91. Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” pp. 518–19.
92. Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyr’s Square, p. 120.
93. Ibid., pp. 101–2; Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” pp. 518–19.
94. Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyr’s Square, p. 31.
95. Roxanne Euben, “Killing (for) Politics: Jihad, Martyrdom, Political Action,” Political Theory 30 (2002): 9, 49.
96. Judges 16:23–31.
97. John Milton, Samson Agonistes, lines 1710–11.
98. Ibid., lines 1721–24.
99. Ibid., lines 1754–55.
100. Asad, Suicide Bombing, pp. 74–75.
101. Ibid., p. 63.
102. Bourke, “Barbarisation vs. Civilisation,” p. 21.
103. Jacqueline Rose, “Deadly Embrace,” London Review of Books 26, no. 21 (November 4, 2004).
13 ♦ GLOBAL JIHAD
1.Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London, 2003), pp. 72–75; Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979 (Cambridge, UK, 2010), pp. 7–8, 40–42; Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), pp. 144–47; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9/11 (New York, 2006), pp. 95–101; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2005), pp. 128–31.
2. Abdullah Azzam, “The Last Will of ‘Abdallah Yusuf’ Azzam, Who Is Poor unto His Lord,” dictated April 20, 1986, at www.alribat.com, September 27, 2001; trans. amended by Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 130.
3. Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 75.
4. Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York and Toronto, 2012), p. 585.
5. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 137–40, 147–49; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 58–62; Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 58–60.
6. Abdullah Azzam, “Martyrs: The Building Blocks of Nations,” in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 129.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Azzam, “Last Will of ‘Abdullah Yusuf’ Azzam,” p. 130.
10. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Join the Caravan (Birmingham, UK, n.d.).
11. Wright, Looming Tower, pp. 96, 130.
12. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia. pp. 8–37, 229–33.
13. Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (Cairo, 2005), pp. 35, 194–96, 203–11, 221–24.
14. Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Oneonta, NY, 2002).
15. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 247–56; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 74.
16. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 57–59, 69–86; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 56–60; John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 106–10.
17. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 71, 70.
18. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 19–24.
19. Ibid., pp. 60–64.
20. Al-Quds al-Arabi, March, 20, 2005, quoted ibid., p. 61.
21. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
22. Ibid., p. 64.
23. Michael A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), pp. 154, 9, 29–52, 1–3.
24. Ibid., pp. 72–79, 117.
25. Chris Hedges, War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 9.
26. New York Times, October 18, 1995; Sells, Bridge Betrayed, p. 10.
27. S. Burg, “The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis,” in Milton Eshman and Shibley Telhami, eds., International Organization of Ethnic Conflict (Ithaca, NY, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York, 1995).
28. Thomas L. Friedman, “Allies,” New York Times, June 7, 1995.
29. Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 119–21.
30. Mahmoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York, 1999), p. 183.
31. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 223–26.
32. Cook, Understanding Islam, pp. 135–36; Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia, 2008), pp. 44–46; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 118–35.
33. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 229–30.
34. Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 7–8.
35. Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 14, 6, 8.
36. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 13–14.
37. Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 161–64; DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 276–77.
38. Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 21–22; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 175–76.
39. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 102–3.
40. Osama bin Laden, “Hunting the Enemy,” in Esposito, Unholy War, p. 24.
41. Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 163.
42. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 133–41.
43. Matthew Purdy and Lowell Bergman, “Where the Trail Led: Between Evidence and Suspicion; Unclear Danger: Inside the Lackawanna Terror Case,” New York Times, October 12, 2003.
44. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 150; Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, p. 81.
45. Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 136–41.
46. Abu Daud, Sunan (Beirut, 1988), 4:108 n. 4297, ibid., p. 137.
47. Quran 2:249; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 24–25.
48. Quran 2:194; communiqué from Qaidat al-Jihad, April 24, 2002; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 178.
49. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 81–82.
50. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 103–8.
51. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 59–60.
52. Ibid., pp. 28, 57.
53. Timothy McDermott, Perfect Soldiers: The 9/11 Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It (New York, 2005), p. 65.
54. Fraser Egerton, Jihad in the West: The Rise of Militant Salafism (Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 155–56.
55. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, p. 105.
56. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, UK, 1991), p. 53.
57. Bin Laden, “Hunting the Enemy,” p. 23.
58. Andrew Sullivan, “This Is a Religious War,” New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001.
59. Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 204.
60. Emmanuel Sivan, “The Crusades Described by Modern Arab Historiography,” Asian and African Studies 8 (1972).
61. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 104–5.
62. Two other copies were found: one in the car used by one of the hijackers before he boarded American Airlines Flight 77 in Washington, the other at the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania.
63. The translated text is found in Bruce Lincoln, Appendix A, “Final Instructions to the Hijackers of September, 11, Found in the Luggage of Muhammad Atta and Two Other Copies,” in Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11 , 2nd ed. (Chicago, 2006). See, for example, para. 10, p. 98; para. 24, p. 100; para. 30, p. 101.
64. “Final Instructions,” para. 1, p. 97.
65. In Cook, Understanding Jihad, 6, p. 196; Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 97.
66. Lincoln, Holy Terrors, pp. 98, 200, 201.
67. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 234 no. 37.
68. Quran 3:173–74, trans. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (Oxford, 2004).
69. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 198.
70. Ibid., p. 201.
71. Louis Atiyat Allah, “Moments Before the Crash, by the Lord of the 19” (January 22, 2003), in Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 203, 207.
72. “Osama bin Laden, Videotaped Address, October 7, 2001,” appendix C in Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p.106.
73. Hamid Mir, “Osama Claims He Has Nukes. If US Uses N. Arms It Will Get the Same Response,” Dawn, Internet ed., November 10, 2001.
74. Lincoln, Holy Terrors, pp. 106–7.
75. “George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, October 7, 2001,” Appendix B, ibid., p. 104.
76. Remarks by the president at the Islamic Center of Washington, D.C., September 17, 2001, http://usinfo.state.gov/islam/s091701b.htm.
77. Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 104.
78. Pau
l Rogers, “The Global War on Terror and Its Impact on the Conduct of War,” in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 188.
79. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 157. Cook comments: “Sadly, in the light of the revelations at the Abu Ghraib prison in the spring of 2004, this description is not as implausible as it should have been.”
80. Anthony Dworkin, “The Laws of War in the Age of Asymmetric Conflict,” in Kassimeris, Barbarisation of Warfare, pp. 220, 233.
81. Joanna Bourke, “Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War,” in Kassimeris, Barbarisation of Warfare, p. 37.
82. Dworkin, “Laws of War,” p. 220.
83. Rogers, “Global War on Terror,” p. 192.
84. Guardian, Datablog, April 12, 2013. The United Nations began to report statistics of civilian deaths in 2007.
85. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 136–37.
86. White House Press Release, “President Discusses the Future of Iraq,” February 26, 2003.
87. White House Press Release, “President Bush Saluting Veterans at White House Ceremony,” November 11, 2002.
88. Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 423–50.
89. Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib (Chicago and London, 2007), pp. 97–99.
90. Ibid., pp. 97–98.
91. Luke 4:18–19.
92. Lincoln, Religion, Empire, and Torture, pp. 101–7.
93. Susan Sontag, “What Have We Done?” Guardian, May 24, 2005.
94. Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, pp. 101–2.
95. Parsons, Rule of Empires, pp. 423–34.
96. Bashir, Friday Prayers, Umm al-Oura, Baghdad, June 11, 2004, quoted in Edward Coy, “Iraqis Put Contempt for Troops on Display,” Washington Post, June 12, 2004; Kassimeris, “Barbarisation of Warfare,” in Kassimeris, Barbarisation of Warfare, p. 16.
97. Rogers, “Global War on Terror,” pp. 193–94.
98. Dworkin, “Laws of War,” p. 253.
99. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 139–42.
100. Ibid., pp. 31–32.
101. Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, 2006), p. 164.
102. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 156–57, 159.
103. John L. Esposito and Dahlia Mogahed, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think; Based on Gallup’s World Poll—The Largest Study of Its Kind (New York, 2007), pp. 69–70.
104. Cited in Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, UK, 2007), p. 243.
105. Naureen Shah, “Time for the Truth About ‘Targeted Killings,’ ” Guardian, October 22, 2013.
106. Rafiq ur Rehman, “Please Tell Me, Mr President, Why a US Drone Assassinated My Mother,” Guardian, October 25, 2013.
AFTERWORD
1. Quran 29:46, to cite just one example.
2. Quran 22:40; trans. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (Oxford, 2004).
3. It is also due to the prevalence of Wahhabi ideas that have been promoted throughout the Muslim world with the tacit agreement of the United States.
4. John Fowles, The Magus, rev. ed. (London, 1987), p. 413.
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