and Motortown Revue (1962), 42, 43, 60, 61, 62, 70
popularity of, 326
and social life at Motown Records, 330
songwriters for, 319
as success, 318–20
and success of Motown Records, 317
and talent at Motown records, 196, 197, 323, 326, 327, 331
Wells (Mary) and, 326
See also specific person
Swainson, James, 164
Swainson, John Burley, 18–19, 20–21, 37, 164, 179–80, 226
Swift, Joe, 194
Szklenkay, Emese, 19
T-5 car, Ford’s, 110–11, 117, 118–19, 218–21 See also Mustang, Ford
Talbot, Joe, 194
Tamla Records, 56–57
tariffs: auto industry and, 307
Tarnopol, Nat, 55
Tate, Sheppard, 295
Tatum, Goose, 12
teachers, music, 100–101
Teamsters Union, 163
Temptations, 42, 43, 60, 69, 70, 196, 281, 317–18, 326, 327, 331, 373
Terry, Mike, 196, 197
Terry, Robin, 374
Tetrault, Sergeant, 165
Thayer, Stanley G., 179
1300 Beaubien. See Detroit Police Department
Thomas, Anthony “Screechy,” 76
Thomas, Estelle, 187–88
Thomas, Franklyn R., 110, 118, 218, 219
Thomas, James W., 154–55, 158, 335–36
Thomas, Norman, 82
Thompson, Lucky, 52
3-D Record Mart, 52
Thunderbird, Ford, 109, 116, 308, 342, 343, 346, 349, 353
Tigers, Detroit, 17, 73–74, 87, 174, 251, 252, 298, 334. See also specific person
Till, Emmett, 183
Time magazine, 107, 340, 346
Tincher, Odus, 74–75, 76
T. J. McCarthy (ship), 32
To Be Loved (Gordy Jr. autobiography), 315
Today show (NBC-TV), 25, 36
Toledo Blade, 293
Tomb (JWT operations room), 117, 119, 218, 220
Tompkins, Ginny, 258
Tompkins, Jack, 250–51, 253, 258, 261
Toohey, Bob, 86
Torino (Ford car), 218–20
Torlone, Edward, 144
Townsend, Lynn, 88
Toyota, 30
Tractors for Freedom Committee, 138
Trade Expansion Act, 20
Trade Union Leadership Council, 126, 131, 133, 225, 235, 360
Trainor, Jim, 86, 151
Treaty of Detroit, 212
Tsampikou, John, 200–201
Tucker, Charles M., 225
Turner, Edward, 130, 147, 263
20th Century Fox, 239
20 Grand nightclub, 53, 70, 102, 104, 123, 129, 177, 178, 296, 301, 319, 329, 330 See also Driftwood Lounge
Two out of Ten rule, 190
Underwood, Mr., 244
unions, labor
African Americans and, 35
churches and, 35
civil rights movement and, 126, 129, 131, 139, 140, 370
and Ford Motor Company, 211–13, 216
and Ford’s (Henry II) reshaping of Ford Motor image, 211
JFK and, 137–38
and March on Washington, 236, 278, 279
and New York World’s Fair (1964), 351
Reuther’s views about, 215
strikes of, 308, 370, 373
and Treaty of Detroit, 212
See also specific person or organization
United Auto Workers (UAW)
African Americans and, 35
Atlantic City convention of, 321–22
central issues for, 305
civil rights movement and, 126, 131, 139, 140, 148, 370
communism and, 143
Conyers and, 332
decline of, 370
divisions within, 147
Dukes’ criticisms of, 280
Ford Motor Company and, 211–12
and Ford’s (Henry II) endorsement of Romney, 23
headquarters of, 135–36, 213
housing and, 280
JFK and, 20, 137–38, 287
King and, 139
LBJ and, 303
Malcolm X’s comments about, 278
and March on Washington, 235, 237, 278
and prosperity in auto industry, 321
race issues and, 146
and Reuther-Meany relationship, 215
and Reuther’s security, 144
“small car” plan and, 306
Solidarity House as office of, 135–36
and Staebler as gubernatorial candidate, 314
and Studebaker closing, 305
and Walk to Freedom, 133–34, 146–47, 163, 175, 235
in World War II, 146
See also Reuther, Walter; Trade Union Leadership Council
United Civil Rights Leadership, 239
United Klans of America, 253
United Negro Improvement Association, 97
United Steelworkers of America, 216
University of Alabama: civil rights movement and, 141–42
University of Detroit: “Stamp Out the Beatles” campaign at, 325–26
University of Michigan
fight song of, 272
JFK speech at, 18, 356
LBJ commencement address at, 355, 356, 359, 361–65, 373
Olympics report by, 105
Urban League, 127, 163, 243, 280, 311
urban renewal, 15, 91, 92, 96, 121–22, 125, 167, 170, 171, 241, 372
urbanization: and LBJ’s vision of future world, 363
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 141, 150, 370
U.S. Court of Appeals: Edwards (George) appointment to Sixth Circuit of, 294–95, 335
U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce, 313
U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC), 87, 88, 104, 105, 106, 249
Uzzle, Burk, 93–94
Valenti, Jack, 359, 361
Van Dusen, Richard C., 261–62
Van Dyke, Earl, 196, 323, 325
Vandellas
and Bowles benefit, 104
at Fox Theater show, 281
Gaye’s complaints about, 285
and Graystone Ballroom dance, 229
“Heat Wave” and, 197
hits of, 319
at Howard Theater, 375
and Motortown Revue (1962), 42, 43, 62
naming of the, 99, 104
and promotion of Ford Mustang, 354
sound of, 43
and “sound” of Motown Records, 98, 104
and talent at Motown Records, 197, 331
transformation of, 327
See also Reeves, Martha
Vaughan, Sarah, 54, 67
Vee-Jay Records, 195
Velvelettes, 196
Vietnam War, 184, 315, 371
Virgil, Oswaldo “Ozzie,” 298
Vitale, Pete, 76
Volkswagen, 30, 306, 307
Voting Rights Act (1965), 370
Wade, Woodie, 291
Wagner, Robert, 352
Wagstaff, Emily, 101
Wakefield, Ron, 58
Waldmeir, Pete, 269–70, 336
Walk to Freedom
aftermath of, 229–30
arrests during, 174
beginning of, 161, 163–65
and Cobo Hall events, 128, 147, 163, 174, 175, 177–86, 230, 235
controversy about, 130–34
DCHR and, 128–29, 130–31, 163, 229–30, 235
Detroit Police Department and, 161, 162–63, 177
and divisions within civil rights movement, 231–32
and Giacalone’s comments about Edwards, 158
Gordy’s recording of, 178
King and, 128, 129, 130, 131, 147, 150, 161–62, 164, 165, 168, 174, 179, 187, 202–3, 209, 229–30, 235, 333
King’s address during, 175, 177, 180–86, 231, 232–34, 238–39
Malcolm X’s views about, 277, 278
map of route of, 169
marchers in, 163, 166–75
&n
bsp; ministers and, 171
as model of peaceful protest, 174
music during, 175, 177–78, 180
NAACP and, 128–29, 163, 165, 166, 167, 174
and national events, 310
permit for, 133
planning for, 128–29
and progress toward civil rights, 311
purpose/significance of, 140–41, 166–75, 187, 229–30
Reuther and, 146–47, 149, 150, 164, 165, 235
SCLC and, 181, 229–30
signs at, 165–66
size and velocity of crowd for, 164–65
speakers at, 178–86
success of, 202–3, 230, 248
UAW and, 133–34, 146–47, 163, 235
See also specific person
Walker, “T-Bone,” 54
Walker, Wayne, 75, 76, 80, 81, 157
Walker, Wyatt Tee, 183, 233, 234
Wallace, George, 141–42, 147, 227, 291, 370
Wallace, Randolph, 49
Ward, Barbara, 362
Ward, Clara, 122
Ward, “Singin” Sammy, 42
Warfield Theater, 329
Warner Brothers, 210
Warner, Harry, 210
Warren Avenue Baptist Church, 291
Warren Commission, 286
Warren, Dale, 323
Washington, Booker T., 45
Washington, Dinah, 12, 54, 178, 283, 298–301, 310
Washington Post
and JFK visits to Detroit, 36
and King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, 239, 364
March on Washington coverage in, 185
Motortown Revue (1962) ad in, 43
Wasserman, Morris, 53–54
Waters, “Muddy,” 52
“The Way You Do the Things You Do” (song), 317–18
Wayne, Henry, 44
Wayne State University
Detroit population report from, 89, 91, 92, 368
McGregor Memorial Conference Center at, 96
Reuther Library at, 82, 148, 367, 368
WCHB radio station, 100
Webster, Noah, 208
Weinberg, Robert, 336
Wells, Mary, 42, 62, 70, 71, 104, 193, 196–97, 281, 324–25, 326, 373
Westland (Detroit suburb), 92
Weston, Kim, 281
Wheeler, Keith, 94–95
Whitall, Susan, 65
White Citizen’s Council, 291
White, John J., 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 54, 96, 228, 370
White, Lee C., 148, 149
White, Robert, 196, 325
White, Ronnie, 60
White, Ted, 232
Wicker, Tom, 20
Wilfred X (aka Wilfred Little), 199, 276, 291, 334
Wilkins, Roy, 141, 148, 149, 277
Williams, Claude, 154, 155, 226
Williams, David, 49
Williams, D. D., 132
Williams, G. Mennae, 224, 226
Williams, G. Mennen “Soapy,” 314
Williams, Harry A., 31
Williams, Lois, 170
Williams, Otis, 317
Williams, Paul, 317
Williams, Ted, 87
Willis, Chank, 323
Willis, Eddie, 196, 317
Wilson, George, 78, 80
Wilson, Jackie, 55, 56, 71, 283
Wilson, Mary, 62, 318, 319, 320, 330
Wingate Homeowners Association, 244
Winterhalter School, 368–69, 374
See also Hope Academy
Wirtz, Willard, 288
Witenagemot Club, 113
Wolverine Bar Association, 163
Wolverine Missionary Baptist Church, 132
Wolverines, Detroit, 54
women
as drivers, 29, 32
employed at auto shows, 33
Wonder, Stevie
blindness of, 60–61
and Bowles benefit, 104
and civil rights movement, 234–35, 238
on The Ed Sullivan Show, 316
and Edwards (Esther) death, 374
“Fingertips (Part 2)” of, 191, 193–94, 234, 238, 316
at Fox Theater show, 281
Gordy Jr. and, 193, 194
Gordy’s first impression of, 193
and JFK assassination, 286
and King’s birthday as national holiday, 370
and Motortown Revue (1962), 42, 43, 60–61, 70
and Motortown Revue at Michigan State Fairgrounds, 71
and Motown move to Los Angeles, 373
in Muscle Beach Party movie, 316–17
and NAACP Cobo Hall event, 129
personal background of, 60–61
reputation of, 193, 373
Riser’s admiration for, 325
songs for, 327
stardom of, 316
and talent at Motown Records, 104, 196, 197, 331
Wood, Henry, 93
Woodward, Joanne, 235
World War II
Detroit’s role in, 39
race riots during, 63, 131, 146, 159, 162, 225
Worthy, William, 275
Wright, David, 76, 201, 202
Wright, Jim, 347
Wright, Roberta, 42
Yamasaki, Minoru, 96, 251
Yitkavitz, Zaza, 79
Yondotega Club, 113
Yorty, Sam, 254
Young, Andrew, 171
Young, Eldee, 175, 177
Young, Wanda, 317
Zerilli, Anthony J., 80, 156
Zimmerman, Paul, 106
Zuber, Paul, 131
PHOTO CREDITS
© H. Armstrong Roberts/Classicstock: 1
Courtesy of the Detroit News: 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 33
Courtesy of the Ankony family album: 3
Courtesy of the Tony Spina Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University: 10, 14, 25, 34
Courtesy of the Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University: 6, 26, 27, 28, 29
Courtesy of the Detroit Public Library: 7, 16, 18, 19
Courtesy of the Cavanagh family album: 9
Courtesy of the Associated Press: 11
Courtesy of the Washington Post: 12, 13
Courtesy of the Laurie family album: 31
Courtesy of the Benson Ford archive: 32
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Interior design by Joy O’Meara
Maps by Gene Thorp
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Maraniss, David.
Once in a great city : a Detroit story / David Maraniss.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Detroit (Mich.)—History—20th century. I. Title.
F574.D457M35 2015
977.4'34—dc23
ISBN 978-1-4767-4838-2
ISBN 978-1-4767-4840-5 (ebook)
Photo insert credits can be found on page 443.
Maraniss, Once in a Great City
Once in a Great City Page 51