by John Ferling
52. The quotation can be found in McDonald, AH, 209.
53. TJ to George Mason, February 4, 1791, PTJ 19:242; TJ to Edward Rutledge, August 25, 1791, ibid., 22:74; TJ to Robert R. Livingston, February 7, 1791, ibid., 19:241; TJ to Henry Innes, March 13, 1791, ibid., 19:542–43; Livingston to TJ, February 20, 1791, ibid., 19:296; TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, and July 10, 1792, in Padover, CTJ, 1211, 1224–25.
54. TJ to Philip Freneau, February 28, 1791, PTJ 19:351; TJ to JM, May 9, July 21, 1791, ibid., 20:293, 657; Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 17. See the lengthy editorial note on “Jefferson, Freneau, and the Founding of the National Gazette” in PTJ 20:718–53.
55. For the slow formation of parties, see Cunningham, Jeffersonian Republicans, 33–49, 63–64, 71–77.
56. Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York, 2007), 105–7. For TJ’s ongoing efforts to mount an opposition to the Hamiltonians, see the introductory essay Todd Estes, “Jefferson as Party Leader,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed., A Companion to Thomas Jefferson (Chichester, England, 2011), 128–44.
57. Jefferson’s Journal of the Tour, May 21–June 10, 1791, PTJ 20:453–56; Jefferson’s Notes on the Hessian Fly, May 24–June 18, 1791, ibid., 20:456–62; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, May 31, 1791, ibid., 20:463–64; TJ to GW, June 5, 1791, ibid., 20:466–67; Jefferson’s Table of Distances and Rating of Inns, May 17–June 19, 1791, ibid., 20:471–73; JMB 2:818–23.
58. Nathaniel Hazard to AH, November 25, 1791, PAH 9:534; Robert Troup to AH, June 15, 1791, ibid., 8:478–79.
59. TJ to Walter Jones, March 5, 1810, PTJ: Ret. Ser. 2:272.
CHAPTER 10: “DEVOTED TO THE PAPER AND STOCKJOBBING INTEREST”: UNBRIDLED PARTISAN WARFARE
Chernow, AH, 360–430; McDonald, AH, 211–61; Miller, AH, 296–342; Cooke, AH, 97–120; Malone, TJ 2:420–88; Peterson, TJ, 459–79; Cunningham, TJ, 167–77.
1. GW, To the United States Senate and House of Representatives, January 8, 1790, PGWP 4:544, 545; PAH 10:230n.
2. AH, Final Version of the Report on the Subject of Manufacturers, December 5, 1791, PAH 10:230–340. The quotations can be found on pages 253, 291, 302, and 313. See also, the four drafts of this report prepared by AH in ibid., 10:23–339, and the draft composed by Tench Coxe, the assistant secretary of the Treasury, in ibid., 10:15–23.
3. Quoted in Cooke, AH, 102.
4. Prospectus of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [August 1791], PAH 9:144–53. No copy of the prospectus exists in AH’s handwriting, but the editors of his papers attribute it to him.
5. JM to Henry Lee, January 1, 1792, PJM 14:180; TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792, PTJ 23:186–87.
6. TJ, Anas, March 11, 12, September 30, November 19, 1792, June 7, 12, 1793, in Padover, CTJ, 1220, 1221, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1244, 1245, 1246. The quotations are on pages 1244 and 1246.
7. TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, and October 1, 1792, in Padover, CTJ 1211, 1228; TJ to Benjamin Rush, January 16, 1811, PTJ: Ret. Ser. 3:305.
8. The preceding paragraphs are based on TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792, PTJ 23:184–87; TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, ibid., 24:210–11; TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792, ibid., 24:433–36; TJ, Anas, February 7, 1793, in Padover, CTJ, 1234–35. The quotations can be found in PTJ 23:186–87; 24:211, 434, and 435; and Padover, CTJ, 1234 and 1235.
9. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792, PTJ 23:187. The “ultimate object” quotation can be found in TJ to GW, May 23, 1792, ibid., 23:537. For Banning’s quote, see Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 159.
10. AH to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792, PAH 11:429.
11. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792, PTJ 24:434; Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch, March 29, 1792, in Stewart Mitchell, ed., New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801 (Boston, 1947), 80–81; AH to Carrington, May 26, 1792, PAH 11:430.
12. AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, [October 1789], PAH 5:488.
13. AH to Carrington, May 26, 1792, PAH 11:426–45.
14. AH in the Gazette of the United States, July 25, August 4, 11, 18, 1792, and in the National Gazette, September 11, 1792, PAH 12:107, 157–64, 188–93, 193–94, 224, 361–65. The quotations can be found on pages 159, 161, 162, 163, and 362.
15. Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Long Fuse: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785–1800 (Chicago, 1996), 119; Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and the New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 73–74; Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York, 2009), 148–51. TJ later told GW that he could pledge “in the presence of heaven, that I never did by myself, or any other, directly or indirectly, say a syllable” in Freneau’s newspaper, “nor attempt any kind of influence” over the editor. See TJ to GW, September 9, 1792, PTJ 24:356.
16. For JM’s series of National Gazette essays, see PJM, vol. 14. The quotes can be found in PJM 14:370–72.
17. AH to GW, May 23, 1792, PTJ 23:535–40.
18. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, PTJ 24:210–11; ibid., 23:540–412n.
19. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with Edmund Randolph, [after 1795], PTJ 28:568.
20. Robert Troup to AH, March 19, 1792, PAH 11:157.
21. GW to AH, July 29, 1792, PAH 12:129–34; GW to Henry, March 28, 1778, PGWR 14:336.
22. AH to GW, August 18, 1792, PAH 12:228–58. The quotations can be found on pages 250, 251, and 252.
23. GW to TJ, August 23, 1792, PTJ 24:317; GW to AH, August 26, 1792, PAH 12:276–77. GW’s remarks about regarding the attacks on AH as attacks on himself can be found in TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, PTJ 24:210.
24. AH to TJ, September 9, 1792, PAH 12:347–50; TJ to GW, September 9, 1792, PTJ 24:351–59.
25. GW to TJ, August 23, 1792, PTJ 24:317.
26. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 65–74, 124.
27. AH conversation with George Beckwith, [October 1789], PAH 5:482–90. The quotations can be found on pages 483, 484, and 487. The surviving notes of the discussion are those of Beckwith, not AH.
28. AH to GW, July 8, 15, 1790, PAH 6:484–85, 493–95; AH conversations with George Beckwith, July 15, August 7–12, 8–12, 1790, ibid., 6:497–98, 546–48, 550–51; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 212–21. The quotation can be found in Elkins and McKitrick, on page 219.
29. AH conversation with George Beckwith, [July 15, 1790], PAH 6:497.
30. TJ to GW, December 15, 1790, PTJ 18:301–3; TJ to John Jay, April 23, 1786, ibid., 9:402; TJ to William Temple Franklin, May 7, 1786, ibid., 9:466. See also the exhaustive editorial note in ibid., 18:220–83. Morris’s reports of April 7, May 29, July 3, and August 16, September 18, 1790, can be found in ibid., 18:285–300.
31. TJ to George Hammond, October 26, November 29, December 5, 12, 13, 15, 28, 1791, January 28, February 2, 25, March 30, 31, April 12, 13, May 29, June 2, 6, July 6, 9, 12, 1792, February 16, April 18, May 3, 15, June 5, 13, 19, 25, 26, August 1, 4, 7, 8, September 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, November 13, 14, December 26, 1793, PTJ 22:234, 352–53, 378–79, 394, 399, 409–11, 467; 23:82, 97, 148–49, 352–53, 357, 406, 417, 551–602; 24:18–19, 37, 164, 202–3, 221; 25:206–7, 563–64, 644; 26:38–40, 197–98, 290–91, 321, 322, 361–62, 375–76, 378, 596, 612–13, 634–35, 639–40; 27:35–37, 82–83, 89, 99–100, 106, 143, 353, 368–71, 620–22. A succinct account of TJ’s diplomacy with Hammond can be found in Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 244–56.
32. Memorandum of Conversation between Philemon Dickinson and George Hammond, March 26, 1792, PTJ 23:344–45; S. W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Th
ornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–93,” William and Mary Quarterly 18 (1961): 85–121.
33. Conversations with George Hammond, December 15–16, 1791, January 1–8, 2–9, March 31, April 30–July 3, May 28–29, May 29–June 2, July 1–2, 1792, PAH 10:373–76, 493–96, 498–99; 11:212–14, 347–48, 446–49, 454–55; 12:1–3. See also ibid., 10:350–51.
34. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792, PTJ 23:185; Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, ibid., 24:210; Madison’s Conversations with Washington, May 5, 1792, PGWP 10:351. On GW’s health concerns, see John Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon (New York, 2009), 305.
35. AH to GW July 30 [–August 3], 1792, PAH 12:137–38.
36. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792, PTJ 23:185–86; TJ to GW, May 23, 1792, ibid., 23:535–40. The quotations can be found on pages 185 and 539.
37. TJ to GW, September 9, 1792, PTJ 24:358.
38. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792, PTJ 24:434.
39. Lewis Leary, That Rascal Freneau: A Study in Literary Failure (reprint, New York, 1964), 196–223. The quotations can be found on pages 203 and 223.
40. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792, PTJ 24:433–35.
41. AH to ESH, August 2, 9, 10, 21, September 4, 1791, PAH 9:6–7, 24, 25–26, 87–88, 172–73. The quotations can be found on pages 7, 24, 26, and 87.
42. AH, Observations on Certain Documents Contained in No. V & VI of “The History of the United States for the Year 1796,” in Which the Charge of Speculation Against Alexander Hamilton, Late Secretary of the Treasury, Is Fully Refuted, Written by Himself (Philadelphia, 1797), PAH 21:238–85. See also the lengthy editor’s note on the subject in ibid., 21:121–44. The quotations can be found in AH’s account of the affair in ibid., 21:266 and 288.
43. TJ, Notes on the Reynolds Affair, December 17, 1792, PTJ 24:751.
44. TJ to GW, May 23, 1792, PTJ 23:537; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., March 3, 1793, ibid., 25:314.
45. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., November 2, 16, 1792, March 3, 1793, PTJ 24:556, 623; 25:314; TJ to Thomas Pinckney, December 3, 1792, ibid., 24:696.
CHAPTER 11: “A LITTLE INNOCENT BLOOD”: TO THE MOUNTAINTOP AND TO THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN
Chernow, AH, 431–81; Cooke, AH, 121–57; Miller, AH, 364–414; Malone, TJ, 3:39–242; Peterson, TJ, 479–543; Cunningham, TJ, 178–94; Brodie, TJ, 361–95.
1. TJ, Notes of Conversations with George Washington, March 1, October 1, 1792, February 7, August 6, 1793, PTJ 23:184–87; 24:434; 25:154; 26:627–30; TJ to GW, May 23, September 9, 1792, July 31, August 11, 1793, ibid., 23:539; 24:358; 26:593, 659–60; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., January 1, 1792, ibid., 23:8; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, January 15, March 22, 1792, ibid., 23:44, 326; TJ to William Short, January 28, 1792, ibid., 23:84.
2. TJ to John F. Mercer, December 10, 1792, PTJ, 24:757; John Ferling, A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic (New York, 2003), 356–57.
3. AH, “The French Revolution,” (1794), PAH 17:586.
4. Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York, 1989), 633, 776; Fisher Ames, “[Untitled] Against Jacobins,” [1794?], in Seth Ames, ed., Works of Fisher Ames, edited and enlarged by W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2:974–84; Ames to Theodore Dwight, August [?], 1793, ibid., 2:964; David Waldstreicher, “Federalism, the Style of Politics, and the Politics of Style,” in Doran Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg, eds., Federalists Reconsidered (Charlottesville, Va., 1998), 115–16; Chauncey Goodrich to Oliver Wolcott, February 17, 1793, in George Gibbs, ed., Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott (New York, 1946), 1:88; Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York, 2009), 177–78. The JA quotation can be found in John R. Howe, The Changing Political Thought of John Adams (Princeton, N.J., 1966), 171–72.
5. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York, 2010), 658.
6. AH, “Americanus,” no. 1, January 31, 1794, PAH 15:670–71; AH, “Pacificus,” no. 5 (July 13–17, 1793), ibid., 15:92–95.
7. TJ to Joseph Fay, March 18, 1793, PTJ 24:402; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover, CTJ, 1188.
8. TJ to William Short, January 3, 1793, PTJ 25:14; TJ to Mason, February 4, 1791, ibid., 19:241. The Franklin quote can be found in H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2000), 705–6.
9. TJ to James Monroe, June 4, 1793, PTJ 26:190.
10. The quotations can be found in Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 57.
11. Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 208–9; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 209.
12. TJ, Opinions on the Treaties with France, April 28, 1793, PTJ 25:608–18, 597–602n; TJ to JM, April 28, 1793, ibid., 25:619; TJ, Anas (April 18, May 6, 1793), in Padover, CTJ, 1242–43; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 340–41.
13. The two preceding paragraphs draw on Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 330–36, 341.
14. TJ to JM, April 28, 1793, PTJ 25:619; TJ to Monroe, May 5, 1793, ibid., 25:661.
15. TJ to Monroe, May 5, 1793, PTJ 25:661; TJ to JM, July 7, August 11, 1793, ibid., 26:444, 652; AH conversation with George Hammond, June 10–July 6, 1793, PAH 14:525–26; AH, “No Jacobin,” July 31–August 24, 1793, ibid., 15:145–51, 184–91, 203–7, 224–28, 243–46, 249–50, 268–70, 281–82, 304–6; Christopher J. Young, “Connecting the President and the People: Washington’s Neutrality, Genêt’s Challenge, and Hamilton’s Fight for Public Support,” Journal of the Early Republic 31 (2011): 454; Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson (New York, 2010), 262. The “most offensive” remark by AH can be found in Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 348, while the source for the “No Jacobin” quote is PAH 15:145.
16. TJ, Anas (August 2, 1793), in Padover, CTJ, 1256. See also TJ to JM, June 9, 1793, PTJ 26:241. On the press attacks on GW, see Chernow, Washington, 693.
17. Eugene Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800 (New York, 1942), 44–70; Matthew Schoenbachler, “Republicanism in the Age of Democratic Revolution: The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s,” Journal of the Early American Republic 18 (1998): 237–61; Jeffrey L. Pasley, “Thomas Greenleaf: Printers and the Struggle for Democratic Politics and Freedom of the Press,” in Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash, and Ray Raphael, eds., Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation (New York, 2011), 364. The quotations can be found in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1820: A Documentary Sourcebook (Westport, Conn., 1976), 19; and Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order, 55–56.
18. AH, “Pacificus,” nos. 1–7, June 29–July 27, 1793, PAH 15:33–43, 55–63, 65–69, 82–86, 90–95, 100–106, 130–35. The quotations can be found on pages 67 and 105.
19. PTJ 25:xlii; ibid., 27:xlix; TJ to William Carmichael and William Short, September 11, 1793, ibid., 27:88; TJ to JM, September 1, 1793, ibid., 27:7; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., September 2, 15, 1793, ibid., 27:21, 121; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, September 8, 1793, ibid., 27:64.
20. PAH 15:325n, 332n; AH, To the College of Physicians, September 11, 1793, ibid., 15:331; Alan Brodsky, Benjamin Rush: Patriot and Physician (New York, 2004), 329.
21. TJ to JM, September 8, 1793, PTJ 27:62.
22. TJ to JM, November 2, 1793, PTJ 27:297; TJ to Randolph, November 2, 1793, 299.
23. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting on the President’s Address and Messages to Congress, November 28, 1793, PTJ 27:453–55; TJ to GW, December 2, 1793, ibid., 23:471–72; GW to TJ, December 2, 1793, ibid., 27:473.
24. Robert Troup to AH, December 25, 1793, PAH 15:588.
25. TJ, First, Second, and Final State of the Report on Commerce, [August 23, 1791–April 13, 1792, February 5–23, 1793, December 16, 1793, PTJ 27:535–78. The quotations can be found on pages 574 and 575. See also the editor’s note, ibid., 27:532–35; and Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 378–81; Doran S. Ben-Atar, The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy (New York, 1993), 17–133. The quotation can be found in PJT 27:574. As for ministerial intentions toward America, TJ had read Lord Sheffield (John Baker Holroyd), Observations on the Commerce of the American States (London, 1784), and he had received from William Temple Franklin the secret communiqué of Lord Hawkesbury (Charles Jenkinson) that formed the basis of British commercial policy toward the United States.
26. TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, December 22, 1793, PTJ 27:608; GW to TJ, January 1, 1794, ibid., 28:3.
27. JMB 2:910–12; TJ to JM, April 27, 1795, PTJ 28:339; TJ to Gates, February 3, 1794, ibid., 28:14. The AH quote can be found in Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, 366.
28. TJ to JM, April 3, October 30, 1794, PTJ 28:50, 337; TJ to JA, April 25, 1794, February 6, 1795, ibid., 28:57, 261; Edmund Randolph to TJ, August 28, 1794, ibid., 28:117–19; TJ to Randolph, September 7, 1794, ibid., 28:148; TJ to GW, May 14, 1794, ibid., 28:74–75; TJ to Robert Morris, February 19, 1795, ibid., 28:268.
29. TJ to Wythe, April 18, 1795, PTJ 28:337; TJ to William Branch Giles, April 27, 1795, ibid., 28:337; TJ to JA, May 27, 1795, ibid., 28:363; TJ to Alexander Donald, May 30, 1795, ibid., 28:366.
30. Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder (New York, 1988), 9–10, 20–25, 162–63, 228–34, 356–59, 361–68. On life at Monticello, see the account by Margaret Bayard Smith in Merrill D. Peterson, ed., Visitors to Monticello (Charlottesville, Va., 1989), 49.
31. TJ to John Bolling, October 7, 1791, PTJ 22:198–99; TJ to Randolph, January 8, 1792, January 24, 1793, ibid., 23:33; 24:91; TJ to James Lyle, April 15, 1793, ibid., 25:550–51; TJ to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, April 29, 1795, ibid., 28:341. On TJ’s farming plan, see the account of the duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who visited Monticello in 1796. It can be found in Peterson, Visitors to Monticello, 23–27. The “contemplative mind” quote is in ibid., page 23. For a short, informative essay, see Lucia Stanton, “Thomas Jefferson: Planter and Farmer,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed., A Companion to Thomas Jefferson (Chichester, England, 2011), 253–70. On the industry at Monticello and TJ’s earnings from the production of nails, see Henry Wiencek, Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves (New York, 2012), 92–93.