Iceland
Christianity in 46–7, 135–6, 143–5
climatic change in 217
discovery of 138–40
and English piracy 220
Irish settlers in 138–9, 142–3
later history of 221
place-names 19, 46
Scandinavian settlers in 10, 137, 141–3, 145–6, 200
under Norwegian rule 218
Igor (Ingvar), Prince of Rus 105, 108–10
Indians, North American xii, 153–7, 224, 226, 227
Ingigerd (daughter of Olof Skötkonung) 179–80, 184, 189
Ingjaldr 38
Ingstad, Anne Stine 227
Ingstad, Helge 226, 227
Ingvar the Widefarer 10
intermarriage 70
internecine wars 64, 90–3, 160–2, 171
Inuit 14, 27, 214, 218–19, 219–20
Iona 51
Iraq 106, 107
Ireland
Christianity in 68–9
clans 68
colonies 50
monks from 138
place-names 71
Viking raids on 49, 51, 68–70, 124, 216
Viking settlers in 69–74
Irish Sea 216
Irminsul 20, 60
Iron Age 23
Irpa 34
Islam 10–11, 13, 105
Islandbridge graves 71
Íslendingabók 143–4
Islendingur (replica ship) 227, 228
Isles of the West Men 142
Itil 106, 107–8
Ivar (brother of Olaf the White) 73, 74–5
Ivar the Boneless 74
Ivar Horse-Cock 56
Ivar the Wide-Grasper 100
Ivarsson, Hakon 203–4
James III, King of Scotland 217
Jamtaland 95, 181
Járnskeggi 134
Jaropolk, Prince of Rus 114
Jaroslav the Wise, Prince of Rus 180, 184, 185, 189–90, 195, 196, 203
Jarrow 51
Jelling 64
Jerusalem 191–2, 215
jewellery 56, 71, 101
Jolnir 29
Jomsvikings 12, 127
Jotnar 35, 38, 45
Jotunheim 35
Julian, Emperor 7
Jutes 4
Jutland 59, 64, 65, 90
Kainuans 32, 99, 100
Kalmar Union 216, 221
Karelians 32, 99
Karlsefni, Thorfinn 154–7
Kaupang 84
Keel mountains 31, 181
kenning 16
Kensington Stone 223–4
Kent 50, 75, 163, 164, 169, 170
Khazar people 106, 108, 112
Kiev 13, 102, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 215
king, concept of 83, 84, 85, 96
King Harald’s Saga 200, 207, 212
Ladoga, Lake 100–2
Laing, Samuel 8, 223
landvoettir 36
language, archaeology of 32, 101, 224
Lapland 22, 32, 35, 37
Latvia 99
Law-Speakers, Icelandic 144, 145
legions, Roman 1–2, 4, 210
Leicester 77
Leif the Lucky 12, 150–3, 154–5, 157, 158, 218
Leo IV, Pope 75
Libya 192
Liffey, River 70
Limerick 71
Lincoln 77
Lindisfarne 2, 48–51
Lindsey 173
Lismore 69
Loki 19, 38–46
Lolland 24
Lombards 192
London 79, 170, 173, 175, 177–8, 211
London Bridge 170–1, 175
Long Serpent (warship) 162
Lothar (son of Louis the Pious) 62
Lough Owel 72
Lough Ree 72
Louhi 38
Louis the German 62
Louis the Pious 61, 62, 104
Louth 69
Low Countries 5
Macbeth 207
MacLeod, Clan 217
Mael Sechlainn 72
magic 37–8
Magnus II, King of Norway 208, 214
Magnus III King of Norway (Barelegs) 216
Magnus the Good, King of Norway 185, 194, 197–200, 201, 202, 205–6
Magyars 112
Maine 152, 214, 223
Mal, Prince of the Drevljane 110–11
Mälar, Lake 98
Malcolm of Scotland 207
Maldon, battle of 125–7
Man, Isle of 68, 124, 217
Maniakes, George 191, 196
manngjöld 40, 73, 165
mara 36
Margaret of Denmark 217
Maria (Byzantine noble-woman) 194, 195, 196
Markland 151, 159
masculinity, importance of 56
Médard, Bishop 48
Mediterranean Sea 191
Medway, River 163
Melkorka 142
Mercia/Mercians 6, 51, 75, 76, 79, 121, 168, 169, 175
Michael III, Emperor 104
Michael IV, Emperor 191, 193
Michael V, Emperor (Calaphates) 193–4
Michigan 222
Micmac Indians 154
Middle East, Viking trade with 11, 106–7
Midgard 20
Miklagard 103, 104
Minnesota 13, 222, 223
missionaries 61–3, 135, 136, 152, 153, 179
monasteries 49, 51, 68–9, 105, 109, 138, 216
Mongols 225
Mons Badonicus 6
Moon, the 20, 33
Møre 96
Morganwg 51
Morkere, Earl 209
Mukhâriq 11
Munster 68
Muslim world 10–11, 105–8, 112, 127, 191–2
Myrgiol, Princess 143
Mrkjartan 142
mythology, Norse 15–47
Naddod 139–40
Naglfar 45
Nanna 42–3
Napoleonic wars 216
navigation 17, 49–50, 54–5, 147
Nerthus 34
New England 151–2, 226–8
New Sweden 222
Newfoundland 151, 223, 225
Nicholas V, Pope 220
nicknames 55–6
Nissa, battle of 205
Njord 18, 34
Nordbrikt see Harald the Ruthless
Normans/Normandy 13, 86, 121, 128, 163, 168, 173, 192, 206, 209, 213, 215
Norns 21–2
North Sea 60, 61
Northern Crusades 215
Northey 126
Northumbria 6, 48, 74, 75, 93, 121, 124, 173, 176, 178, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215
Norway
Christianity in 65, 116–17, 130, 131, 132–6, 179, 180, 184, 201, 215
place-names 19
power struggles in 58–9, 81–3, 90–3, 116–18, 131, 178–9, 180–5, 194, 197–200, 201–4, 215–16
Nottingham 77
Nova Anglia 215
Nova Scotia 151
Novgorod 102, 110, 111, 114, 124
Odin 18, 19, 20, 25–31, 32–3, 34, 35, 39, 42, 45, 46, 80, 96, 97, 133, 144
Offa, King of Mercia 51
ogres 36
Ogvaldsness 132–3
Ohman, Olaf 223
Olaf II, King of Norway (the Stout, St Olaf) 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178–85, 186, 187–9, 195, 202, 204
Olaf III, King of Norway (the Peaceful) 212–13, 214, 215, 223
Olaf (nephew of Hakon the Good) 95
Olaf (ruler of Denmark) 64
Olaf (son of Fairhair) 91, 92
Olaf ‘Crowbone’ Tryggvason 114, 123–36, 143–4, 160–3, 179, 183
Olaf Geirstatha-Alf 58
Olaf the White, King of Dublin 73–4, 143
Olafsson, Tryggvi 95, 116, 117, 123–4
old age, death in 28
Oleg, Prince of Rus 114
Olga (Helga), St 110–12, 115, 189, 192
Olof Skötkonung, King 121, 123, 161, 174, 179, 180
>
Onund Jacob, King of Sweden 180, 181, 182, 183, 185
oral tradition 15
Orkneyinga Saga 67
Orkneys 49, 86, 130, 180, 208, 209, 216, 217, 221
Viking settlement of 66–7, 85, 88–9, 93, 118, 141
Orosius 84
Osbert, King of Yorkshire 74
Oseberg ship 57
Oslo 8
Ospaksson, Ulf 187
Osraige 73
Ostmen 216
Otto I 119
Otto II 119, 120
Ouse, River 210
Oxford 165, 173
Padstow 125
pagan religions 36–7, 46, 62, 78, 95–7, 107, 116–17, 118, 120, 131, 133–4, 144–5, 201
Pecheneg tribesmen 104, 108, 110, 112, 113–14, 189
Pepys, Samuel 168
Picts 67
Piraeus 191
pirates 5, 11, 191, 220
Pirkkala 100
place-names 19, 32, 38, 46, 71, 80, 228
Poddle, River 70
Poland 99, 100, 124, 160–1, 189
Polotsk 115
Pope, the 163, 183
Portland 50
Prince Edward Island 151
protection money 68, 80, 85, 94, 111, 121–2, 199
Pytheas 137–8
Ragnarok 45, 46
Ragnhild (daughter of Goldenbeard) 59
Ragnild (daughter of Bloodaxe) 94
ram-god 33
Rathlin Island 51
Raumsdale 96
Raven-Floki see Vilgerdason, Floki
Ravenwood 23
Reading 75, 166
Regin 39, 41
Repton 76
Reric 60
Rhine, River 4
Richard the Fearless 86, 128, 163
Rimbert 63
roads, Roman 210–11
Rochester 163, 168
rock carvings 17
Rogned 115
Rognvald the Resourceful 86, 88–9
Rognvald the Straight-Limbed 87, 91
Roman Empire 3–6, 74, 210–11
Romanus I, Emperor 108, 110
Rome 183
Roskilde 24–5
Rouen 86
runes 30, 67, 99, 101, 103, 169, 191, 223–4
Rurik, Prince of Rus 102, 105, 110
Rus traders 101, 102, 104–8, 111–15, 228
Russia/Russians 13, 99, 100–4, 110, 115, 124, 180, 184, 185, 189, 195
Russian Primary Chronicle 101, 103, 110, 189, 192
sacrifices
animal 23, 25, 96, 97, 144
human 23, 25, 75, 89, 107, 133–4, 144
Saga of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue 128
Saga of the Jomsviking 123
Saga of the People of Laxardal 66, 142
sagas 8–9, 222, 228
Christian influence on 44, 46–7
as source material 15–16, 170, 192–3
St Adamnan 68
St Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of 86
St Clement of the Danes 178
St Lawrence, Gulf of 151
St Olaf Stairs 171
St Patrick 73
Samanids 106–7
Sámi 12, 22, 32, 35, 37–8, 87, 99, 100, 180
Sampo 20
Sanday 66–7
Sandwich 125, 174
Santa Claus 29, 33
Saracens 99, 192
Saxo Grammaticus 24, 29, 41, 42–3, 192
Saxon Shore-forts 5
Saxons 4, 6–7, 12, 122
end of royal line 206
settlement of Britannia 5–6
and Viking attacks 75–80
war with Franks 60
Scandinavia
Christianity in 12, 61–3, 64–5, 130
fluid borders within 31–2
migration from 9–10, 13, 81, 85, 141, 200, 229
population increase 5
settlement of 2–3, 22–3
see also individual countries by name
Scarborough 209
Schleswig-Holstein 222
Schönbäck, Bengt 227
Scilly Isles 125, 129
Scotland
treaty with England 207
Viking raids on 51, 73–4, 124, 182, 216–17
Viking settlement in 68, 85
sea level, rise in 5
Serkland 105, 192
Severn, River 176
shamans 35, 36, 37
Shannon, River 70
shape-changers see transformers
sheep 66
Sherwin, Reider 224
Shetlands 49, 54, 66, 67, 86, 217, 221
ship-burials 57, 58, 66–7
ship-levy 83
ships 52–5
galleys 191
knorrs 54, 147
longships 54–5, 99–100
replica 53–4, 223, 227, 228
warships 54
Sicily 192, 193
Sigfred, Danish ‘king’ 63
Sigmund the Volsung 29
Sigrid the Haughty 56, 130, 166
Sigroth (son of Fairhair) 92
Sigurd 41
Sigurd, Earl 96, 97, 116, 117
Sigurd the Bastard 87
silver 105–6, 108, 112
Siward, Earl of Northumbria 207
skalds 16, 25, 26, 29, 37, 38, 55, 67, 117, 193
Skiringssal 84, 98
Skraelings 153–4, 155–7, 218–19
Skuld (Necessity) 21, 27
Skye, Isle of 217
slander 55–6
slave trade 11, 104, 106, 108
Sleipnir 26, 39
Snaefellsness 145
Snaefrid 87–8
Snilling, Ulfkell 165–6, 176
Snorrason, Halldor 187, 194
Snorri see Sturluson, Snorri
Snorri (son of Gudrid) 155–6
Sogn 58, 59
Somerled 216
Song of Roland 45
sorcery 37, 56, 87, 91
souls 36–7
South Saxons 168
Southampton 125
Southwark 170, 171, 175
Spain 4
Stamford 77
Stamford Bridge, battle of 211–12, 214
stars, as navigation aids 17
Steinunn 135
Stilkastad, battle of 185, 187–8
Stone Age 24–5
Stour, River 79
Sturluson, Snorri 15–16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 31, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46–7, 57–8, 81, 82, 87, 90, 96, 117, 131, 132, 143, 160–2, 170, 178, 179, 180, 187, 189, 192, 194, 196, 201
Styrbjorn 119, 123
Sun, the 20, 33
Sunday, observance of 96
Suomi 32, 99
Surt 45, 46
Sutherland 68, 217
Svasi the Finn 87
Svein, Earl 162, 179
Svein, vassal-king of Norway 184
Svein Estridsen 63, 197–201, 205, 206, 207, 214
Svein Forkbeard 108, 120–1, 122–3, 127–8, 129, 130, 131, 160, 161–7, 168, 169, 170, 172–3, 174, 177, 206, 207
Svold, battle of 161–2, 163
Svyatoslav, Prince of Rus 111, 112–14, 115
Sweden
burial mounds 24
Christianity in 61, 215
colonies in North America 222
place-names 19
power struggles in 64, 162, 179–80, 215
settlement of 23
Vikings look east from 99–104
Tacitus 34
Tadcaster 211
Tale of Thorvald the Far-Travelled 127
taxation
Saxon 168, 171
Viking 83–4 85, 90, 111, 181, 201, 205
Terebinthos, monastery 105
Thames, River 78, 79, 163, 170, 175, 176, 178
Thangbrand 135
Theodora 196
Thietmar of Merseburg 25, 161
Thor 18, 19, 25, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 45, 72, 135, 144
Thora (daughter of Hakon the Good) 97
Thora (daughter of Thorb
erg Arnarson) 203, 214
Thora Morstrstong 92
Thorfinn Skullcleaver 94
Thorgerda 34
Thorhall the Hunter 155
Thorir (ship’s captain) 152, 153
Thorir the Hound 188
Thorir the Silent 88
Thorkatla Bosom 56
Thorkell the Tall 169, 171–2, 173, 176, 178
Thorkelsson, Thorgeir 144–5
Thorleif the Wise 88
Thorolf (associate of Raven-Floki) 141
Thorolf Lousebeard 124
Thorstein Shipbuilder 188
Thorsteinn (brother of Leif the Lucky) 152, 154
Thorsteinn The Red 143
Thorvald (bother of Leif the Lucky) 153, 154
Thule 137
Thyri 64, 123, 160–1, 165
Tiwaz 32–3, 42
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria 206–12, 215
trade 9, 10, 25, 49
from Denmark 59
from Norway 83–4, 85
from Sweden with East 98–108, 111, 112
with Iceland 83, 84, 136
In Middle East 11, 106–7
with North American Indians 155–6
through Lake Ladoga 100–2
transformers 26, 38, 39–40
Trelleborg 65
tribute 111, 121–2, 126, 127, 165–6, 167, 171, 181–2, 200
trolls 36
Trondheim xii, 19, 31, 118, 131, 133–4, 136, 160, 178–9, 183, 208, 213, 218, 221
earls of 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 116, 117, 120, 121, 161, 162, 181, 182, 184, 201–3
Turf-Einar 88–90
Turgeis 70, 72, 73
Turkey 192
twin deities 34
Tyne, River 5, 209
Tyr 19, 33, 34, 45
Tyrkir the Southerner 151
Tzimisces, John 112–13
Ubbi 74
Ui-Neill clan 68, 69, 73
Ulf (Canute’s regent) 182–3
ulfhednar 16
Úlfsson, Gunnbjörn 145
Ull 19, 34
Ullin 34
Ûngortoq 219
United States, Scandinavian settlers in 222, 223
Universal History 84
universality 16
Uppland 23, 24
Uppsala 24, 119
Urd (Fate) 21
Usipi 3
Valhalla 28, 45, 97
Valkyries 27–8, 42, 45
Vanir 18, 33, 34, 36
Varangians 114, 115, 190–2, 193, 194, 195, 215
Vatnsdale 38
Ve 20
Verdandi (Being) 21
Verdir 36
Verne, Jules 8
Veturlidi 135
Victorians, and Viking sagas 8
Vidar 45
Viful 143
Vigrid 45
Vik 7–8, 31, 58, 92, 93, 116, 205
Viking (replica ship) 53–4, 223
Vikings
adapt to new homes 13, 14, 79–80, 86, 128–9, 216, 228
alternative names for 7
fascination of 13–14, 228
origin of term 7–8
pagan religions 12, 32
rivalry between different groups 72–3, 86, 170
sailing skills 13–14
wane of Viking Age 200, 213, 214–17
who they were 9–13, 85
Vilgerdason, Floki 140–1
Vili 20
Vinland 13, 151, 153, 154, 155–9, 186, 214, 217, 222, 223, 225, 226–8
Vladimir the Great 114–15, 190
A Brief History of the Vikings Page 27