10. Music Library Association, September 1999, ‘Supporting Handel Through Subscription to Publication: The Lists of Rodelinda and Faramondo Compared’.
11. Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle no. 36, 2003, Lowell Lindgren and Colin Timms, ‘The Correspondence of Agostino Steffani and Giuseppe Riva, 1720–1728’, Riva to Steffani, Feb 1721.
12. ibid.
13. Ackroyd, London, p. 319.
14. Quoted ibid., p. 320.
15. ibid., p. 308.
16. ibid., p. 320.
17. Printed in The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 8, no. 31, April 1911. The original is in the Douce collection in the Bodleian Library.
18. Bristol Selected Pamphlets, 1874, Charles Bradlaugh, The Impeachment of the House of Brunswick.
19. Drury Lane was notorious for its brothels.
20. Bristol Selected Pamphlets, 1874, Charles Bradlaugh, The Impeachment of the House of Brunswick.
10. Palaces
1. Saussure, A Foreign View, trans. and ed. Van Muyden, p. 130.
2. Colvin, ed., The History of the King’s Works, vol. 5, 1660–1782, p. 239. Much of the information in this chapter comes from this book.
3. ibid.
4. Saussure, A Foreign View, trans. and ed. Van Muyden.
5. Wilkins, Caroline the Illustrious, p. 266.
6. ibid., p. 335.
7. Hatton, George I, p. 262.
8. Colvin, ed., King’s Works, vol. 5, p. 198.
9. For a full discussion see Christopher Hussey, ‘Kensington Palace, the Apartments of the Countess Granville’, in Country Life, 1 Sept 1928. The article includes many photographs.
10. Worsley, Courtiers, quotes John Murray Graham, ed., Annals and Correspondence of the Viscount and the First and Second Earls of Stair (1875), vol. 2, p. 94.
11. Politics and Players
1. Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, Letters written by the late right honourable Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, to his son Philip Stanhope, esq (1774).
2. Hatton, George I, p. 139.
3. ibid.
4. HM, Stowe MSS 251, fo. 30, quoted in Beattie, English Court, p. 142.
5. ibid., fo. 48.
6. Beattie, English Court, p. 223.
7. ibid., p. 221.
8. HM, Stowe MSS 57, vol. 14, pp. 177–8. Quoted in Beattie, p. 222.
9. Cowper, Diary, p. 6.
10. Panshanger MSS, Lady Cowper MS. Diary.
11. Wentworth, Papers 1705–1739, ed. Cartwright, p. 247.
12. Byrd, The London Diary 1717-1721, p. 259–.
13. Beattie, p. 135, quotes a copy made by Lady Cowper’s daughter of ‘An account of some matters of fact which relate to the Duchess of Marlborough’s conduct at Court wrote by her Grace when abroad to some friends in England’ (Panshanger MSS, Letterbooks II, 91–2).
14. Sarah Duchess of Marlborough, Memoirs, ed. King, p. 217.
15. See Beattie, p. 163.
16. Bonet’s report to the Prussian king, see Michael, vol. 2, p. 377.
17. Hatton, George I, p. 147.
18. ibid., p. 149.
19. ibid., p. 150.
20. ibid.
21. Hatton, p. 149, quotes Craggs to Stanhope, 30 June 1717: Stanhope, Philip Henry, History of England 1713–1783 vol. 2.
22. Cowper, Diary.
23. Count Palm to the Emperor, 17 Dec 1726, in Coxe, Walpole, vol. II, p. 508.
24. Hatton, George I, p. 155.
25. ibid., p. 152.
26. Hatton has reservations about Sophia Charlotte’s lottery win. She suspects the entry in her account books may actually be for the £9,545 paid to her by the Duke of Chandos for her intercession with George in 1719 for his title.
27. Liselotte, Letters, trans. and ed. Kroll, p. 180.
28. Hatton, George I, p. 131.
29. See Mahaffey, ‘Pope’s “Artemisia” and “Phryne” as Personal Satire’.
30. For a full analysis of both poems see Mahaffey, ibid.
31. The Morning Chronicle, Friday 13 Feb 1818.
32. Bonet’s report to the Prussian court, printed in Michael, vol. 2, p. 373.
33. HMC, Portland MSS, V, 501. Quoted in Beattie, English Court, p. 224.
34. Cowper, Diary, p. 118.
35. Cowper, Diary, p. 108.
36. William Coxe, Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (4 vols. 1816), Robert Walpole to Secretary Stanhope, 30 July/10 Aug 1716.
37. Coxe, Walpole, II, p. 507.
38. Montagu, Letters, ed. Halsband, vol. I, pp. 240–1.
39. Blenheim MSS. D 133, Stanhope to Sunderland, 3 Aug 1719. Quoted in Beattie, p. 242.
40. ibid., Wallenrodt to Sunderland, 18/19 Feb 1720. Quoted in Beattie, p. 242.
41. Coxe, Walpole, II, p. 265.
42. ibid., p. 59.
43. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Works, p. 127.
12. A Battle
1. I am indebted to Professor Aubrey Newman for his insights into this subject.
2. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Account of the Court of George I, p. 93.
3. This ‘devotion’ was probably twofold. Georg August loathed his father and would do anything to vex him.
4. Walpole, Reminiscences, ed. Toynbee, pp. 23ff.
5. The author was actually Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz.
6. Walpole, Reminiscences, ed. Toynbee, pp. 22–3.
7. Bonet’s report to the King and Queen of Prussia, July 1716, reproduced in Michael.
8. ibid.
9. The king’s letter to his ‘Dearest Son’, 5 July (OS) 1716, is translated from the French in Coxe, Walpole, vol. 1, pp. 282–4. Reproduced in Hatton, George I.
10. J. H. Plumb, The First Four Georges, p. 46.
11. Hatton, p. 199.
12. ibid., p. 196.
13. ibid., p. 202.
14. Stair, Annals of Stair, ed. Graham, vol. II, p. 26, Quoted in Beattie, p. 270.
15. Beattie. p. 267.
16. HMC Onslow MSS, p. 509. Quoted in Beattie, p. 268.
17. The child was actually born with a polyp in his heart; he died in February 1718.
18. Hatton, George I, p. 207.
19. Liselotte, Letters trans. and ed. Kroll, p. 191.
20. Cowper, Diary, p. 108.
21. Beattie, p. 272.
22. ibid., p. 274.
23. ibid., p. 275.
24. Hervey, Some Materials, ed. Sedgwick, p. 303.
25. James Hamilton to the Pretender, 27 Nov 1721, n.s.: Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Stuart Papers [RA, SP], 55/152. Reproduced Clyve Jones, ‘Evidence, Interpretation and Definitions in Jacobite Historiography’.
26. Letters of Madame, ed. Gertrud Scott Stevenson, vol. 2, p. 167.
27. Quoted in Worsley, Courtiers, p. 41.
28. Cowper, Diary, 18 Dec 1714.
29. Nicolson, London Diaries, ed. Jones and Holmes.
30. Madame Gemmingen was dismissed by George on 4 April 1718. We do not know why, but it could have been over a difference of opinion as the row between father and son progressed.
31. Liselotte, Letters, traans. and ed. Kroll, p. 210.
32. Hatton, George I, p. 210.
33. Hatton, George I, p. 242, quotes Frederick William Schulenburg’s correspondence to Görtz of April 1718.
34. Quoted in Worsley, p. 43.
35. Coxe, Walpole, vol. I, p. 123, quoted in the DNB entry of Sir Robert Walpole.
36. Cowper, Diary, p. 142.
37. Cowper, Diary, p. 132.
13. A Bubble
1. Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions, p. xv.
2. Quoted in The British Poets: One Hundred Volumes (1822), vol. II, p. xli.
3. Thomas, Slave Trade, p. 238, quotes Lord Erleigh, The South Sea Bubble (1935), p. 36.
4. Quoted in Thomas, p. 236.
5. Mackay, p. 16.
6. Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 127.
7. HMC, Report on the Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland preser
ved at Welbeck Abbey.
8. ibid.
9. Coxe, Walpole, Secretary Craggs to Earl Stanhope, 17 July 1720, vol. II, p. 189.
10. Carswell, p. 154.
11. Quoted ibid., p. 127: ‘Poem in Honour of the Birthday of His Majesty King George’, 1720.
12. Original Weekly Journal, Saturday 23 April 1720.
13. Carswell, p. 157.
14. Hatton, George I, p. 254.
15. Windsor, R.A.: 52844, copy of the duchess of Kendal’s letter of 27 Sept. NS 1720, marked rec. 29 Sept. OS. Quoted in Hatton, George I, p. 252.
16. Quoted in Hatton George I, p. 253.
17. Hatton quotes drafts of letters to Johann Matthias in the Görtz archive.
18. Mackay, p. 55.
19. ibid., pp. 55–6.
20. Ackroyd, London, p. 322.
21. Quoted in Carswell, p. 195.
22. Coxe, vol. II, p. 195.
23. Coxe, Broderick to Middleton, 13 Sept 1720, vol. II, p. 190.
24. J. Oldmixon, The history of England, during the reigns of King William and Queen Mary, Queen Anne, King George I (1735), quoted in Stuart Handley, ‘Knight, Robert (1675– 1744)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2005; online edn, Jan 2008.
25. Carswell, p. 210.
26. Balen, A Very English Deceit, p. 195.
27. Carswell, p. 231.
28. Manuscripts in the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Portland.
29. Carswell quotes Destouches’s report of his conversation with the Duchess of Kendal. Archives des Affaires Estrangères, corr. Pol. Angl. cccxxxv 99–100.
30. Quoted in Balen, p. 204.
31. Quoted ibid., p. 208.
32. Carlisle MSS, 77, quoted in Stuart Handley, ‘Knight, Robert (1675– 1744)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2005; online edn, Jan 2008,
33. Hatton, George I, p. 256.
34. Hatton, George I, p. 219, Aislabie to Walpole, Orford Papers, 2 Feb 1722, vol. II, p. 219.
35. Hatton, George I, p. 255.
36. ibid.
37. Manuscripts in the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Portland.
38. ibid.
14. Venality
1. Coxe, Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (4 vols, 1816)
2. Hatton, George I, p. 154, quotes Rudé, Hanoverian London, p. 40, listing holdings of 1721, and Dickson, Financial Revolution, p. 279, for holdings of 1723–4.
3. Carteret, Secretary of State for the South on Craggs’s death, became the leader of those who had previously rallied around Stanhope and Sunderland. He and Walpole, although not enemies, had a fractious relationship.
4. Coxe, quotes the Townshend Papers, Robert Walpole to Lord Townshend, Whitehall 1/12 Oct 1723, vol. II, p. 276.
5. Coxe quotes Robert Walpole to Lord Townshend, Whitehall, 18–19 Oct 1723, Townshend Papers, vol. II, p. 283.
6. Coxe, quotes Lord Bolingbroke to Lord Townshend, 28 June 1723, Hardwicke Papers, vol. II, p. 311.
7. ibid., Townshend to Bolingbroke, 9/20 July 1723, Pyrmont, Hard-wicke Papers.
8. Schaumburg-Lippe, Letters, pp. 77–8.
9. Daily Journal, Feburary 1723.
10. Macknight cites the Clough Papers; quoted by Coxe in the Walpole Correspondence, vol. II p. 345.
11. Coxe, vol. II, p. 338.
12. Coxe quotes Etough’s minutes of a conversation with Sir Robert Walpole on the attempt of Lord Bolingbroke and the Duchess of Kendal to obtain his dismissal in 1727, Etough Papers, 13 Sept 1737, Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole.
13. Coxe, quotes Lord Bolingbroke to Sir William Wyndham, 20 Feb 1736, Egremont Papers. Vol. II, p. 338.
15. Diplomacy
1. Beattie, p. 242.
2. Coxe quotes Count Broglio to the King of France, 6 July 1724, Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole, vol. II, p. 300.
3. ibid.
4. ibid., 10 July 1724.
5. Add. MSS. 37385 ff. 88.
6. Add. MSS. 37384 ff. 80.
7. Daily Journal, 11 Feb 1723.
8. Lewis (ed.), Selected Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 2, p. 455.
9. Coxe, quotes Robert Walpole to Lord Townshend, Townshend Papers, Whitehall, 30 Aug 1723, vol. 2, p. 265.
10. Coxe quotes Lord Townshend to Robert Walpole, Hanover, 8 Sept 1723, vol. 2, p. 287.
11. Hatton, George I, p. 275.
12. Coxe quotes Lord Townshend to Robert Walpole, Göhrde, 15 Nov 1723, Hardwicke Papers, vol. 2, p. 287.
13. Coxe, vol. 2, p. 271.
14. ibid.
15. Coxe quotes Townshend to Walpole, Hanover, 2 Oct 1723. Hard-wicke Papers, pp. 271–4.
16. Coxe quotes Townshend to the Duke of Newcastle, Hanover, 27 Nov 1723, vol. 2, p. 288.
17. Wilhelmine, The Misfortunate Margravine, ed. Rosenthal, p. 88.
16. A Marriage?
1. Edmund Calamy, 1671–1732: An Historical Account of My Own Life, With Some Reflections on the Times I Have Lived In (1671–1731) (second edition, 2 volumes; London: Colburn and Bentley, 1830), ed. by John Towill Rutt.
2. Hatton, George I; for English contemporary rumours of a morganatic marriage see Montagu, Works 1, p. 75; and Coxe, Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (3 vols, 1816), vol. I, p. 150, and vol. II, p. 258.
3. Manuscripts in the collection of Duke of Portland. Edward Harley, junior, to Abigail Harley, 26 Jan 1717.
4. Letters of Madame, ed. Gertrud Scott Stevenson, vol. 2, p. 167.
5. Fabrice, Memoiren, pp. 153–9. Letter from Schulenburg to Fabrice from Venice. The letter is dated 1728.
6. Add. MSS. 4326. B. f. 3.
7. Andrew Starkie, ‘Blackburne, Lancelot (1658–1743)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 quotes Horace Walpole (Memories I, pp. 74–5).
8. ibid.
17. Endings
1. Lewis (ed.) Selected Letters of Walpole, v. 25, p. 248.
2. Daily Journal, Friday 22 March 1723.
3. Schaumburg-Lippe, Letters, 14/25 July 1727.
4. Ernst August, Letters, ed. Kielmansegg.
5. See Binney, Great Houses of Europe; Schmidt, Schulenburg, no. 742.
6. Howard, Letters, ed. Croker, Mrs Howard to Mr Gay, 15 June 1728.
7. Weekly Journal, Saturday 30 Dec 1727.
8. Rudé, Hanoverian London, p. 146.
9. George left Melusine £12,986.2s.2d. in South Sea shares. Its value when Walpole released it was only £6,993.1s.1d.
10. Hatton, The Duchess of Kendal to Sir Robert Walpole, London 18 Feb 1730, Orford Papers, Coxe, vol. II, p. 668.
11. Hatton, George I, p. 137.
12. G. S. Holland Fox-Strangeways, Henry Fox, first Lord Holland (2 vols, 1920), quoted in John Cannon, ‘Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009.
13. Bentley, Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 1, p. 65
14. Melusine was seventy-five when she died. She was seven years younger than George, not one year older as Horace Walpole erroneously believed.
15. Hatton, George I, p. 136.
Index
Achaz, Friedrich 12
Ackroyd, Peter
London, the Biography 96, 144
Addison 96, 195
Aislabie, John 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 227
Allanson, Mrs 198
Anne, Princess (daughter of George II) 40, 203, 217, 255
Anne, Queen 74, 98, 99–100, 102, 138
childbearing history 38
court of 111
death 90, 164
diamonds 3
life in later years 111–12
relationship with George I’s father 40–1
and slave trade 214
Anthony, Monsieur de 117
Archer, Thomas 138
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Duke of 191–2
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 156
Austria 99
Bank of England 213, 214, 228
baroque gardens 30
Bartholomew Fair 140
Beattie, J.M. 167, 195, 199, 245
Bedoghi, Lorenzo 29
Ben Israel, Menasseh 96
Benson, William 155, 158
Berens-Cohen, Elieser Lefmann 19
Berkeley, Bishop 143
Bernard, Francesco (Senesino) 142
Bernstorff, Baron Andreas von 164–6, 168, 169, 178, 181, 206, 225, 252
Bertram, Mijndert 201–2
Berwick, Duke of 105
Bílá Hora, Battle of (1620) 20
Blackburne, Lancelot (Archbishop of York) 262–4
Blenheim Palace 95
Blunt, John 224
Board of Works 155, 158, 159, 202
Bolingbroke, Viscount 99, 100, 101, 201, 235–41
Bonet, Frederick 114, 125, 141–2, 164, 168, 177, 189–90
Bothmer, Hans Kaspar von 44–5, 164, 167, 169, 206, 225
Brett, Anne 126
bribery
and English court 166–71
Bristol, Lady 113
Broderick, Thomas 222
Broglio, Count 245–6
Brontë, Charlotte 51
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Anton Ulrich, Duke 36, 37, 41, 59, 61, 62, 64, 246
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Elisabeth
Christine 246
Brunt, Captain Samuel
A Voyage to Cacklogallinia 176
Brydges, Jones see Chandos, Duke of
Burroughs, Charles 128
Bussche, Albrecht Philipp von dem 37
Bussche, Johann von dem 43
Bussche-Ippenburg, Ernst August Philipp von dem 79–80
Byrd, William 167
Cadogan, William 177–8
Calamy, Edward 257
Campbell, Colen 158
Carlyle, Thomas 4, 123
Carnarvon, Lord 165
Carnival (Hanover) 31–2, 36
Caroline of Ansbach (wife of Georg August) 3, 189, 193, 194–5, 268
death of son 204
entertaining at court 118
marriage 78
relationship with Melusine 88, 271
relationship with Sophia Charlotte 88
separation from children 196–7, 205, 208
Caroline of Hesse-Cassel 21–2
Carswell, John 218–19
Carteret, Lord 234, 249–50
Caselius, John 11
Catherine of Braganza 98
Catholicism 98, 99
Celle 41
unification with Hanover 62, 81
Celle Castle 5, 62–3, 261
Chandos, Duke of (James Brydges) 167–8
The King's Mistress: The True & Scandalous Story of the Woman Who Stole the Heart of George I Page 26