Otway-Ruthven A.J., A History of Medieval Ireland, New York 1968, 1980
Plumpton Letters – see Kirby
Pronay N. and Cox J., eds, The Crowland Chronicle Continuations 1459–1486, London 1986
Raine A., ed., York Civic Records, vol. 2, York 1941
Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores – Letters and Papers illustrative of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII, London 1857
Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1974, 1991
Sandford F., Genealogical History of England, London 1707
Seaby P. and Purvey P.F., eds, Standard Catalogue of British Coins, vol. 2, Coins of Scotland, Ireland and the Islands, London 1984
Seward, D., The Last White Rose, London 2010
Sellar W.C. and Yeatman R.J., 1066 and All That, London 1930
Simon, J., An Essay Towards an Historical Account of Irish Coins, Dublin, 1749 and 1810
Spinks, Coins of Scotland, Ireland and the Islands, London 2003
Stonor Letters – see Kingsford
Sutton D.F., ed., Bernard André, De Vita atque Gestis Henrici Septimi Historia, http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/andreas/, 2010
Sutton D.F., ed., Polydore Vergil, Anglica Historia (1555 version), http://www.vision.net.au/~pwood/june04.htm, 2005, 2010
Thomas A.H. and Thornley I.D., eds, Great Chronicle of London, London 1938
Tucker M.J., The Life of Thomas Howard Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk 1443–1524, London 1964
Twining, Lord, European Regalia, London 1967
Vaughan R., Charles the Bold, the Last Valois Duke of Burgundy, Woodbridge 2002
VCH, A History of Oxford, vol. 4, The City of Oxford, Oxford 1979
Vergil – see Sutton
Ware J., Rerum Hibernicarum Annales regnatibus Henrico VII, Henrico VIII, Edwardo VI & Maria, ab anno scil MCCCCLXXXV ad annum MDLVIII, Dublin 1664
Wavrin (Waurin) – see Hardy
Weightman C., Margaret of York Duchess of Burgundy 1446–1503, Gloucester 1989
Wilkins D., Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, vol. 3, London 1737
Williamson A., The Mystery of the Princes, Gloucester 1978
Worcester – see Hearne
Wroe A., Perkin: A Story of Deception, London 2003
Articles and Booklets
Ashdown-Hill J., ‘Coins attributed to the Yorkist Pretenders, 1487–1498’, Ricardian, 19 (2009), pp. 63–83
Ashdown-Hill J., ‘The Death of Edward V – new evidence from Colchester’, Essex Archaeology & History, 35 (2004), pp. 226–30
Ashdown-Hill J., ‘The Lancastrian Claim to the Throne’, Ricardian, 13 (2003), pp. 27–38
Ashdown-Hill J, ‘Norfolk Requiem: The passing of the House of Mowbray’, Ricardian, 12 (March 2001), pp. 198–217
Ashdown-Hill J., ‘Thomas Marshall or John Beche? Who was the last Abbot of Colchester?’, Essex Archaeology & History, 4th series, vol. 4 (2013), pp. 228–32
Ashdown-Hill J. and Carson A., ‘The Execution of the Earl of Desmond’, Ricardian, 15 (2005), pp. 70–93
Blunt, C.E., ‘The Medallic Jetton of Perkin Warbeck’, British Numismatic Journal, vol. 26 (1949–51), pp. 215–16
Brady G. and Gallagher C., ‘The Lambert Simnel Coinage: An enquiry’, Spink Numismatic Circular, 103, no. 8 (October 1995), pp. 301–2
Britnell R.H., ‘The Oath Book of Colchester and the Borough Constitution, 1372–1404’, Essex Archaeology and History, 14 (1982), pp. 94–101
Brown J. and Brown E., ‘The de la Poles, Earls and Dukes of Suffolk’, Wingfield 2000.
Carlyon-Britton R., ‘On the Irish Coinage of Lambert Simnel as Edward VI’, Numismatic Chronicle, sixth series, 1 (1941), pp. 133–5
Dolley M., ‘Simnel and Warbeck – some recent misconceptions’, Seaby’s Coin and Medal Bulletin, no. 616 (December 1969), pp. 424–5
Dolley M., ‘Tre Kronor – Trí Choróin, a note on the date of the “three crown” coinage of Ireland’, Numismatiska Meddelanden, 30 (1965), pp. 103–12
Hayden M.T., ‘Lambert Simnel in Ireland’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 4 (1915), pp. 622–38
Longpérier A. de, ‘Perkin Werbecque’, Revue Numismatique (1860), pp. 384–95
Longstaffe W.H.D., ‘Misplaced Coins – Richard IV’s Groat’, Numismatic Chronicle, third series, 9 (1889), pp. 363–4
G. Petterwood, ‘The Harp and the Shamrock!’, Tasmanian Numismatist, vol. 9, n. 6 (June 2004), http://www.vision.net.au/~pwood/june04.htm, accessed October 2008.
Power P., ‘The History and Coins of Lambert Simnal and Perkin Warbeck’, Seaby’s Coin and Medal Bulletin, n. 615 (November 1969), pp. 376–8
‘Proceedings of the Royal Numismatic Society’, Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, 9 (1969), pp. xii–xiii
Richmond C.F., ‘The Death of Edward V’, Northern History, 25 (1989), pp. 278–80
Schmall, C.N., ‘Note on the “Perkin Warbeck Groat” dated 1494’, Numismatist, 41 (1928), pp. 219–20
Smith G., ‘Lambert Simnel and the King from Dublin’, Ricardian, 10, n. 135 (December 1996), pp. 498–536
Sutton A. and Visser-Fuchs L., ‘Richard III and the Knave of Cards: An illuminator’s model in manuscript and print, 1440s to 1990s’, Antiquaries Journal, 79 (1999), pp. 257–99
Symonds H., ‘The Irish Silver Coinage of Edward IV’, Numismatic Chronicle, series 5, n. 1 (1921), pp. 108–25
Unpublished Sources
Ashdown-Hill L.J.F., ‘The client network, connections and patronage of Sir John Howard (Lord Howard, first Duke of Norfolk) in north-east Essex and south Suffolk’, PhD thesis, University of Essex 2008
Bodleian Library, MS. Top. Glouc. d.2, Founders’ and benefectors’ book of Tewkesbury Abbey
Essex Record Office, Colchester Oath Book
Society of Antiquaries MSS 116
Electronic Sources & Internet
‘The Arms of Ireland’, Heraldry in Ireland, http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland.htm, accessed October 2008
‘Irish Hammered Coinage’, Irish Coinage, http://www.irishcoinage.com/HAMMERED.HTM, accessed October 2008
‘Charmouth’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmouth, accessed April 2012
‘The Abbot’s House’, http://www.abbotshouse.co.uk/index.php?id=11, accessed April 2012
‘History’, Charmouth Parish Council, http://www.charmouth.com/History.htm, accessed April 2012
‘Bisham Abbey’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham_Abbey, accessed August 2013
‘Discover your family history’, Family Search, https://familysearch.org/search/, accessed August 2013
‘Osney Abbey’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osney_Abbey, accessed August 2013
‘Oxford, St Thomas the Martyr’, Church of England, http://www.achurchnearyou.com/oxford-st-thomas-the-martyr/, accessed August 2013
D.N. Ford, ‘Bisham Priory’, Royal Berkshire History, http://www.berkshirehistory.com/churches/bisham_abbey.html, accessed August 2013.
http://www.fpnotebook.com/endo/exam/hghtmsrmntinchldrn.htm, accessed August 2013
‘Last name: Simnel’, The Internet Surname Database, http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Simnel, accessed August 2013
‘Rite of Ordination of a Bishop, 1968’, ‘John Writhe’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Writhe, accessed September 2013
http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/jmjoncas/
LiturgicalStudiesInternetLinks/ChristianWorship/
Texts/Centuries/Texts_1900_2000CE/RCWorshipTexts1900_2000CE/
Rite_of_Ordination_of_a_Bishop.htm, accessed September 2013
‘Bishopsgate’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate, accessed November 2013
‘Earl of Howth’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Howth, accessed November 2013
‘List of Sheriffs of London’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sheriffs_of_London, accessed November 2013
‘John Wilford, England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975’, Family
Search, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JS1T-7M7, accessed November 2013
‘Wilford in entry for BartholomewPhilip Wilford, England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975’, Family Search, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NPL3-148, accessed November 2013
‘Thomas Wilford in entry for Barethe Wilford, England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975’, Family Search, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NP2W-RJ6, accessed November 2013
‘William Wilford in entry for Susan Wilford, England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975’, Family Search, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NP2W-RMT, accessed November 2013
‘Thomas Wilford in entry for Bartholomew Wilford, England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975’, Family Search, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/N532-PQ5, accessed November 2013
‘The Diary of Samuel Pepys’, http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/12498/#discussion, accessed November 2013
‘Black Bull Inn, Bishopsgate Street’, Dictionary of London, http://london.enacademic.com/710/Black_Bull_Inn,_Bishopsgate_Street, accessed November 2013
‘High Sheriff of Berkshire’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Berkshire, accessed December 2013
‘Old Kent Road’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road, accessed December 2013
‘William Darcy (died 1540)’, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Darcy_(died_1540), accessed December 2013
I.S. Rogers, ‘Sir Henry Bodrugan of Cornwall (died 1489)’, www.girders.net/Bo/Bodrugan,%20Sir%20Henry,%20(d.1489).doc, accessed December 2013
‘A list of grave monuments in St Andrew Cemetery, Enfield, Middlesex, England’, Gravestone Photographic Resource, http://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/cemetery.php?cemetery=835, accessed December 2013
‘Height measurements in children’, Family Practice Notebook, ‘Search all records’, Find My Past, http://www.findmypast.co.uk/, accessed January 2014
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwartz_(mercenary), accessed December 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_
Earl_of_Warwick, accessed December 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lovell, accessed December 2013
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/
C. Given-Wilson, general ed., PROME (Parliament Rolls of Medieval England), The National Archives, Leicester 2005
Plates
1 ‘Princes in the Tower’ mythology: a plaque on the former Rose and Crown Inn at Stony Stratford (Milton Keynes), which purports to give ‘facts’ about the fate of Edward V. In reality there is no evidence to indicate that Edward V stayed at the Rose and Crown, or that he was ‘captured’, or that he was murdered. © Iris Day.
2 Warwick Castle, the birthplace of Edward of Clarence, Earl of Warwick.
3 The gatehouse of Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire. Edward, Earl of Warwick probably stayed with his parents at Tewkesbury Abbey in the autumn of 1476.
4 The ruins of Sheriff Hutton Castle, Yorkshire. Here, according to the authorised version of his history, Edward, Earl of Warwick lived with some of his cousins, including Elizabeth of York, during the reign of his uncle Richard III. © Tommaso Romero and Vanessa Roe.
5 According to one account Lambert Simnel’s father lived close to Oxford Castle – shown here as it might have looked in about 1480.
6 Lambert Simnel’s father is said to have been a tenant of the Augustinian Abbey of Osney, Oxford. These are the abbey ruins as they were in about 1900.
7 The Earl of Warwick’s official guardian, 1485–86: Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, the mother of Henry VII.
8 Elizabeth of York junior, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, cousin of Edward, Earl of Warwick and consort of Henry VII.
9 Elizabeth of York senior, Duchess of Suffolk, a sister of Edward IV and Richard III, the mother of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and a possible aunt of the Dublin King (effigy circa 1500, from her tomb at Wingfield Church, Suffolk).
10 The seal of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of Edward IV and Richard III; a possible cousin and key supporter of the Dublin King. Reproduced courtesy of Colchester and Ipswich Museums Service.
11 Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy (after her marriage portrait of c.1468). Margaret was a key supporter of the Dublin King.
12 Mechelen, Belgium, with the tower and crossing of St Rombout (Rumbold)’s Church (a cathedral since 1559). St Rombout’s tower was under construction in 1486, when ‘Clarence’s son’ was staying in Mechelen.
13 Margaret of York’s palace in Mechelen, where she entertained ‘Clarence’s son’ in 1486.
14 Monuments in Mechelen commemorating Margaret of York. Above left: a modern copy of her 1503 funeral inscription, commissioned by the author and the Richard III Society. Above right: arms and inscription over the entrance to her palace.
15 St John’s Abbey gatehouse, Colchester. Through this entrance Francis, Viscount Lovell passed in 1485, seeking sanctuary.
16 Surviving remains of St John’s Abbey, Colchester: archways and vaulting.
17 The arms of the Duke of Clarence’s Irish deputy, Gerald, Earl of Kildare, the effective ruler of most of Ireland. Kildare was a key supporter of the Dublin King, and possibly his guardian during his childhood.
18 Ruins of Maynooth Castle, County Kildare. This was the home of the Earl of Kildare, and it may have been where the Dublin King was brought up for part of his childhood.
19 A model of old St Paul’s Cathedral, where Henry VII displayed the official Earl of Warwick in an attempt to undermine the claims of the Dublin King.
20 The surviving medieval tower of Dublin Castle. The castle was the official residence of the Dublin King during his reign in Ireland.
21 The surviving medieval north wall of the nave of Christ Church Cathedral, where the Dublin King was crowned.
22 The Dublin King is said to have been crowned with an open gold circlet borrowed from the image of the Blessed Virgin in the Church of Sainte Marie de la Dam (Our Lady of Dame-gate) on Cork Hill. Neither the image nor the crown have survived, but this gold open crown worn by the fifteenth-century image of Our Lady of Caversham may give some idea of the appearance of the crown used at the Dublin coronation.
23 Examples of the kind of items which might have been used in the Dublin coronation. Left: a medieval chrismatory for containing holy oils. Right: a typical verger’s church staff.
24 Left: the fifteenth-century brass eagle lectern of Christ Chuch Cathedral, which probably figured in the coronation ceremony of 1487. Right: the sword of state presented to Dublin by Henry IV in 1404. This might possibly have been used at the coronation of 1487.
25 Copy of a nineteenth-century image of the post-coronation procession of the Dublin King. The boy is shown seated on the shoulders of William Darcy of Platten. However, this depiction is inaccurate in some respects, since the boy-king is not wearing royal robes or regalia. © Muhammad Hanif.
26 The only surviving contemporary image of the Dublin King, ‘Edward VI’, crowned and enthroned, and holding the orb and sceptre, from the obverse of his great seal. Reproduced courtesy of the National Library of Ireland.
27 A modern image of the Dublin King in his coronation robes, based on the representation on his great seal. © Riikka Nikko.
28 The royal arms of the Dublin King from the reverse of his great seal. Note the crown, which is ornamented only with fleurs-de-lis – like a French royal coronet. A fleur-de-lis also marks the start of the inscription. Reproduced courtesy of the National Library of Ireland.
29 Letter issued in 1487, in the name of ‘King Edward VI’, appointing Peter (Piers) Butler as Sheriff of Kilkenny. This letter bears the only surviving example of an impression of the Dublin King’s great royal seal. Reproduced courtesy of the National Library of Ireland.
30 Drawing of an Irish ‘three crowns’ groat (silver four-pence piece), together with a photograph of such a coin from th
e author’s collection. The drawn coin bears the royal name and title: EDWARDUS REX, suggesting that the coin may have been issued in the name of the Dublin King. On the coin in the photograph the king’s name is now illegible, due to ‘clipping’ to extract silver.
31 A reconstruction by the author of the appearance of John Morton, Bishop of Ely, and later Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury. There are only two surviving contemporary images of Morton: his damaged tomb effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, and his face on a roof boss at Bere Regis Church, Dorset. This reconstruction is based on the (inset) photograph of the Bere Regis face.
32 Morton’s Tower – a building constructed by Cardinal Archbishop Morton at the entrance to Lambeth Palace. © Deidre O’Sullivan.
33 Henry VII.
34 An eighteenth-century imaginary depiction of Lambert Simnel as a scullion in Henry VII’s kitchens. Note that he appears to be about 17 years of age.
35 The official Earl of Warwick’s residence, 1486–99. A modern view of the Tower of London, seen from across the River Thames.
36 The former church of Bisham Priory, a house of Augustinian canons in Berkshire, redrawn from a medieval illustration. Nothing now remains of this church, where the official Earl of Warwick was interred in 1499.
The Dublin King: The True Story of Lambert Simnel and the Princes in the Tower Page 28