by Jill Lepore
16.Lincoln during the seventh debate, Alton, Illinois, October 15, 1858.
17.Leroy, Mr. Lincoln’s Book, ch. 1.
18.Quoted in Tony Horwitz, Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 81.
19.Baltimore Sun, October 31, 1857, and July 31, 1858.
20.Oregon State Constitution, Article II, Section 6, in The Constitution of the State of Oregon and Official Register of State, District, and County Officers, compiled and issued by Frank W. Benson (Salem, OR: Willis S. Duniway, State Printer, 1908), 14.
21.Leonidas W. Spratt, “Report on the Slave Trade, Made to the Southern Convention at Montgomery by L. W. Spratt,” DeBow’s Review 24 (June 1858): 477, 585; Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, ch. 14 (quotations, 398, 399).
22.George Fitzhugh, “The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies, Part II: The Slave Trade,” DeBow’s Review 22 (1857): 449, 455. See also Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, 413.
23.Quoted in Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, 291.
24.Freeman, “The Field of Blood.”
25.William H. Seward, Speech delivered at Rochester, October 25, 1858. And see Horwitz, Midnight Rising, 273.
26.Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself (Hartford, CT: Park Publishing Co., 1881), 389.
27.Horwitz, Midnight Rising, 142–43, 192, 153.
28.Robert L. Tsai, “John Brown’s Constitution,” Boston College Law Review 51 (2010): Appendix C, 205.
29.Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 315. Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown,” Read to the Citizens of Concord, Massachusetts, October 30, 1859, in Henry David Thoreau, A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 178, 167.
30.Fuller, The Book That Changed America, especially ch. 14.
31.Quoted in Horwitz, Midnight Rising, 213–15.
32.Samuel Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, with Extracts from his Journals and Correspondence, 2 vols. (Boston, 1886), 2:341–42.
33.On “Paul Revere’s Ride” as a fugitive slave narrative, see Lepore, “Longfellow’s Ride,” in The Story of America, ch. 15.
34.Quoted in Horwitz, Midnight Rising, 256.
35.Reuben Davis, Speech of the Honorable Reuben Davis on the State of the Union … [December 8, 1859] (Washington, DC: 1859), 5–6.
36.Abraham Lincoln, Speech delivered at Cooper Institute, New York City, February 27, 1860, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 3:544.
37.Leroy, Mr. Lincoln’s Book, 76.
38.Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 257.
39.Haynes, The First American Political Conventions, 173.
40.William Dean Howells, Life of Abraham Lincoln (summer 1860; reprint edition, Springfield: Illinois, 1938), v.
41.Howells, Life of Abraham Lincoln, 17–18.
42.Ibid., 47.
43.Quoted in Haynes, President-Making in the Gilded Age: The Nominating Conventions of 1876–1900 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2016), 151–57.
44.Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, Held in 1860, at Charleston and Baltimore, prepared and published under the direction of John G. Parkhurst (Cleveland, 1860), 155.
45.Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 2:358.
46.Frederick Douglass, “A Plea for Freedom of Speech in Boston,” December 9, 1860, in Frederick Douglass Papers, Series One, Speeches, Debates, and Interviews, ed. John W. Blassingame et al., 5 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979–92), 3:420–24.
47.William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II: Secessionists Triumphant (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 340, 345.
48.Journal of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, first of 7 vols. of Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904–5), 1:7.
49.“The Last Years of Sam Houston,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, December 1865–May 1866 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), 634.
50.Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 2:361.
51.Jefferson Davis, Speech in Montgomery, Alabama, February 18, 1861, in Jefferson Davis: The Essential Writings, ed. William J. Cooper Jr. (New York: Random House, [2003] 2004), 202.
52.Alexander H. Stephens, “Cornerstone Address,” Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861, Macon Telegraph [Macon, Georgia], March 25, 1861.
53.Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:268–69, 272.
54.Douglass, “A Plea for Freedom of Speech in Boston.”
55.Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 1.
56.Quoted in McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 40.
57.James DeBow, The Interest in Slavery of the Southern Non-Slaveholder (Charleston: Evans & Cogswell, 1860), 9. See also McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 45.
58.Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II, 533.
59.Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address; “May the Union be Perpetuated,” quoted in Lepore, A Is for American, 154.
60.Jefferson Davis, 36 Cong. Globe 917 (1860).
61.Quoted in Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), 62.
62.Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 125, 323; NYT, October 20, 1862. And see Jeff L. Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013); J. Matthew Gallman and Gary W. Gallagher, eds., Lens of War: Exploring Iconic Photographs of the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015); George Sullivan, In the Wake of Battle: The Civil War Images of Mathew Brady (New York: Prestel, 2004).
63.Daly, Covering America, 106.
64.Alexander Gardner, Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the War (Washington, DC: Philp & Solomons, 1866), 4.
65.Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, 2012), prologue.
66.Abraham Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg,” November 19, 1863, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 7:24.
67.Quoted in Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2007), 3.
68.W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Freedman’s Bureau,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1901, 354.
69.“The Slaves of Jefferson Davis Coming on to the Camp at Vicksburg,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 8, 1863; and see Harold Holzer, The Civil War in 50 Objects (New York: Penguin), ch. 29. And, more broadly, see Ira Berlin, Barbara Fields, et al., eds., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
70.Quoted in John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (1963; Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1995), xiv.
71.New York Tribune, September 24, 1862; Abraham Lincoln to Hannibal Hamlin, September 28, 1862, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 5:443. Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation, 48.
72.Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation, 101, 67–68; Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, and Frank J. Williams, eds., The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 17.
73.Frederick Douglass, “January First 1863,” Douglass’ Monthly (January 1863); Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 5:538; Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation, 92, 97.
74.Lincoln quoted in Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation, 80.
75.Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation, 94–95. And see Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Meaning and Memory in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915 (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003), 103; Edna Greene Medford, “Imagined Promises, Bitter Realities: African Americans and the Meanin
g of the Emancipation Proclamation,” in The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views, 21, 22.
76.Medford, “Imagined Promises,” 23; Douglass’ Monthly, March 21, 1863.
77.McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 152, 154.
78.Quoted in Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 208–9.
79.Schuyler Colfax, 37 Cong. Globe 306 (1861). And see McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 155–56 and 206–7.
80.Quoted in McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 143, 150, 171, 175, 183.
81.McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 207–9; Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), ch. 2, especially 139–43.
82.Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 1862, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 5:388.
83.DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage, 53.
84.A collection of Lincoln’s 1864 campaign buttons is held in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress.
85.Haynes, The First American Political Conventions, 194.
86.Quoted in Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 183–86.
87.James S. Rollins, 38 Cong. Globe 260 (1865); Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 190.
88.Benn Pitman, ed., The Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators (1865; Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2005), 45.
89.Quoted in Richard Wightman Fox, Lincoln’s Body: A Cultural History (New York: Norton, 2015), 67.
90.Ibid., 64, 65.
91.Quotes are in ibid., 88, and Martha Hodes, Mourning Lincoln (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 78, 186.
92.Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 186.
93.Quoted in Foner, The Fiery Trial, 317.
Nine: OF CITIZENS, PERSONS, AND PEOPLE
1.Edward Bates, Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1862), 3. And, broadly, see Rogers M. Smith, Civil Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
2.Quoted in William J. Novak, “The Legal Transformation of Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century America,” in Meg Jacobs et al., eds., The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 85–119.
3.William Jay, The Life of John Jay: With Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833), 194.
4.James Madison, Federalist No. 52 (1788).
5.Levi Morton, Speech in the House, 46 Cong. Rec. 2664 (April 22, 1880).
6.Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 80 (1788).
7.Charles Sumner, “Equality before the Law,” in Charles Sumner: His Complete Works, 20 vols. (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1900) 3:65–66.
8.Gustafson, Women and the Republican Party, 22.
9.Gaillard Hunt, The American Passport: Its History (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898), 131–32.
10.Hunt, The American Passport, 15. The term “free persons of color” entered the American lexicon by way of French Louisiana, where it generally referred to people of mixed ancestry. In 1810, the first U.S. Census conducted after the Louisiana Purchase counted free persons of color in the new territory. The term really only entered U.S. legal discourse in the 1810s, when, in slave states, free persons of color were required to register with the local government. “In the early nineteenth century, the term ‘persons of color’ included free blacks, persons suspected of having African ancestry, or, in a state that was still very rural and sometimes suspicious of strangers, any non-white person whose antecedents were locally unknown. The legal terms ‘free black’ and ‘free person of color’ referred to the civil status of a black who was either born free or legally manumitted after birth” (Mary R. Bullard, “Deconstructing a Manumission Document: Mary Stafford’s Free Paper,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 89 [2005]: 287). By the 1830s, the designation “free person of color” had become commonplace in state laws—see, for example, McCord, The Statutes at Large of South Carolina, 7:468 (citing a law from 1834); Laws of the Republic of Texas Passed at the Session of the Fourth Congress (Houston: Telegraph Power Press), 151 (citing a law from 1840).
11.Hunt, American Passport, 50; Craig Robertson, The Passport in America: The History of a Document (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 131; The United States Passport: Past, Present, Future (Washington, DC: Passport Office, Department of State, 1976).
12.Rules Governing Applications for Passports (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 1896).
13.Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 79, 106, 129.
14.The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, ed. Beverly Wilson Palmer and Holly Byers Ochoa, 2 vols. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 2:16.
15.“The Colored People of Virginia,” The Anti-Slavery Reporter, October 2, 1865, 250.
16.Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy, with a foreword by Steven Hahn (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press/Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern History, 2007), 50; Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 22. And see W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1935).
17.Quoted in Wade, Fiery Cross, 35. And see Michael Newton, White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866 (Jefferson, NC: Macfarland, 2014); Jacqueline Goldsby, A Spectacular Secret: Lynching in American Life and Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
18.The Papers of Andrew Johnson, ed. Paul H. Bergeron, 16 vols. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967–2000), 10:42–48.
19.On the rise of state power, see Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Gary Gerstle, Liberty and Coercion: The Paradox of American Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016); Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987); Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890–1916 (1988).
20.U.S. Const. amend. 14.
21.Quoted in DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage, 60–63. And, broadly, see also Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, and Elisabeth I. Perry, eds., We Have Come to Stay: American Women and Political Parties 1880–1960 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999); Jo Freeman, We Will be Heard: Women’s Struggles for Political Power in the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2008); and Gustafson, Women and the Republican Party.
22.Quoted in Martin Gruberg, Women in American Politics: An Assessment and Sourcebook (Oshkosh, WI: Academia Press, 1968), 3–4. DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage, 60–63.
23.U.S. Const. amend 14.
24.39 Cong. Globe 2767 (1866).
25.Quoted in Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet, 205.
26.Ibid., 215; Richard Goldstein, Mine Eyes Have Seen: A First-Person History of the Events That Shaped America. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 126.
27.On the history and force of impeachment, see Lawrence Tribe and Joshua Matz, To End a Presidency: The Power of Impeachment (New York: Basic Books, 2018).
28.On Chinese immigration and exclusion, see Earl M. Maltz, “The Federal Government and the Problem of Chinese Rights in the Era of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 17 (1994): 223–52; John Hayakawa Torok, “Reconstruction and Racial Nativism: Chinese Immigrants and the Debates on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments and Civil Rights Laws,” Asian Law Journal 3 (1996): 55–103; Najia Aarim-Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848–1882 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003); Bill Ong Hing, Maki
ng and Remaking Asian America through Immigration Policy, 1850–1990 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).
29.People v. Hall, 4 Cal. 399 (1854).
30.United States Supreme Court, United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court (Banks & Bros., Law Publishers, 1898), 697.
31.39 Cong. Globe 1026 (1866). And see Garrett Epps, Democracy Reborn: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Fight for Equal Rights in Post-Civil War America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 172.
32.Stephen K. Williams, ed., United States Supreme Court Reports: Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States (Newark, NJ: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, 1854), 1071.
33.40 Cong. Globe 287 (1869), appendix.
34.Edward McPherson, A Political Manual for 1869 (Washington, DC: Philp & Solomons, 1869), 401.
35.40 Cong. Globe 1009 (1869).
36.Frederick Douglass Papers, 4:13. And, broadly, see Edlie L. Wong, Racial Reconstruction: Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the Fictions of Citizenship (New York: New York University Press, 2015).
37.U.S. Const. amend. 15.
38.Ellen Fitzpatrick, The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women’s Quest for the American Presidency (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 9, 42. Gustafson, Women and the Republican Party, 52.
39.The quotations are from National Party Conventions, 1831–1984, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1987), 48–49; Gustafson, Women and the Republican Party, 49; Haynes, President-Making in the Gilded Age, 17–18.
40.Haynes, President-Making in the Gilded Age, 10, 65, 29.
41.Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010), 45.
42.William A. White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 218–19; Brooke Speer Orr, “Mary Elizabeth Lease: Nineteenth-Century Populist and Twentieth-Century Progressive,” PhD dissertation, George Washington University, 2002, 145, 155–56; Mary E. Lease, speech to the National Council of Women of the United States, Washington, DC, February 24, 1891, in Rachel Avery Foster, ed., Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States: Assembled in Washington, D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1891), 157.