journalism education, 63–66, 71, 208, 217
Kadyrzhanov, Kairat, 242–43
Kakimzhanova, Gulsum, 244
Kalman, Maira, 9
Kalmykov, Dmitry, 222–25, 234, 244
Kant, 88, 94
Kara Balta, 94, 104
Karachaganak (gas condensate field), 266, 270
Karaganda (Qaragandhy), 177, 188, 198, 206, 218, 219, 220, 225, 234, 236, 238, 239; climate, 216, 219; coal mining, 213–14, 225, 230; ethnic Germans, 215; growth during World War II, 214; history of, 213–15; iron and steel industry, 214; perceptions of, 213, 215–16; pollution, 213; reputation for crime, 214–15; as transportation center, 214; underground economy, 214–15
Karaganda Magnitka (Temirtau steel plant), 227–29
Karaganda State Medical University, 240
Karaganda State University, 216–17
Karakol (Przhevalsk), 94, 96, 98, 99, 102; architecture, 100, 100–101figs.; location, 100; name change, 102; settlement of, 95
Karakorum, 182, 183, 200
Kara-Kyrgyz, 33
Karimov, Islam, 35, 120, 137, 280
Karlag (labor camp system), 218–22, 225, 235
Karpov, Sergey, 128–30, 145, 300
Kashagan (oil field), 268, 270
Kashgar, 20, 250
Kazakh National University (Almaty), 170–71
Kazakh SSR, 33, 152, 162, 175, 188, 221, 228, 229, 266
Kazakhstan, xiii, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 93, 131; agriculture, 161, 167–69, 260, 262–65; autonomous region, 146; comparison with other Central Asia countries, 277; economy, 134, 148, 158–59, 173, 188, 230–31, 276; environment, 222–25, 230–31; ethnic mix, 34–35, 147–49; as Eurasia, 135, 183, 200, 206; geography, 132; higher education, 172–73, 206, 261; human rights, 134, 274; international image, 136–37, 183, 184, 186, 205; language, 151–52, 153, 154–57, 206; map, 132; media, 139, 155–57, 274–75; migration, 148–49, 220, 229–30, 268, 271, 281; mineral resources, 150, 188, 225, 230, 242, 260, 270; oil, 188, 265–72, 281; move of capital, 183, 187–88; national identity, 146, 151–52, 153, 154, 155; Nazarbayev’s vision, 276, 282, 283; nuclear zone, 188, 222, 223, 233–45; perceptions of, 132, 133–34; population and demography, 133, 148–49; presidential elections, 136, 138–42, 207, 256, 276; press freedom, 134, 156–57, 275; quality of life, 134–35; religion, restrictions on, 201; settlement of, 143–44, 146; sports, 135, 197–98; transportation and communication, 133; wealth gap, 134, 282–83
Kazakhstan Institute for Management, Entrepreneurship and Strategic Research (KIMEP), Almaty, 173–74
KazMunayGaz (KMG), 136, 266, 268, 270, 272, 273
Keiderling, Kelly, 74–75, 299
Kerry, John, 4–5
Khan Shatyr, 202, 203fig., 204, 288
Khiva: city of, 120; khanate of, 28, 30, 45, 265
Khokand: city of, 121; khanate of, 30, 31, 44, 146, 162
Khonin, Gennadiy, 175, 177, 178, 178fig.
Khrushchev, Nikita, 46, 148, 167, 188, 189, 226, 260
khrushchevka (apartment), 46–47, 108, 163
Khudaiberdiev, Khalijan, 92–93
Khusainov, Renat, 24, 103, 300
kinship and family ties, 18, 23, 60–61, 67, 154, 257
Kipling, Rudyard, 30
Kirol, Paul, 179
Kist, Viktor, 177
Klimemko, Olesja, 179
Koch, Natalie, on perceptions and depiction of Astana, 184–86, 201, 204
Kolbin, Gennadiy, 152, 163
kolkhoz, 110, 147, 168, 221, 226, 227, 263
komuz, 5, 52fig., 77
Kopack, Robert, 233–34, 239, 241–42
Koreans, deportation of, 33, 147–48,
Kostanai (Qostanay), city of, 188; history of, 260; location, 259–60; population, 260
Kostanai oblast, 259, 261, 262; climate, 263–64; mineral deposits, 260; wheat production, 262–64
Kostanai State University, 260–61
Kozlov, Vladimir, 155, 273, 274, 279
Kulibayev, Timur, 273, 275, 283
Kumtor (gold mine), 97–98
Kunayev, Dinmukhamed, 152
Kungey Ala Too (mountain range), 17, 94
Kurchatov, Igor Vasilyevich, 235; nuclear test facility, 235, 236, 238, 246
Kurmanjan Dakta: street name, 20, 24, 26; tribal chief, 26, 31
Kyrgyz Ala Too (mountain range), 15, 17, 104, 107
Kyrgyz ASSR, 15, 33
Kyrgyz SSR, 21, 33, 36
Kyrgyzstan, xiii, 1–3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 41, 42, 43, 62, 69, 277; clans and social organization, 18, 23; climate, 18, 60, 95; economy, 21, 22, 36–38, 49–51, 58, 73, 91; environment, 97; ethnic conflict, 16, 21–22, 91–92, 93; ethnic mix, 21–22; geography and topography, 17–19, 94–95; gold mining, 97–98; history, 15–16, 45; infrastructure, 18; language, 77; map, 18; media, 19, 22, 69, 70, 76–83, 89–90, 92–93; nationalism, 21–22, 92–93; natural resources, 17; north-south divide, 18–19, 89; politics and elections, 65, 89, 93; population and demography, 18, 21; Tulip Revolution, 88; 2010 revolution, 90–92
Kyrgyzstan Chronicle, 54
Kyrgyz State National University (KSNU), 63, 64, 65; journalism faculty, 63–75, 118
Kyrgyz State Radio and Television Company (KRT), 76–77, 79, 90
Kyzlorda, 133, 162
labor camps, 148, 176, 177, 213, 218–22
language, xiii, 77; English, 205–7; Kazakh, 151–52, 153, 154–57, 206, 251–52; Kazakh alphabet, 157, 252, 260; Kyrgyz, 77; and spelling choices, xiii, 157
Lenin, 36; as statue and symbol, 14–17, 46, 171, 171fig.; as street name, 15, 26
libel, as criminal offense (Kyrgyzstan), 83–85
Litke, Maria, 219–20, 220fig.,
Lodi, Sultan Ibrahim, 28
Lonely Planet Guide to Central Asia, 20, 42, 45, 120, 127, 213, 215
Lutherans, 177–78
Mackinder, Sir Halford, 9, 11, 29, 281
Makanbayev, Turat, 78, 299
Malloy, Eileen, 49, 58–59
Manas (Kyrgyz epic poem), 250, 285, 288
Manas air base, 87–89, 281
Manas airport, Bishkek, 86, 87
Mangystau oblast: migration to, 271; mineral deposits, 270; oil fields, 270, 272
maps, mental, 6–7; as history and ideology, 12, 132–34, 135
marshrutka, 26, 48–49, 120
Maryland, state of, 1–3
Masimov, Karim, 224, 261
Matayev, Seytkazy, 275
Medeo winter sports complex (Almaty), 163
Medvedev, Dmitry, 89
Merrill, Martha, 64, 65, 300–301
Metzger, USAF Major Jill, 88
Meyer, Karl E., 6, 28–29, 96, 279, 280
Meyerowitz, Rick, 9
migration, 148–49, 220, 229–30, 268, 271, 281; and social tensions, 271
military installations, 96, 106, 222
Mikhailovka: district (Karaganda), 215; inlet (Issyk Kul), 96
Mittal, Lakshmi, 230
Moghul dynasty, 27–28
Mongol empire, 182–83
Mongolia, 8, 128, 195, 230, 246
Moore, Rowan, 181, 182
Morrison, Alexander, 30
Mould, Richard, 113, 118, 119, 121, 124
Musabayev, Talgat, 223, 224
Myrzakhmetov, Melisbek, 92–93
Nametov, Askar, 261
name changes: cities and towns, 45, 102, 265–66, 275, 284; streets, 15, 25, 46, 142, 143–44, 284
Naryn (river), 107
Nasha Gazyeta (Kostanai), 261–62
nationalism and national identity, 11, 21–22, 32–35, 92–93, 146, 151, 155, 188, 283–84
nationalities, construction of, 32–34
National Nuclear Center (NNC), Kazakhstan, 235, 242, 243, 244
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 4, 93, 135, 137, 139, 142, 154, 155, 157, 173, 180, 201, 221, 224, 261, 265; cult and legacy, 199–200, 276–77; education, 226–27; and nuclear program, 237, 243; political career, 152, 163, 227, 229; popular appeal of, 227, 229, 256; and president-for-life campaign,
139–40; representation of, 199–200, 231, 256, 277; as steel worker, 227–28; succession, 276, 277, 284; vision for Kazakhstan, 276, 282, 284; and Zhanaozen, 273, 274
Nazarbayeva, Sara, 148, 229
Nazarbayev University (Astana), 134, 182, 204–5
Nazarov, Guryev, 265
Nevada-Semipalatinsk Movement, 237
“New Yorkistan,” 9, 10fig.
Niyazov, Sapamurat, 277
nuclear: abandonment, 237, 271; environmental impact, 237, 238–39, 243–45; and food chain, 240–41, 242; impact on health, 236, 237, 240–41, 256; medical research, 240–41; missiles, 188, 237–38; Nevada-Semipalatinsk Movement, 237; Soviet testing program, 235–36, 246
Nugmanov, Almabek, 264
Nura (river), 225, 231
Nur Astana Mosque, 182, 202
Nur Otan (political party), 139, 140
oil and gas: Caspian Sea oil fields, 266–68 (map, 267); exploration and production, 265, 266–68; environmental and health impacts, 266; Mangystau oil fields, 270, 272; pipeline, Kazakhstan-China, 268, 281
Omashev, Namasaly, 192, 208
Omsk, 248, 250, 260
Omurzakov, Ryspek, 83–84, 85
oralmans, 149, 230, 268, 271
Ordabasy, 143
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 89, 135, 141–42, 269, 279
Osh, 2–3, 13, 14, 16–17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 40, 103, 107, 113, 121, 123; 1990 ethnic clashes, 21–22; 2010 ethnic clashes, 91–92; history of, 20–22, 33–34; population, 20–21; travel in, 25–27
Osh bazaar (Bishkek), 39–40, 47, 48, 50–51, 52–53figs., 87
Osh Harvest Festival, 103, 109–13, 111–12figs.
Osh Media Resource Center, 19, 22–24, 40, 103
Osh TV, 78, 92–93
overland journeys: Astana to Karaganda, 211–12; Astana to Kostanai, 258–59; Bishkek to Karakol, 98–99 (map, 99); Bishkek to Osh, 102–8 (map, 105); Osh to Samarkand and Bukhara, 119–23
OVIR, 121, 126
Oyrats, 143, 246
Palace of Peace and Accord (Astana), 200–201, 200fig., 206
Pamir Alay (mountain range), 14, 17, 20, 35, 107
Panarin, Igor, 165,
Paryshkura, Mikhail, 83
Pasha, Enver, 32, 149
Pavlodar, 223, 238
Pavlyuk, Gennadiy, 90
Pearman, Hugh, 200–201
perestroika, 21, 36, 115, 152, 175, 176, 237
Petrushka, Irina, 286
Peytchev, Aleksandr, 268–69
Piramida TV (Bishkek), 78–80, 82, 86
Pishpek (Bishkek), 31, 45, 96
plague, bubonic, 95
Polo, Marco, 181, 182, 287
Polygon nuclear testing zone, 188, 222, 223, 233–45, 255; environment, 237, 238–39, 243–45; and food chain, 240–41, 242; health, 236, 237, 240–41, 256; history and society, 234–35; livestock raising in, 235, 242–43, 244; map, 236; mining in, 235, 242; suspicion of researchers, 241–42
privatization, 96–97, 110–11, 168
Proton rocket, 223, 224, 225
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 95–96, 102
Pushkin, Aleksandr, 61, 68, 164
Pushkin (our cat), 61–62, 87
Qasimov, Kenisary, 145–46
Qudayberdiuli, Shakarim, 154, 252, 254
Qunanbayev, Abai, 154, 234, 251–52, 255, 285
railroads: Astana to Karaganda, 211–12; Astana to Kostanai, 258–59; impact of, 146, 162
Rashid, Ahmed, 34, 282
Razzakov, Ishak, 47
recycling, 53fig., 54–55
Reeves, Madeleine, 33–34, 91, 93
Res Publika newspaper (Kyrgyzstan), 83
Respublika newspaper (Kazakhstan), 286–87
Revolution, Bolshevik, 9, 32, 146
Revolution, Tulip (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 88
revolution (Kyrgyzstan 2010), 90–92
Rice, Condoleezza, 5
Riel, Aleksandr, 178, 178fig.
Rosengren, Bob, 114, 116, 117
Rosengren, Jane, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122
Russia, 5, 15, 19, 38, 77, 88, 133; conquest of Central Asia, 20–21, 28–32 (map, 30), 44–45, 143–46; frontier, impact of, 28, 31, 146; motives for expansion, 28–29; 1916 rebellion in Central Asia, 31–32, 98; policy and interests in Central Asia, 281; role in 2010 revolution, 90; television coverage of Central Asia, 78; trade routes, 246, 265
Sabitov, Zhas, 140, 283, 300
Samarkand, 31, 33, 120, 122–23
Sammons, Elizabeth, 186, 301
samogon, 39, 55
Samruk (Kazakhstan sovereign wealth fund), 136, 199, 273, 275
Sapargaly, Serik, 274
Semey State University, 252, 253–54
Semipalatinsk (Semey), 146, 162, 198, 219, 238, 250, 251; climate, 253; in Dostoyevsky’s work, 248; history of, 245–46; location, 245, 246; Polygon nuclear testing program, 235, 236, 245, 246
Semireche (Russian province), 31, 250
Seydkhamet, Quttyqadam, 187
Seyfullin, Sahen, 151, 154
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 135, 281
Sheremetyevo airport (Moscow), 43
shirdak, 111, 288, 53fig.
Shumkina, Galina, 54–55, 62, 300
Shymbulak ski resort (near Almaty), 164
Shymkent, 31, 133, 143, 156, 173, 188
Silk Road, 13, 20, 44, 95, 120, 161
Silverstein, Ken, 137
Simanenko, Viktor, 262–63, 263fig., 264, 265
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 219
Soviet Union, Civil War, 9, 31–32, 45, 98, 146, 176, 246; collapse of, 7, 11, 13, 34, 50, 230; collectivization, 147; economy and industry, 36, 38–39, 50, 128, 148; media, 36, 76; nuclear program, 235–37; Virgin Lands program, 148, 188–89
space program, 222–25; environmental impact of, 224–25; recycling, 225
Spassk (labor camp), 218
sports, traditional, 109–10, 111–12figs., 113; and Kazakhstan, 135, 197–98
Stalin, 45, 219, 220, 286; and deportations, 33, 147–48, 218, 219, 221; and gerrymandering and ethnic mix, 32–35
stalinka (apartment), 46
Stan, as suffix, 7, 8–9
Starr, S. Frederick, 137
Stawkowski, Magda, 233–35, 239–42, 245, 301
steppe (Kazakhstan), 167, 168, 211, 234; climate and ecosystem of, 189, 262–63
Stoddart, Colonel Charles, 29, 123
street names, Bishkek, 15, 45; Almaty, 142–44; Osh, 26
subbotnik, 66, 228
Sufism, 149
Sughd oblast (Tajikistan), 35
Suleiman’s Mountain (Osh), 27–28
Suleimenov, Olzhas, 237
Suleimenova, Galiya, 186, 300
Suusamyr Too (mountain range), 107
Sverdlov, Yakov, 26
Sydykov, Yerlan, 253, 254, 255, 256; and president-for-life campaign, 139–40, 256
Syr Darya (river), 20, 107, 109, 143, 285
Tabaldiev, Kuban, 19, 20, 22
Tajik SSR, 33, 122, 129
Tajikistan, xiii, 6, 7, 8, 35, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 277
Talas, 90
Talas Ala Too (mountain range), 104
Tamurlane (Timur), 27, 34, 122, 285
Tanner, Nic, 91–92
Taraz (Zhambyl), 31, 133
Tashkent, 31, 32, 45, 120, 121, 146, 161, 162, 285
taxis, 26–27, 44
teaching, university, 63–64, 66–68, 169–71, 172, 207–10
Tekebayev, Omurbek, 85
telephone system, 25–26, 56–57
Temirtau, 225–31, 226fig.; environment, 231; history of, 225–26; revival of industry, 230–31; steel plant, 225–26, 227–29
Tengiz (oil field), 266–67, 268
Thubron, Colin, 6
Tian Shan, 44; glaciers, 165, 166; trek in, 113–18
Tobol (river), 262
Toktogul, 94, 103, 107
Toktomushev, Sovietbek, 64, 71–72, 73
Tolchok bazaar (Bishkek), 50
tourism, 17, 96–97, 114–15, 118, 120, 127, 270–71
Trans-Siberian Railway, 162
Trebek, Alex, 131
Trudarmiya (labor army), 148, 175, 178, 218–19
Tsvetkov, Andrey, 78–80, 300
Turkestan (Greater), 8, 32, 281
Turkestan ASSR, 162
Turkey, 5; policy and interests in Central Asia, 281
Turkmen SSR, 33
Turkmenistan, xiii, 7, 8, 34, 35, 120, 277
Turksib (Turkestan-Siberia Railway), 162, 245; Almaty district, 162, 177
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 31
Tyup, 115
Uighurs, 8, 281
Ukraine, 133, 188, 222, 22
Ullughbek, 122–23
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 111, 168
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), 19, 23, 24, 28, 69, 70, 158, 165, 300
United States: forecast of collapse, 165; government shutdowns (1996), 41–42; policy in Central Asia, 278–80, 281
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 58, 82, 111, 161, 278–79
United States Embassy, Bishkek, 49, 160; Astana, 190–91, 195, 210
United States Information Service (USIS), 19, 23, 40, 47, 86, 299
Ural (river), 135, 265, 266
Uralsk, 133, 188, 246, 266
Ust-Kamenogorsk, 188, 237, 246
Uzbek SSR, 21, 33, 122
Uzbekistan, xiii, 5, 7, 8, 19, 35, 42, 107, 157, 230; human rights, 280; travel in, 120–23; US aid to, 279–80
Uzen (oil field), 272
Uzgen, 21
Valikhanov, Chokan, 250–51, 253
Vecherniy (Evening) Bishkek, 84–85
Velska, Irina, 169, 170, 193, 206–7, 215, 225, 231, 232, 300
Virgin Lands program, 148, 167, 188–89, 260, 263
Virtanen, Tarja, 158, 300
Volga Germans, 50, 175–76; deportation of, 33, 148, 175–76, 218–19
Weidergeburt (Rebirth) Association, 175, 179, 219
wheat, in Kazakhstan, 148, 167, 188–89, 260, 262–64
Wilhelm, Hubert, xiii, 287, 288
William of Rubruck, 182–83
Witt, Daniel, 141–42
workshops and training, 165–66, 170, 192, 269
World War I, rebellion in Central Asia, 31–32, 98
Wrangel, Baron Aleksandr, 248, 249
Xinjiang, 8, 17, 268, 281
Yeleusizov, Melis, 138–39, 138fig.
Yeltsin, Boris, 34, 69, 176, 177
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