by Alison Weir
Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon, ambassador to Henry VIII.
Henry Cleutin, Sieur d’Oysel (1515–66), ambassador to Scotland 1546–60.
Philibert du Croc, ambassador to Scotland 1566 to 1572.
Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon (1523–89), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Paul de Foix (1528–84), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Antoine de Noailles (1504–62), ambassador to Mary I.
Spanish and Imperial Royal Family: House of Hapsburg
Charles I, King of Spain; also Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–58).
Philip II, King of Spain (1527–98): son of Charles I/V.
Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1545–68): eldest son of Philip II.
Charles of Hapsburg, Archduke of Austria (1540–90): third son of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, and nephew of Charles I/V. Suitor to both Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots.
Spanish and Imperial Ambassadors
Eustache Chapuys (1489–1556), ambassador to Henry VIII.
Juan Esteban, Duke of Najera (1504–58), ambassador to Henry VIII.
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, Count (later Duke) of Feria (1520–71): ambassador to Mary I and Elizabeth I. Married Jane Dormer (1538–1612), a maid-of-honor to Mary I.
Antonio de Guaras (1520–79), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Alvaro de Quadra, Bishop of Aquila (d.1564), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Simon Renard (1513–73), ambassador to Mary I.
Jehan Scheyfve (ca.1515–81), ambassador to Edward VI and Mary I.
Diego Guzman de Silva (ca.1520–77), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Guerau de Spes (1524–72), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Scottish Nobility
Cunningham
William Cunningham, 4th Earl of Glencairn (ca.1480–1548): ally of Lennox, with whom he later fell out.
Alexander Cunningham, 5th Earl of Glencairn (d.1574).
Douglas
Archibald “Bell-the-Cat” Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus (1449–1513): great-grandfather of Margaret Douglas.
George Douglas, Master of Angus (1469–1513): eldest son of Archibald “Bell-the-Cat” Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus. Grandfather of Margaret Douglas.
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (ca.1489–1557): son of George Douglas, Master of Angus, by Elizabeth Drummond. Father of Margaret Douglas. Married (1) Margaret Hepburn (d.1513); precontracted to Jane Stewart of Traquair; married (2) Margaret Tudor (1489–1541) and (3) Margaret Maxwell (d.1594).
Margaret Douglas (1515–78): daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, by Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, King of England, by Elizabeth of York.
James Douglas, Master of Angus (d. young 1548): son of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, by Margaret Maxwell. Half brother of Margaret Douglas.
George Douglas, Bishop of Moray (d.1589): bastard son of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
Sir George Douglas of Pittendreich (d.1552): second son of George Douglas, Master of Angus, and younger brother of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Uncle of Margaret Douglas.
William Douglas, Prior of Coldingham (ca.1495–1528): third son of George Douglas, Master of Angus, and younger brother of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Uncle of Margaret Douglas.
Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis (d.1537): daughter of George Douglas, Master of Angus, by Elizabeth Drummond, and sister of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Aunt of Margaret Douglas. Married John Lyon, 6th Lord Glamis (d.1528).
James Douglas, 7th Lord of Drumlanrig (d.1578): husband of Margaret Douglas, daughter of George Douglas, Master of Angus, by Elizabeth Drummond, and sister of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Uncle and aunt of Margaret Douglas.
David Douglas, 7th Earl of Angus (ca.1515–58): elder son of George Douglas of Pittendreich. First cousin of Margaret Douglas.
James Douglas, Master of Morton, later 4th Earl of Morton (ca.1516–81): younger son of George Douglas of Pittendreich. First cousin of Margaret Douglas. Regent of Scotland 1572–81.
Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus, 5th Earl of Morton (1555–88): son of David Douglas, 7th Earl of Angus. Second cousin of Margaret Douglas.
Sir Archibald Douglas, Laird of Glenbervie (1513–70): son of Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie (ca.1473–1513), second son of Archibald “Bell-the-Cat” Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus.
Sir Archibald Douglas, Laird of Kilspindie (ca.1475–ca.1536): fourth son of Archibald “Bell-the-Cat” Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus. Great-uncle of Margaret Douglas. Married Isobel Hoppar (b. ca.1490; d. after 1538), who served as waiting woman and possibly governess to Margaret Douglas.
Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas (ca.1540–ca.1587): from the Whittinghame branch of the Douglas family. Ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Erskine
John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar (d.1572): Regent of Scotland 1571–72.
Gordon
Katherine Gordon (ca.1474–1537): daughter of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, wife to the pretender Perkin Warbeck, and chief lady of the Princess Mary’s privy chamber.
George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514–62).
George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly (ca.1535–76): son of the 4th Earl.
John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland (1525–67): cousin of the Earls of Huntly. Married Lennox’s sister Helen. Margaret’s brother- and sister-in-law.
Hamilton
James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran (ca.1475–1529).
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (ca.1516–75): son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, Duke of Châtelherault, Regent of Scotland 1542–54.
James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran (ca.1532–1609): eldest son of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, Duke of Châtelherault.
Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley (1546–1621): younger son of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, Duke of Châtelherault.
John Hamilton, Archbishop of St. Andrews (1512–71): bastard son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran.
Hepburn
Margaret Hepburn (d.1513): daughter of Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell. First wife of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell. Mooted as a husband for Margaret Douglas.
James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, 1st Duke of Orkney (ca.1534–78): married (1) Jean Gordon (1546–1629) and (2) Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87).
Alexander Hepburn, Laird of Riccarton: cousin of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
Home
Alexander, 3rd Lord Home (d.1516): married Agnes Stewart.
Sir David Home of Wedderburn (1489–1524): from a cadet branch of the Home family. Married Alison Douglas, sister of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Uncle and aunt of Margaret Douglas.
Lennox Stewart/Stuart
John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox (1490–1526): father of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and father-in-law of Margaret Douglas.
Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516–71): eldest son of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox. Married Margaret Douglas (1515–78). The spelling of his surname was changed when he lived in France.
John Stuart, 5th Seigneur d’Aubigny (ca.1519–67): second son of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox. Brother of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and brother-in-law of Margaret Douglas.
Robert Stewart, Bishop of Caithness, 6th Earl of Lennox, 1st Earl of March (ca.1522–86): third son of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox. Brother of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and brother-in-law of Margaret Douglas.
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546–67): eldest surviving son of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, by Margaret Douglas. Married Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87). Parents of James VI and I, King of Scots and King of England (1566–1625).
Charles Stuart, 6th Earl of Lennox (1557–76): fourth surviving son of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, by Margaret Douglas. Married Elizabeth Cavendish (1555–82). Parents of Arbella Stuart (1575–1615).
James Stewart, Laird of Cardonald: distant cousin o
f Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox.
Maxwell
Robert, 5th Lord Maxwell (1493–1546): father-in-law of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
Robert, Master of Maxwell (d.1554): son of Robert, 5th Lord Maxwell, and brother-in-law of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
Margaret Maxwell (d.1594): daughter of Robert, 5th Lord Maxwell, third wife of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and stepmother of Margaret Douglas.
Melville
Sir Robert Melville, later 1st Lord Melville (1547–1621): brother of Sir James Meville, ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Ruthven
Patrick, 3rd Lord Ruthven (ca.1520–66): married Janet Douglas (d. ca.1552), bastard daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and half sister of Margaret Douglas.
William, 4th Lord Ruthven (ca.1541–84): son of Patrick, 3rd Lord Ruthven, and nephew of Margaret Douglas.
English Nobility
Boleyn
Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (ca.1477–1539): married Elizabeth Howard (ca.1480–1538), daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.
Mary Boleyn (ca.1498–1543): elder daughter of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, by Elizabeth Howard. Married William Carey (1496?–1528). Mistress of Henry VIII.
Anne Boleyn (ca.1501–36): younger daughter of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, by Elizabeth Howard. Second wife of King Henry VIII and mother of Queen Elizabeth I.
George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (ca.1503–36): son of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, by Elizabeth Howard. Married Jane Parker (d.1542).
Mary Shelton (ca.1510–ca.1571): daughter of Sir John Shelton by Anne Boleyn, sister of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire. Married Sir Anthony Heveningham (1507–57). Mistress of Henry VIII. Friend of Margaret Douglas. Sister of Thomas Shelton, a groom porter at the Tower of London.
Carey
Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon (1525–96): son of William Carey by Mary Boleyn.
Katherine Carey (1524–69): officially the daughter of William Carey by Mary Boleyn, but probably Mary’s bastard daughter by Henry VIII. Probably first cousin to Margaret Douglas. Married Sir Francis Knollys (1514?–96).
Dudley
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1504–53): Lord Admiral, Lord Great Chamberlain, Lord President of the Council. Ruler of England 1549–53 during the minority of Edward VI. Married Jane Guildford (ca.1508–55).
Lord Guildford Dudley (ca.1535–54): sixth son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. Married Lady Jane Grey (1536–54).
Lord Robert Dudley, later Earl of Leicester (ca.1532–88): fifth son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. Master of the Horse, Lord Steward of the Royal Household and Privy Councilor under Elizabeth I. Favorite of Elizabeth I. Married (1) Amy Robsart (1532–60) and (2) Lettice Knollys (1543–1634).
Robert Dudley, Lord Denbigh (1581–84): son of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, by Lettice Knollys.
Grey
William, 13th Lord Grey de Wilton (ca.1508–62): Governor of Berwick and Warden of the Marches toward Scotland.
Herbert
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (ca.1501–70).
Howard
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443–1524): son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (ca.1425–85). Married (1) Elizabeth Tilney (ca.1445–97) and (2) Agnes Tilney (ca.1477–1545).
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473–1554): son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Tilney. Married (1) Anne of York (1475–1511), daughter of Edward IV; and (2) Elizabeth Stafford (ca.1497–1558).
Lord Edmund Howard (ca.1478–1539): younger son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Tilney. Married Joyce Culpeper (ca.1480–1531).
Muriel Howard (ca.1485–1511): daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Tilney. Married Sir Thomas Knyvett. Mother of Sir Henry Knyvett (d. ca.1546).
Lord William Howard, later 1st Baron Howard of Effingham (ca.1510–73): eldest son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by Agnes Tilney. Married Margaret Gamage (d.1581).
Lord Thomas Howard (ca. 1511–37): second son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by Agnes Tilney. Precontracted to Margaret Douglas.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (ca. 1516–47): son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Stafford.
Mary Howard (1519–57): daughter of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Stafford. Married Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–36), bastard son of Henry VIII. Friend of Margaret Douglas.
Margaret Howard (ca.1515–71): daughter of Lord Edmund Howard by Joyce Culpeper. Married Sir Thomas Arundell (ca.1502–52).
Sir Charles Howard (d.1544?): son of Lord Edmund Howard by Joyce Culpeper.
Katherine Howard (ca.1519–42): daughter of Lord Edmund Howard by Joyce Culpeper. Married Henry VIII, King of England (1491–1547) as his fifth wife.
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (1536–72): son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Married (1) Mary Fitzalan (1540–57); (2) Margaret Audley (1540–64); and (3) Elizabeth Leyburne (1536–67).
Manners
Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (1526–63).
Neville
Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland (1525–64): adherent of Margaret Douglas.
Parr
William Parr, Marquess of Northampton (1513–71): brother of Queen Katherine Parr.
Percy
Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (1528–72).
Sackville
Sir Richard Sackville (ca.1507–66): son of Sir John Sackville by Margaret Boleyn. Married Winifred Bridges (d.1586).
Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, later 1st Earl of Dorset (1536–1608): son of Sir Richard Sackville by Winifred Bridges. Married Cicely Baker (1535–1615).
Anne Sackville (d.1595): daughter of Sir Richard Sackville by Winifred Bridges. Married Gregory Fiennes, 10th Lord Dacre (1539–94).
Seymour
Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Duke of Somerset (ca.1500–52): oldest surviving son of Sir John Seymour and brother of Queen Jane Seymour. Married (1) Katherine Fillol (ca.1507–ca.1535) and (2) Anne Stanhope (ca.1510–87). Lord Protector of England 1547–49 during the minority of Edward VI.
Jane Seymour (ca.1508–37): daughter of Sir John Seymour. Third wife of King Henry VIII and mother of King Edward VI.
Lord Thomas Seymour of Sudeley (ca.1508–49): fourth son of Sir John Seymour and brother of Queen Jane Seymour. Married Queen Katherine Parr (1512–48) after the death of King Henry VIII.
Edward Seymour, 2nd Earl of Hertford (1539–1621): son of Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Duke of Somerset. Married Lady Katherine Grey (1540–68).
Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp (1561–1612): elder son of Edward Seymour, 2nd Earl of Hertford, by Katherine Grey. Married Honora Rogers.
Thomas Seymour (1563–1619): younger son of Edward Seymour, 2nd Earl of Hertford, by Katherine Grey.
William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset (1588–1660): son of Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, by Honora Rogers. Married Arbella Stuart (1575–1615), granddaughter of Margaret Douglas.
Talbot and Cavendish
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury (1468–1538).
Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury (1500–60).
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury (1528–90): married Elizabeth (Bess of) Hardwick (ca.1527–1608). Custodian of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth (Bess of) Hardwick (ca.1527–1608): married (1) Robert Barley (d.1544); (2) Sir William Cavendish (ca.1505–57); (3) Sir William St. Loe (1518–65); and (4) George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury (1528–90).
Elizabeth Cavendish (1555–82): daughter of Sir William Cavendish by Elizabeth (Bess of) Hardwick. Married Charles Stuart, 6th Earl of Lennox (1557–76). Parents of Arbella Stuart (1575–1615).
Gilbert Talbot, later 7th Earl of Shrewsbury (1552–1616).
Wharton
; Thomas, 1st Lord Wharton (1495–1568): associate of Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox.
Philip, 3rd Lord Wharton (1555–1625): grandson of Thomas, 1st Lord Wharton.
Scottish Politicians
Sir James Balfour (ca.1525–83): judge and one of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation.
Cardinal David Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews (ca.1494–1546): Keeper of the Privy Seal. Committed to preserving Scotland’s alliance with France.
James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow (ca.1517–1603): loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots.
George Buchanan (1508–82): Protestant, humanist scholar, Moderator of the Church of Scotland and tutor to James VI.
Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange (ca.1520–73): Lord High Admiral of Scotland; Captain of Edinburgh Castle.
Sir William Maitland of Lethington (1525–73): Protestant reformer and Secretary of State.
David Rizzio (ca.1533–66): Italian-born French secretary to Mary, Queen of Scots.
John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (ca.1481–1536): grandson of King James II of Scots. Regent of Scotland during the minority of King James V.
Scottish Ambassadors
Sir James Melville (1535–1617), ambassador to Elizabeth I.
Sir Adam Otterbourne (d.1548), ambassador to Edward VI.
English Politicians
Sir Nicholas Bacon (1510–79): Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Elizabeth I.
Sir William Cecil, 1st Lord Burghley (1520–98): Lord Privy Seal, Secretary of State and Lord Treasurer under Elizabeth I. Married Mildred Cooke (1526–89).
Thomas, Lord Dacre of Gilsland (1467–1525): Warden General of the Marches toward Scotland.
Sir William Drury (1527–79): Marshal of Berwick and later Lord Justice of Ireland under Elizabeth I.
Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex (1485–1540): Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of the Rolls, Secretary of State, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Great Chamberlain under Henry VIII.
Sir Francis Jobson (ca.1509–73): Master of the Jewel House; Lieutenant of the Tower.