2002), Francis King, Kensington (July 20, 2001), Bernard Perlin, Ridgefield CT (Sept. 30, 2001; Sept. 23, 2007), George Tooker, Hartland VT (Sept. 28, 2001), Mark Lancaster, Jamestown RI (Feb. 24, 2007), Ed DeLuca, NYC (Sept. 25, 2007), Jon Anderson and Philis Raskind, Weston CT (Oct. 10, 2007), John Connolly and Ivan Ashby, Rosemont NJ (Oct. 5, 2007), George Lynes II and Jane Lynes, NYC (Oct. 11, 2007), Angela Hederman, NYC (Oct. 12, 2007), Don Bachardy, Santa Monica (Nov. 5, 2007), Jensen Yow, Califon, NJ (Nov. 20, 2007), Nick Furbank, London (June 6, 2008, June 24, 2009). Correspondence with Norman Coates, Lord Kennet, the late Mattei Radev, Mark Lancaster, and Tim Leggatt was illuminating. Thanks, too, to Barbara Roe and Kevin Greenback at the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge, for information about Malcolm and Josie Darling; to Karen Kukil and Barbara Blumenthal at the Mortimer Rare Book Room, Smith College; to Shan McAnena at the Naughton Gallery, Queen’s University, Belfast; to Rick Frederick at the McNay Museum, San Antonio; to Wendy Hurlock Baker at the Smithsonian Institution’s Archives of American Art; to Manuel Savidis at the Cavafy Archive; to Michael Spick at the Sheffield City Archives; and to Jeremy Megraw at the Photographic Collection of the Billy Rose Theater Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. Special thanks to Pat Belshaw, Mark Lancaster, and the Buckingham family, for sharing photos and private memories.
Archival research at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale (Lynes, Wescott, Wheeler), Columbia University Archives (Trilling), Durham University Archives (Plomer and Morris), the Huntington Library (Isherwood), King’s College Modern Archives (Buckinghams, Dickinson, Forster, Sprott, Strachey), and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center (Kirstein, Martinez) and the Ransom Center for the Humanities at the University of Texas at Austin (Ackerley, British Society for Sex Psychology, Darling) was made immeasurably more pleasant by the help of the librarians and archivists, Timothy Young, Patricia Willis, Nancy Kuhl, Sue Hodson, Andrew Grey, Jacky Cox, Rosalind Moad, Charles Perrin, and Thomas Staley. Thanks to Brad Meade and Dr. Brad Goff for the chance to look at remarkable paintings. At King’s Patricia McGuire knows everything and has done much more than she was asked to do. At crucial times Rachel Malkin, Lucy Kaufman, and Pat Fox were my eyes in archives afar; I thank them.
Thanks, too, for the assistance of staff at Amherst College, Bryn Mawr College, University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Los Angeles, University of Chicago, Columbia University, University of Georgia, Hamilton College, University of Texas at Austin, Huntington Library, Washington and Lee University, and Yale. Also, Professors William Kelly Simpson and Gary Haller at Yale, Catherine Anne Johnson and the Kinsey Institute, John Stevenson, the Whitney Museum, DC Moore Gallery, Berkshire Historical Society, Berkshire Eagle, Tobin Gallery, Brandywine Museum, David Leddick, Cornelia Gilder, Alice Truax, Larry Simpson, James Seidel, Frank Lorenz, Bill Roberts, Andrew Patterson, Jay Satterfield, Peter Nelson, and Dennis Bitterlich. I am also grateful to Nicholas Jenkins, Lincoln Kirstein’s literary executor, for permission to read the Lincoln Kirstein Papers.
I am indebted to so many people, not only for the help and kindness they showed me but also for the freedom they afforded me in telling what is, at least in part, their story too. I have endeavored to be accurate and to be true. Any errors in this book are my own.
A long time ago, three extraordinary teachers taught me to think and to write. This book belongs to the memory of Richard Sewall, to Martin Price, and especially to my mentor and friend Alice Miskimin.
Writing this life evolved in the circle of my large and loving family. Archie and Fritz have been good company. My brothers, Gabe and James, my sisters, Lynn and Catherine, and my sisters-in-law, Nancy and Molly, have been a great support. My grandmother Jean’s presence is with me always, though she did not live to see this to the close. All the parents—my mother, Anne, my father and stepmother, Donald and Gwen, and my in-laws Barbara and Tracy—have looked forward to new chapters with the kind of eager anticipation that makes a writer want to keep going. I owe much of my sense of the texture of Forster’s England to my dad. And one of the particular pleasures of this long journey has been to watch my daughters, Lucy and Emma, develop into beautiful writers, whose own passions and ideas have become enmeshed in my work. Donald Kaufman, to whom the book is dedicated, is the love of my life.
Index
Abinger (Surrey), 191, 204, 237, 257, 260
Lily’s house in, see West Hackhurst
Abinger Harvest (Forster), 240, 244
Ackerley, J. R. (“Joe”), 196–200, 209, 225, 244, 254, 298, 310, 316–19
Buckingham and, 220, 222
correspondence of Forster and, 196, 199, 204, 207, 208, 211, 217, 219, 226, 228, 235–36, 250–51, 271, 312
Daley and, 204–206, 219
Forster’s financial generosity to, 210, 317
The Listener edited by, 224, 301, 304
production of play by, 202–203
seventieth-birthday party for Forster or ga nized by, 277
tutelage of Forster in homosexual affairs by, 198, 200, 211–12
during World War I, 197, 202
during World War II, 249–51, 308, 317
Ackerley, Nancy, 220, 224
Ackerley, Roger, 224
Adcock, F. E., 11
Adl, Mohammed el, 152–73, 183, 191–92, 208, 210, 251, 252, 293, 315, 323
correspondence of Forster and, 163, 166, 177–79, 188, 304
death of, 177, 188–90, 196
departure from Alexandria of, 163–65
Forster’s memoir of, 257, 344n, 345n
illness of, 171, 187–88
initiation of Forster’s sexual relationship with, 255–63
marriage of, 170–73
Palmer’s resemblance to, 198
photographs of, 167, 177
Port Said visit of Forster with, 180, 184
“Ages of Man” (Meredith), 333n
Agincourt, Battle of, 40
Ahmad Khan, Syed, 88, 108
Aida (Verdi), 131
Albany, The (magazine), 94
Albert Herring (Britten), 279
Aldeburgh (Suffolk), 280, 297, 299
music festival at, 278, 319
Alexander the Great, 125–27
Alexandria, 123–52, 178
Cavafy’s salon in, 140–47
Forster’s love affair with el Adl in, 152–73
Forster’s sexual awakening in, 148–51
Red Cross hospital in, 124, 125, 129–30, 132–35, 140, 146, 152, 312
sexual climate of, 127–28, 136–40
Alexandria: A History and a Guide (Forster), 150
Ali, Mohammed, 129
Aligarh (India), 88–89, 108, 256
All-India PEN conference (Jaipur, 1946), 256
American Academy of Arts and Letters (New York), 283, 288, 291
Amherst College, 267, 274
Anastassiades, Pericles, 130–31, 140
Anglican Church, 33, 42, 58, 127, 129
Anglo-Oriental College, 88–89, 108, 109
Annie Get Your Gun (Berlin), 259
anti-Semitism, 247
Antonius, George, 130, 180, 192
Apostles, 52–56, 62, 95, 200–201, 225, 303
belief in personal relations of, 54, 71, 85, 233–34
at Dickinson’s memorial service, 226
Hellenism of, 74
Arctic Summer (Forster), 102, 116
Areopagitica (Milton), 247
A
ristotle, 55
Arnim, Elizabeth, Countess von, 81
Arnold, Edward, 91, 245
Arnold, Matthew, 72
“Art for Art’s Sake” (Forster), 291
“Arthur Snatchfold” (Forster), 213
Art Students League, 267
Ascent of F6, The (Auden and Isherwood), 279
Aspects of the Novel (Forster), 95
Athenaeum magazine, 104
Atwood, Margaret, 315
Auden, Wystan Hugh, 4, 16, 224, 234, 246, 248, 260, 279, 284, 291
Austen, Jane, 65, 67, 69, 79
Australia, 120
Aylward, Maimie (née Synnot), 72, 75, 78, 90, 165
Babel, Isaac, 241
Babusse, Henri, 241
Bachardy, Don, 4, 7
Balzac, Honoré de, 140
Barabar Caves (India), 109
Barger, Florence, 91, 120, 158, 172, 178, 214, 260
Buckingham introduced to, 222
correspondence of Forster and, 106, 109, 115–16, 135, 147–49, 152–54, 157, 159, 161–66, 168–71, 177, 181, 191–92, 198–99, 208, 232
death of, 312
intimacy of Forster and, 107, 185
on South African tour, 212
during World War II at West Hackhurst, 251, 255, 256
Barger, George, 56–57, 68, 83, 91, 107, 115, 178, 212
Barger, Harold, 260
Basileon (magazine), 50
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 204, 248
Belfast, 112, 178
Bell, Gertrude, 124–25, 129, 137
Bell, Vanessa (née Stephen), 63, 100, 201, 213
Bennett, Arnold, 216
Bennett, E. K. “Francis,” 65, 168, 209, 302
Benton, Thomas Hart, 292
Berlin, 81
Isherwood in, 4, 14, 15, 233–34
Berlin, Irving, 253, 259, 261
Bhagavad Gita, 106
Bible, 36, 37, 39, 46
Gospels, 45
Billy Budd (Melville), 263
Britten’s opera based on, 281–83, 297–99
Birch, Frank, 203
Black, James Tait, Award, 195
Blackwood Publishing, 80, 82, 91
Blitz, 207, 220, 249, 262
Bloomsbury Group, 54, 63, 70, 123, 191, 201, 205, 219–20
Boer War, 48
Bombay, 107, 108, 111
Political Office, 148
Bone, Henry, 237, 257
Borchgrevink, Aida, 131, 137, 151, 163, 344n
Borderline Ballads (Plomer), 318
Borough, The (Crabbe), 280
Botticelli, Sandro, 48
Bowles, Jane, 279
Bowles, Paul, 279
Boy (Hanley), 242
Bracknells, The (Reid), 112
Bradley, General Omar, 284
Brahms, Johannes, 204
Brando, Marlon, 259
Braques, Georges, 205
Brecht, Bertolt, 4, 234, 241
Breton, André, 241
British Army, 123, 127, 135–36, 168, 193
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 224, 246–48, 251, 272, 318
Far Eastern Service, 250
Indian Service, 301
Talks Department, 220, 246
British Museum, 63, 70, 126
British Society for Sex Psychology, 121
Brittain, Vera, 216
Britten, Benjamin, 278–81, 283, 297–98, 301
Brooke, Rupert, 12
Browning, Oscar, 46–48, 51, 109
Browning, Robert, 50
Bryn Mawr College, 272
Buckingham, Bob, 17, 221–24, 235, 252, 256, 258, 260, 271, 299, 301, 302, 319, 322–23
birth of son of, 230–32
death of son of, 313
in family relationship with Forster, 238–39, 268, 277
financial generosity of Forster to, 276, 305, 318
first meeting of Forster and, 220
and Forster’s death, 321–22
and Forster’s illnesses, 297, 315
gift of Cadmus’s portrait of Forster to, 296
marriage of, 15, 16, 226–29
travels with Forster, 231, 233, 239, 244, 283–84, 286–88, 290–96
during World War II, 249, 250, 254, 270
Buckingham, Clive, 313
Buckingham, May (née Hockey), 222, 255–56, 284, 319, 322–23
birth of son of, 230–32
death of son of, 313–14
in family relationship with Forster, 238–39, 268, 277
financial generosity of Forster to, 276, 305, 318
and Forster’s death, 321–22
gift of Cadmus’s portrait of Forster to, 296
marriage of, 226–29
post-surgical care of Forster by, 297
during World War II, 249, 254
Buckingham, Robert Morgan “Robin,” 230–32, 238, 249, 255–56, 284, 297, 313–14, 318, 322
Buckingham, Sylvia, 318, 322
Buckingham Palace, 301–302
Buddhism, 106
Burrell, Billy, 297–99
Butler, Samuel, 303
Cabaret (Masteroff, Ebb, and Kander), 4
Cadmus, Paul, 252–53, 263–66, 271, 275, 281, 283, 287, 293, 360n
correspondence of Forster and, 252, 253, 260, 266, 284, 291
in England, 296
at Fire Island, 294
Frenches’ relationship with, 253, 266–68, 278
paintings by, 264–66, 277–78, 292
portrait of Forster by, 296
Provincetown summer house of, 266, 274
Cairo, 127, 187
anti-British riots in, 178
Caius College, Cambridge, 65, 302
California, University of, Berkeley, 260
“Call, The” (J. Pope), 124
Callimachus, 128, 142, 144, 145
Cambridge University, 43, 59, 60, 65, 74, 75, 106, 107, 110, 112, 125, 128, 168, 203
Anglican Church and, 42
boat races between Oxford and, 202, 220
characters in novels based on friends from, 92
Conversazione Society of, see Apostles
Indian college modeled on, 88
Rede lecture at, 251
rules imposed on women by, 48
Tripos examinations at, 41, 49–51, 56
undergraduate magazines of, 50
during World War I, 197
see also King’s College
Trinity College
Campbell, Joseph, 288, 289
Campbell, Sandy, 296
Cape, Jonathan, 216, 249, 250
Carpenter, Edward, 94, 112–14, 121, 147, 167, 178, 290, 309
correspondence of Forster and, 137–40, 164–65
death of, 112, 227
eulogy by Forster for, 230
Maurice and, 114, 116
Whitman and, 113, 337n
Carrington, Dora, 179, 191, 201, 219, 222, 227
Casement, Roger, 312
Caskey, Bill, 272