Longworth, J.A., 206
Louis XI, 89
Louis XIV, 102, 167
Lushun (Port Arthur), 226, 231
Lutherans, 163
Lvov (Lviv), 140
Lysenko, Trofim, 279
Macedonia, 222
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 67, 90
Madagascar, 157
Magnitogorsk, 25 1
Magnus of Denmark, King, 104
Magnus the Good, 40
Maiko, Andrei Fedorovich, 75
Majlis, 223
Makarii, Metropolitan, 100
Malmovskii, General, 257
Mallory, J., 14
Malta, 188, 190
Malthus, Thomas, 227
Manchu government, 132
Manchuria, 226, 230
Mangazeia, 130—1
Mansi see Voguls, 273
Manstem, Field Marshal von, 257, 258, 262
Mansur Usherma, Sheikh, 180
Mao Zedong, 267, 270
Maria Theresa of Austria, 178
Maria of Tver, 70
Marina (wife of Dmitrii the Pretender no. 1), 121, 122, 126
Maris see Cheremis
Maritime Province, 225, 226
Marselis brothers, 146
Marselius of Hamburg, 90
Marshall Aid programme, 266-7
Marx, Karl (Marxism), 228-9, 239, 261, 271, 278
Mary I, Queen of England, 89
Maskhadov, Asian, 309
Masurian Marshes, 154
Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 77
Matveyev, Boyar Artamon, 146, 147
Maximilian, Archduke, 77
Maximilian, Emperor, 76, 84-5
Maximilian II, 94, 104
Mazepa, Ivan, 155, 156, 157, 162-3
Mazurian, 9
Mecklenberg-Schwerin, Duke of, 156
Medici, Lorenzo de, 67, 89
Mediterranean, 1, 22, 23, 157, 166, 168, 172, 188, 269
Medvedev, Roy, 305
Mekhlis, Lev, 256-7, 257
Mengli-Girei (Crimean Khan), 79
Merv, 222
Meshed, 174
Metternich, Prince Clemens, 196
Michael, Tsar, 133, 134, 135-7
Midas, King of Phrygia, 17
Middle East, 17, 208, 270, 278
Middle Kazakh Horde, 175
Mikhail, Grand Duke, 233, 236
Mikhail, Grand Prince of Tver, 73, 74
Milan, 76
Milev, L., 17
Minin, Kuzma, 125
Ministry of Finance see Government Departments
Ministry for War see Government Departments
Minsk, 297
Mirza Din-Ahmed, 93
missionaries, 22, 36, 39-40, 80
Mitaev, AH, 243
Mithridates, King of Pontus, 17
Mniszech, Jerzy, 118, 119
Mogilev, 154
Moldavia, 157, 192, 276
Moldova, 317
Molotov, Viacheslav, 246, 263
monastic movement: and attraction of political centres, 61; boom in, 50; as colonization movement, 60—1; and land ownership, 61; origins, 59-60; popularity of wilderness monasteries, 60
Mongolia, 270, 321
Mongols, 45-7, 70, 134, 176, 179, 319; see
also Tatars
Montenegro, 221
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,
Baron de la Brède et de, 322
Mordv, 48, 187
Moscow, Grand Principality of Muscovy, 44, 171, 241, 269, 297, 325; ascendancy
of, 319; attacks on, 62-5, 66, 104, 121, 122; bubonic plague in, 141—2; occupied by Napoleon, 193-5; as capital of Soviet Union, 244; copper riot in, 143; expansionist policy, 112; loyalty of provincial nationality elites to, 245; origins, 48; power of, 67, 68; and princely strife, 49; railway connections, 213—14; reasons for growth, 52-3; Red Square, 119-20; Russia’s relationship with the Cossacks, 95; relative importance of, 51, 52-3; sacked by Tatars, 60; as seat of Russian Orthodox Church, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; taxation riots in, 139; territorial expansion, 69-74, 80; as ‘Third Rome’, 1, 85; threatened by Nazis,
255, 256; see also Vladimir-Moscow
Moscow Province, 187
Mozambique, 278
Mozhaisk, 65
Muhammed-Amin, 79
Munich Agreement (1938), 253
Miinnich, Marshal, 172
Muravev-Amurskii, Count N.N., 217
Murid creed, 203
Murmansk, 238, 254
Muscovy, Grand Principality of Moscow, 53, 319—20; apanage system in, 61-2, 80; central/local government, 91; crisis in, 99-106; development of, 65-7; domestic policies, 109; economic disasters, 115-17; and emergence of imperialism, 87—107; and extension/strengthening of government authority, 70—4; foreign relations of, 74-8; foundation of, 55; implication of conquest, 95—7; innovations and changes, 87—8; legacy of, 126—7; and military development, 78—9; Moscow as new power base, 50; piety in, 57—61; political fractiousness in, 67; political upheavals in, 117-26; princely rise in, 53-5; regional policies, 110—11; religious problems and concerns, 62, 64, 82-3, 89-90, 108-9, 113-14; struggles against restive neighbours, 62-5; Tatar power in, 48—51; teritorial/imperial expansion, 68-70, 81, 91-4, 97-8, 112-13; see also Moscow; Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of
Musketeer Office (Posolskii prikaz), 109
Muslims see Islam
Mussorgsky, Modest, 112
Muster Office (Razriad), 73, 148
Nadir Shah, 174
Nagoi family, 112, 114, 115, 118
Nagorno-Karabakh, 286
Nakhichevan, 204
Napoleon Bonaparte, 188, 190, 192-5, 198
Narva, 81, 98, 153, 154, 156
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 278
NATO, 269, 276, 277, 294, 307, 308, 313, 314, 315, 317, 321, 324
navy, 151—2, 164, 166, 209; armed rising in, 240; base in Adriatic, 270; base in the Crimea, 180; foreign influence on, 172; neglect of, 171-2; successes, 172
Nazis, 259, 265, 266, 298
Nehru, Pandit, 269
Nelson, Horatio, 209
Nemirov, Ambassador, 170
Nerl river, 44
Neva river, 45, 151, 153, 176
New Russia (Novorossiia), 181, 193, 198
Nganasans, 176
Nicholas I, 196, 204, 211, 225
Nicholas II, 224, 225, 231, 320; character faults, 232-3; incompetence of, 235-6
Nikon Chronicle, 90
Nizhnii-Novgorod, 60, 62, 125, 213-14,
251 Nkrumah, Kwame, 278
NKVD (principle Soviet secret police force), 267
Nogai Tatars, 75, 84, 92, 179-80
Nogais, 145
North Cape, 97
North Korea, 278
North Vietnam, 270, 278
Northern Alliance, 314
Northern Dvina, 63
Novgorod, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 38, 41, 47, 55, 62, 65, 69, 72-3, 80, 148; capture of, 124; expansion of, 44; and the oprichnina, 103-4; relative importance of, 52-3; Tatar census of, 49;
untouched by Tatars, 57
Novgorod-Seversk, 118
Novo-Pavlovsk, 171
Novorossiisk, 210
Novosiltsov, N. N., 197-8
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 277
Nystad, Treaty of 156
Ob river, 69, 280
Obruchev, Nikolai, 229-30
Ochakov, 171
Oder river, 262
Odessa, 204-5
Odyssey, 17
Okhotsk, 161, 162
Old Ladoga, 23
Oleg (grandson of Riurik), 29, 30
Oleg (son of Vladimir Monomakh), 43
Olga/Helen (widow of Igor), 27, 31, 32, 34-7
Olgerd of Lithuania, 55, 56
Oliphant, Laurence, 209
Onega, Lake, 156
Opium Wars (1840-2), 209
Ordyn-Nashchokin, Afanasii, 147
Orel, 144
Orenburg, 159—60, 173-6, 244
Orient, 19, 23, 27, 4
4, 47, 226
Orthodox Church, 319; and conversion/Christianization under Grand Prince Vladimir, 38-40; established in Moscow, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; finances of, 126; increased authority of, 109; independence of, 66, 109; and judaizer ‘heresy’, 82; missionary campaigns, 187; monastic foundations, 59—61; no official existence in Lithuania, 113; opposition to the oprichnina, 103; persecution of, 178; in Poland, 183; and prospect of Latinization, 123—4; as refuge for peasants, 60; relationship with Ivan the Terrible, 99-101; relationship with the Papacy, 62, 64; relationship with princes, 62, 66; role/wealth of, 49; in Serbia, 204; support for, 114; in Ukraine, 143
Ossetia, Ossetians, 94, 191, 317, 325
Ostermann, Andrei, 169-70
Ostiaks (Khanty), 69, 96, 273
Ostroumov, N., 216
Ostrozhsky, Prince Konstantin, 113-14
Otrepev, Grigorii, 118
Ottoman Empire, 95, 99, 108, 143, 170, 179, 204, 206, 210, 221, 320
Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turks, 64, 70, 94, 168, 187-8, 189, 205, 221
Pacific, 1, 4, 97, 151, 160, 162, 168, 208
Pakistan, 269, 278, 326
Pale of Settlement, 181
Paleologue family/dynasty, 70-1
Pallas, Peter, 200, 201
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 206
Pamir mountains, 222
pan-Slavism, 219-20, 222
Panin, Count Nikita, 179
Panjshir mountains, 279
Papacy see Catholic Church/Papacy
Paskevich, General Ivan, 204
Passchendaele, 235
Patrikeev, Prince I. Iu., 66
Paul, Emperor, 177, 188
Paul II, Pope, 71
Paul V, Pope, 123
Paulus, General Friedrich von, 258
Pavlov, General D., 253, 256
Pearl Harbor, 257
Pechenegs, 29, 38, 46
Pelym, 110
Penza, 198
Pereiaslav, 44, 46, 140
Pereiaslavets, 37
Pereiaslav-Zalesskii, 51
Perekop, 171, 178
Perm, 124
Pernau, 156
Perovskaia, Sofia, 228
Persia see Iran
Persia, Shah of, 223
Perun (pagan god of thunder), 38, 39
Petelin, Druzhina Foma, 111
Peter I (Peter the Great), 4, 168-9, 321; accession, 151; Balkan expedition, 157—8; and building of St Petersburg, 150, 157; campaigns of, 151—2; Central Asian ambitions, 158—60; childhood, 151; distrust of Ukrainian Cossack elite, 162—3; expansionist policies, 150—1, 163-6, 168; female successors to, 169; as joint ruler with his brother, 146, 147, 151; mythic status of, 150-1; political liaisons, 156—7; and Siberia, 160—2; war with Sweden 152-6
Peter II, 169
Peter III, 169
Petitions Office, 148
Petr, Metropolitan of Kiev, 50, 54, 56
Philotheus (Filofei) of Pskov, 85
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 63
Phrygia, 17
Pimen, Metropolitan, 103
Pizarro, Francisco, 89
plague, 141—2, 171
Plettenberg, Walter von, 81
Pleven, 222
Plovdiv, 222
Poland, Poles, 1, 6, 9, 15, 77, 85, 121, 124, 125, 146, 166, 169, 170, 183, 231, 234, 265, 269, 276, 294, 295, 298, 325; as catalyst for Russian recovery, 123-6; ceding of territory to Russia, 147; economic problems in, 285; erased from the map of Europe, 168; German invasion of, 254; hostility towards, 94; insurrection in, 2—18; loss of, 190; nationalism in, 275; partition of, 178-9, 182-4; possible truce with, 85; attempted Russification of, 218-19; Solidarity movement in, 284; transition to freedom, 290; treaty with, 128, 148; and union with Lithuania, 103; uprisings in, 196—7; war with, 122—6, 128, 136, 137, 138-45
Poland-Lithuania, 66, 70, 79, 80, 98, 101, 108
Poliane, 20, 22
Polotsk, 41
Polovtsians, 42
Poltava, 155, 156
Poppel, Nicholas, 77
population, 43-4, 48, 49, 96, 283; additions to, 217; census data, 248, 253; decline in, 312, 315; drift north and east, 48, 52; ethnic/linguistic configurations, 272—4; genetic studies, 6, 8-10; increase in, 61, 105, no, 165, 177, 208, 214, 226-8, 324; migrations, 9-10, 58, 117, 130; mix, 164, 187; mortality rates, 248—50, 304; nomads, 17—18; physiological characteristics, 9; as rural-based, 246; size of, 129, 161
Port Arthur, 230-1
Portugal, 157
Potemkin, Prince Grigorii, 181, 191
Potsdam (1945), 263, 266
Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii, 125
Prague, 220, 262, 291, 292
‘Prague Spring’, 275
Preservation of Civil Rights (1722), 161
Presniakov, A.E., 67
Primakov, Yevgeny, 311, 312, 313
printing, 87, 114
printing office, 147-8
Pripet Marshes, 9
Prokofiev, Sergei, 246
pronoia/pomestie system, 73
proto-Russians, 18-19, 25
Provisional Government, 236-7
Prussia, 169, 178, 183, 208
Pruth river, 158
Pskov, 44, 53, 55, 62, 65, 68, 72, 81, 84, 116
Pugachev, Ye., 185
Pushkin, Aleksandr, 112, 165, 196-7
Putin, Vladimir, 311, 313, 326; domestic and foreign policies, 314-18; as interim President, 313—15; managed democracy under, 316-17; popularity of, 314
Putivl, 118
Radio Free Europe, 268
railways, 213-14, 222-5, 231
Rasht, 174
Rasputin, Grigorii, 233, 236
Ratzinger, Cardinal, 308
Razin, Stepan, 200
Reagan, Ronald, 282, 284
Red Army, 240, 244, 254; hardware/capacity, 253; see also army; Second World War; White army
Renfrew, Sir Colin, 14
Repnin, Mikhail, 100, 101
Reval, 98, 156
Rhalli family (Byzantine migrants to Russia), 75
Riazan, 65, 78
Richelieu, Due de, 205
Riga, 98, 104, 142, 156, 178, 219
Riurik the Viking, 2, 4, 28, 29, 39
Riurik’s town see Kiev
Rokossovskii, Marshal K.K., 257
Roman Empire, later see Byzantine Empire
Roman, Prince of Volhynia, 45
Romania, Romanians, 157, 181, 219, 221, 222, 253, 255, 263, 264, 265, 275, 277, 283, 292, 310
Romanov Empire, 320; disintegration of, 1; as epitome of power and aggression, 1; establishment of, 1; expansion of, 1, 168-9; see also named Tsars eg. Alexander I; Alexis; Catherine II (Catherine the Great); Nicholas I; Peter I (Peter the Great) etc. Romanov, Boyar Fedor Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow, 122, 123, 126
Romanov, Tsar Michael, 126
Romanov family, 114, 115, 126, 157
Rome, 27; see also Catholic Church/Papacy
Rondeau, Claudius, 168
Rostov, 44, 58, 60
Rostov-on-Don, 251, 257
Rublev, Andrei (painter), 50
Russia: advance halted, 210; advantages of, 324-6; anti-revolutionary stance of, 208; authoritarian measures in, 315-16; change of regime in, 312-15; civil wars, 1, 117-23, 238-9; clash with Chechens, 306-9, 313; and cost of transition to democracy, 304-6; and democracy, 322; early chroniclers of, 2, 5; economic improvements in, 322-3; effect of climate and landscape on, 322; emergence of state, 25-6; foreign interest in its distress, 124-5; foreign view of, 177; and free market policies, 302-4; imperial collapse, 1; international alliances, 231; international standing of, 306-7; invasion of, 1; Islamic links, 51; loss of European predominance, 222; managed democracy in, 316-17; Poland as catalyst for recovery, 123-6; political coherence of, 53-7; power of, 321-2; Presidential campaigns in, 309—10; prospects for, 323—6; recognised as European power, 146; recovery/revival of, 1-2, 50-1, 128-49, 317-18; and rise of provincial nationalism, 219; ruble crisis in, 311—12; social/industrial problems, 227-8
; status of, 323; Tatar exploitation of, 49—50; territorial reductions, 302, 321; and terrorism, 231, 314, 317; as threat to British interests, 205-8; and treaty of ‘eternal peace’, 128; use of imperial symbol, 304-5; vulnerability of, 322
Russia Company, 174
Russian imperialism: and adoption of double-headed eagle, 3, 75, 87, 220-1; development of, 4, 68-70; and dilemma of devolvement or centralization of power, 197-9; expansion of, 169-70; and foreign policy, 74-8; language issues, 218-21; origins of, 2-3; phoenix-like nature of, 2; reversal in, 212-13; Russification policies, 184-5, 218-21; spread of 204—5; and territorial acquisition, 71-4; understanding of, 2; see also empire building
Russian Revolution, 238, 254; events leading up to, 233—7
Russia-America Company, 188
Russians, 24, 46; ancestors of, 10; character of, 21; European by descent, 5-6; identity, patriotism and nationalism, 86, 127, 247, 259; intermarriage of, 25; prejudice against blacks, 25; shaped by climate and ecology, 25; and shaving of beards, 85-6; tolerance of strangers, 25; and trade with the Vikings, 24-5
Russification policy: application of, 186—7; counter-productivity of, 218—19; a n d language issues, 183, 219—20; and nationalist movements, 219-21; and Poland, 184, 218-19; and regional administration, 184—5; and Ukraine, 184-5; a n d uniform centralism, 184; and Volga region, 186—7; see also foreign relations
Russo-Japanese War (1904), 1, 230-1
Russo-Persian Treaty (1827), 204
Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 305
Sachs, Jeremy, 295, 302
Safavid dynasty, 160
St Gabriel (ship), 162
St Petersburg, 150, 171, 172, 191, 197, 311; Academy of Sciences, 175; attitude towards Poland, 218; and control of Kazakhs, 160; creation of, 157; and killing of peaceful demonstrators in, 231, 233; New Year’s Day (1740) spectacle, 176; origin/development of, 153-4; railway connections, 213—14; Winter Palace, 231, 233; see also Leningrad
St Petersburg Council (Soviet) of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 236
Saint-Cyr, General, 193
Sakhalin, 161, 225, 263
Salang Pass, 279
Samarkand, 222
Sarai, 46, 48, 50, 54
Sarajevo, 3 13
Saratov, 110 , 182
Sarkel, 22
Sarmatians, 18
Sarts, 217
Saudi Arabia, 307
Scandinavia, 27
Schalk, Colonel Gottlieb von, 137
Schlitte, Hans, 90
Schonberg, Nicholas, 85
Scythians, 17—18
Sea of Azov, 37, 205
Sea of Okhotsk, 161
Second Turkish War (1787-92), 185, 187-8
Second World War, 2, 8, 253-60, 261, 262-3, 274, 279
Secret Police sec Cheka; Federal Security
Service (FSB); KGB; NKVD
Selim II, Sultan, 95
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