by Jill Lepore
81.Brinkley, The End of Reform, 169; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 997.
82.Reed Ueda, “The Changing Path to Citizenship: Ethnicity and Naturalization during World War II,” in Erenberg and Hirsch, The War in American Culture, 202–3; Lary May, “Making the American Consensus: The Narrative of Conversion and Subversion in World War II Films,” in Erenberg and Hirsch, The War in American Culture, 71–72, 76.
83.Quoted in Brinkley, The End of Reform, 167.
84.Divine, Second Chance, 157–59; Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 248–66.
85.Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944”; Rauchway, The Great Depression and the New Deal, 127.
86.Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World, 50; Patel, The New Deal, 268; Brinkley, The End of Reform, 129–35.
87.Brinkley, The End of Reform, 141; Gerstle, American Crucible, 158.
88.“States Moving to Limit U.S. Taxing Power,” Chicago Tribune, March 12, 1939.
89.Godfrey N. Nelson, “Ceiling Is Sought for Federal Taxes,” NYT, October 3, 1943.
90.Michelmore, Tax and Spend, 34.
91.Expenditures by Corporations to Influence Legislation. A Report of the House Select Committee on Lobbying Activities, House of Representatives, Eighty-First Congress, Second Session. Created Pursuant to H. Res. 298. October 13, 1950, 50; Martin, “Redistributing Toward the Rich,” 15–16; Michelmore, Tax and Spend, 33–34.
92.“D-Day: ‘The Great Crusade,’” multimedia program, https://www.army.mil/d-day/his tory.html#.
93.Quoted in Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World, 95.
94.Moser, The Global Great Depression, 2.
95.Hoover quoted in Katznelson, Fear Itself, 235–36.
96.Quoted in Brinkley, The End of Reform, 158–59.
97.Quoted in Crichtlow, The Conservative Ascendancy, 15–16.
98.Alan Brinkley, “World War II and American Liberalism,” in Erenberg and Hirsch, The War in American Culture, 321; Brinkley, The End of Reform, 164–65.
99.Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, 2009), 5–6.
100.S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking, 2010), 4–6, 18–19.
101.Whittaker Chambers, Ghosts on the Roof: Selected Journalism, edited and with an introduction by Terry Teachout (Washington, DC: National Book Network, 1989), xxxiv–xxxv, 111–15.
102.Plokhy, Yalta, xxiv, 36, 91.
103.Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address to Congress on the Yalta Conference, March 1, 1945.
104.Quoted in Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 806–8.
105.Brown, Manipulating the Ether, 125; Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 345.
106.“Buchenwald: Report from Edward R. Murrow,” April 16, 1945, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/report-from-edward-r-murrow-on-buchenwald, accessed July 22, 2017.
107.Daly, Covering America, 234, 250, 252.
108.Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 797.
109.“Buchenwald: Report from Edward R. Murrow.”
110.Quoted in Peter S. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 65.
111.General Eisenhower to General Marshall concerning his visit to a Germany internment camp near Gotha (Ohrdruf), April 15, 1945, emphasis in original, Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Pre-Presidential Papers, Principal File (Box 80, Marshall George C.), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home.
112.Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, 63–65.
113.Daly, Covering America, 286.
114.Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, April 24, 1945, Truman Papers, Confidential File, War Department, Box 1, Giangreco, Dennis—Correspondence Between Harry S. Truman, George C. Marshall, Henry Stimson, and Others Regarding Strategy for Ending the War Against Japan, 1945, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.
115.Plokhy, Yalta, 71–72, 228, 381, 392–93.
116.Mauro, Twilight at the World of Tomorrow, xx.
117.Divine, Second Chance, prologue, 299.
118.Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World, 7, 11, 79; Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda 155–56.
119.H. G. Wells, The World Set Free: A Story of Mankind (New York: Dutton, 1914), 63–64.
120.A Petition to the President of the United States, July 17, 1945, Truman Library and Museum, and quoted in Dan Zak, Almighty: Courage, Resistance, and Existential Peril in the Nuclear Age (New York: Blue Rider Press, 2016), 68–69. On Szilard and Wells, see Philip L. Cantelon et al., eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present, 1939–1984 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 3–7.
121.Divine, Second Chance, 283.
122.Watchtower Over Tomorrow, dir. Alfred Hitchcock, Office of War Information, 1945.
123.William M. Rigdon, “President’s Trip to the Berlin Conference (July 6, 1945 to August 7, 1945),” Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.
Thirteen: A WORLD OF KNOWLEDGE
1.John Hersey, “Hiroshima,” TNY, August 31, 1946.
2.Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985, 1991), 3; James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 3–4.
3.Editorial, Newsweek, August 20, 1945; Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 3, 7, 22.
4.T. R. Kennedy Jr., “Electronic Computer Flashes Answers, May Speed Engineering,” NYT, February 15, 1946.
5.Alan Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 41 (1936): 241.
6.Martin Campbell-Kelly et al., Computer: A History of the Information Machine (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2014), 41; Grace Murray Hopper, “The Education of a Computer,” Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Conference (May 1952), 271–81.
7.Isaacson, The Innovators, 45–46, 50–52, 76–79, 96, 72–75, 112.
8.Ibid., 219.
9.Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945), 19, 10.
10.Hearings on Science Legislation (S. 1297 and Related Bills): Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Military Affairs, U.S. Senate, 79th Congress, 1st Session, Pursuant to S. Res. 107 (78th Congress) and S. Res. 146 (79th Congress) Authorizing a Study of the Possibilities of Better Mobilizing the National Resources of the United States (Washington, DC: The Committee, 1945), 144. And see Jessica Wang, “Liberals, the Progressive Left, and the Political Economy of Postwar American Science: The National Science Foundation Debate Revisited,” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 26 (1995): 139–66.
11.Albert Einstein, “The Real Problem Is in the Hearts of Men,” interview by Michael Amrine, NYT, June 23, 1946; Jessica Wang, “Scientists and the Problem of the Public in Cold War America, 1945–1960,” Osiris 17 (2002): 323–47; Wang, “Liberals, the Progressive Left, and the Political Economy of Postwar American Science”; Jessica Wang, American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Anticommunism, and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Federation of Atomic Scientists, One World or None: A Report to the Public on the Full Meaning of the Atomic Bomb (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1946), 77.
12.Isaacson, The Innovators, 112–15; Kennedy, “Electronic Computer Flashes Answers, May Speed Engineering.”
13.Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 786–87; Hilary Herbold, “Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 6 (Winter 1994–1995): 104.
14.Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Vintage, 2004), 119, 214.
15.John Updike, Collected Poems 1953–1993 (New York: Knopf, 1993), 270.
16.Randy Bright, Disneyland: Inside Story (New York: Harry N. Abra
ms, 1987), chs. 1 and 2 (quotation, 73).
17.Elaine Tyler May, “Cold War—Warm Hearth: Politics and the Family in Postwar America,” in Fraser and Gerstle, The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 153–81 (quotation, 161). And see Elaine Tyler May, “Rosie the Riveter Gets Married,” in Erenberg and Hirsch, The War in American Culture, 128–43.
18.Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 137–42; Margot Canaday, “Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 G.I. Bill,” JAH 90 (2003): 936–57.
19.Herbold, “Never a Level Playing Field,” 104–8.
20.Patterson, Grand Expectations, 26–27, 333; Matusow, The Unraveling of America, xii; William E. Leuchtenburg, “Consumer Culture and Cold War: American Society, 1945–1960,” in The Unfinished Century: America Since 1900 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 750.
21.Patterson, Grand Expectations, 23; Langston Hughes, “Adventures in Dining,” Chicago Defender, June 2, 1945, reprinted in Langston Hughes and the Chicago Defender: Essays on Race, Politics, and Culture, 1942–62, ed. Chris C. De Santis (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 55–56.
22.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 99–100.
23.Harry S. Truman, “Special Message to the Congress Recommending a Comprehensive Health Program,” Washington, DC, November 19, 1945.
24.Carey McWilliams, “The Education of Earl Warren,” The Nation, October 12, 1974; on the apology, see G. Edward White, Earl Warren: A Public Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 76, 81; weeping during a 1972 interview is mentioned by Paul Finkelman in his entry for Warren in American National Biography Online; Clem Whitaker, Plan of Campaign for Earl Warren, 1942, in Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 1, Folder 3, 2–3; Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren (1977; Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 2001), 163–65; Whitaker, oral history, 48–49.
25.Warren, The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren, 187–88.
26.Baxter, oral history, 1972, 89; White, Earl Warren, 112. But see also McWilliams’s attempts to understand Warren’s political transformation, including McWilliams, “Strange Doings in California,” February 1945, in Fool’s Paradise, 210; McWilliams, “The Education of Earl Warren,” The Nation, October 12, 1974, 325–26; and McWilliams to Freda Kirchwey, October 12, 1947, The Nation Records, Houghton Library, Harvard, Box 25, Folder 4953.
27.McWilliams, “Government by Whitaker and Baxter,” April 21, 1951, 366–67; Whitaker from Medical Economics (1948) as quoted in Kelley, Professional Public Relations and Political Power, 57; Whitaker, oral history, 1988–89, 14–16.
28.Campaigns, Inc., Records, California Medical Association, 1945–1949, Box 5, Folder 20.
29.Warren, The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren, 188.
30.“The Yalta Conference,” The Avalon Project. David F. Trask, “The Imperial Republic: America in World Politics, 1945 to the Present,” in Leuchtenberg, The Unfinished Century, 583; George Kennan to the U.S. Department of State, telegram, February 22, 1946; Winston Churchill, “Sinews of Peace,” Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946.
31.John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin, 2005), 9–10.
32.Harry S. Truman, “Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine,” Washington, DC, March 12, 1947; Trask, “The Imperial Republic,” 577–87, 597.
33.Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 66; John A. Farrell, Richard Nixon: The Life (New York: Doubleday, 2017), 23, 34–38.
34.Brinkley, The End of Reform, 201; Nelson Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy During the Postwar Era,” in Fraser and Gerstle, The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 122–52; Farrell, Richard Nixon, 83–84.
35.Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 63–66, 68–71; James T. Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century: A History, 5th ed. (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers, 2000), 314.
36.Patel, The New Deal, 279; William D. Hartung, Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex (New York: Nation Books, 2011, 2012), 29, 252, 259, 263, 43–47, 52–59.
37.Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy; Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 312. And see Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).
38.Kennan quoted in Gaddis, The Cold War, 47.
39.Gaddis, The Cold War, 39.
40.John L. Boies, Buying for Armageddon: Business, Society, and Military Spending Since the Cuban Missile Crisis (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 1. Faulkner quoted in Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 135, and, more broadly, see ch. 6.
41.Chambers, Ghosts on the Roof, xxxvi–xxxvii.
42.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 98, 115–24.
43.Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 161.
44.Ibid., 317; Michael Straight, “Truman Should Quit,” TNR, April 5, 1948.
45.National Party Conventions, 96–97.
46.Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 319.
47.Quoted in Michael A. Genovese and Matthew J. Streb, eds., Polls and Politics: The Dilemmas of Democracy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004), 18.
48.Gallup quoted in Lindsay Rogers, The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership (New York: Knopf, 1949), vi.
49.Fried, Pathways to Polling, 79–80.
50.Herbert Blumer, “Public Opinion and Public Opinion Polling,” American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 524–49.
51.Rogers, The Pollsters, vi, 37, 65, 71, 46, 61. On Rogers, see Amy Fried, “The Forgotten Lindsay Rogers and the Development of American Political Science,” APSR 100 (2006): 555–56. Although The Pollsters appeared in 1949, Rogers wrote it in 1948, before the election.
52.Fredrick Mosteller et al., The Pre-Election Polls of 1948: Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-election Polls and Forecasts (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1949), vii, Appendix A.
53.Wang, American Science in an Age of Anxiety, 39–40.
54.Wang, “Liberals, the Progressive Left, and the Political Economy of Postwar American Science,” 156–64.
55.“Summary of Conclusions and Proposals,” APSR 44 (September 1950): 1–14 (quotation, 14). And see Evron M. Kirkpatrick, “‘Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System’: Political Science, Policy Science, or Pseudo-Science?,” APSR 65 (December 1971): 965–90.
56.Dewey quoted in V. O. Key, Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1942), 220–21.
57.“Medicine Show,” Washington Post, August 30, 1949; McWilliams, “Government by Whitaker and Baxter,” April 14, 1951, 346. A typescript titled “AMA’s Plan of Battle: An Outline of Strategy and Policies in the Campaign against Compulsory Health Insurance,” and identified as written by W&B, Directors of the National Education Campaign of the AMA, February 12, 1949, Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 27, 2. On the numbers of pamphlets, see Whitaker and Baxter, “What Will We Do with the Doctor’s $25.00?,” Dallas Medical Journal, April 1949. Daniel Cameron to the National Education Campaign, September 3, 1949, in Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 40.
58.Campaign Procedures, Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 27. “AMA’s Plan of Battle,” 1; Whitaker, “Professional Political Campaign Management,” 19—a copy of the printed version is in Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 26; McWilliams, “Government by Whitaker and Baxter,” April 21, 1951, 368.
59.“Plan of Campaign Against Compulsory Health Insurance,” written by W&B and dated January 8, 1949 (CONFIDENTIAL: NOT FOR PUBLICATION), Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 27.
60.I. Isquith, Pharmacist, Stamford, NY, to the NEC, May 22, 1949, Campaigns, Inc., Records, Box 9, Folder 40. Whitaker and Baxter spent $4,678,000, according to Ross, “Supersalesmen,” 60.
61.“Truman Blames A.M.A. for Defeat of Security Bill,” Boston Globe, May 22, 1952.
62.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 98, 115–24.
63.Richar
d Nixon, “The Hiss Case: A Lesson for the American People [January 26, 1950],” in Speeches, Writings, Documents, edited and introduced by Rick Perlstein (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 19–59.
64.Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 34; Farrell, Richard Nixon, 159.
65.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 143.
66.Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime, from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (New York: Norton, 2004), 331.
67.David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 19.
68.Ibid., 21, 79–80, 86–87.
69.Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970), 60; Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator (New York: Free Press, 2000), 135.
70.Fitzgerald, Highest Glass Ceiling, 109, 115; Farrell, Richard Nixon, 163.
71.U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, Subcommittee on Investigations, Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, 81 Cong., 2d Sess. (1950).
72.Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 25–34, 114–116, 93. And see Aaron Lecklider, Inventing the Egghead: The Battle over Brainpower in American Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), ch. 7.
73.Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996), 2–4.
74.Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951); Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 323–34.
75.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 43–48.
76.Arthur M. Schlesinger and Alfred D. Chandler, The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949); Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (New York: Viking, 1950), ix. And see Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 3–5.
77.Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy, 2–7.
78.“Socialized Medicine ‘Opiate,’ 200 Physicians Warned Here,” Boston Globe, March 28, 1949. And see “Welfare State Hit as a Slave State,” NYT, November 12, 1949.