Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

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Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris Page 121

by Kershaw, Ian


  Starnberg, Lake, 276

  Stefanie, 22, 44, 352

  Stein, Franz, 58

  Steinen, Marlis, xiii

  Stempfle, Pater Bernhard, 242, 515–16

  Stenglein, Ludwig, 236–7, 239

  Stennes, Walter, 347, 349, 350, 351, 396, 401

  sterilization: of certain categories of ‘degenerates’, 79; of the hereditarily sick, 411; of inferior races, 50; sterilization law, 486–7, 488

  Steyr, Realschule, 19

  Stöhr, Franz, 297

  Stolzing-Cerny (music critic), 242

  Stoétrupp Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler Assault Squad), 279

  Strasser brothers, 325, 326

  Strasser, Gregor, 266, 327, 339, 359, 370, 513, 519, 546; antisemitism, 270, 560; at Berchtesgaden, 283; breaks with Otto, 328, 397; and Dinter’s expulsion, 298–9; edits Berliner Arbeiter-Zeitung, 296; favours a more ‘socialist’ emphasis, 271; and Goebbels, 396, 398–9, 402; and Göring, 398; on H, 341, 342, 343; H suspicious of, 385, 398–9; and the Heil Hitler greeting, 294; Himmler as secretary to, 301; hopes to replace the Programme of 1920, 273; joins the DVFP, 226–7; loses his place in H’s inner circle, 398; and Mein Kampf, 241; murdered, 402, 515, 743n.; and the NSDAP’s programme, 322; organizational leadership, 270, 300, 303–4, 396, 397, 403, 404, 538; personality, 270, 273; Propaganda Leader of the NSDAP, 276, 300; racism, 397; Reich Leadership of the NSFP, 232, 233; Reichstag deputy, 303; resignation of all his party offices, 396, 397, 399–400, 402; Schleicher’s overtures to, 395, 396, 399; and the structure of the NSDAP, 255, 261, 270; tactical differences with H, 397–8; turned into arch-traitor, 401; and the unions, 398; and the Völkischer Block, 233, 234; and the Working Community, 273–4, 275–6; and Zentrum, 717n.

  Strasser, Otto, 241, 242, 310, 325–9,

  335, 337, 346, 350, 352, 396, 397, 515, 619n, 683n.; Hitler und ich, 697n.

  Straubing, Lower Bavaria, 472

  Strausberg, 483

  Strauß, Johann, 42

  Strauß, Richard, 480

  Streicher, Julius, 225, 226, 263, 267, 270, 272, 559, 680n.; antisemitism, 179, 208, 472, 563–4; appearance, 179; arrested after the putsch attempt, 211; bullying style, 233; in charge of NSDAP organization and propaganda, 208–9; and counter-boycott of Jewish stores, 473, 474; a founder member of the German-Socialist Party, 179; Goebbels makes his peace with, 276; and the GVG, 226, 233, 234; H criticizes, 232; H’s gratitude to, 179; power-struggle with Kellerbauer, 179–80; Strasser and, 234, 270; supporters, 264; transfers his Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft (Nuremberg branch) to the NSDAP, 178–9

  Stresa Front, 555, 558, 580, 583

  Stresemann, Gustav, 310, 490, 492, 494; death, 311, 323; and the German economy, 306, 307; ‘grand coalition’, 201; as Reich Chancellor, 200, 257

  Strones, Waldviertel, Austria, 3

  Stuck, Franz von, 615n.

  Stuckart, Wilhelm, 567, 571

  student unions, 79

  Stülpnagel, Otto, 728n.

  Stumpergasse, 31, Vienna, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47, 48, 615n.

  ‘Sturm’ cigarettes, 348

  Der Stürmer, 179, 560, 564, 566

  Stuttgart, 362

  Styria, 8

  Sudetenland: German Radical Party based in, 55; Volksdeutsche in, 248

  Sutzken, East Prussia, 484

  Swabia, 202, 212

  swastika: the Bremen incident, 569; List and, 50; New Templar Order and, 50; and the NSDAP banner, 147; as part of the Nazi image, 320

  Switzerland, 572

  Tägliche Rundschau, 414

  Tannenberg Memorial, East Prussia, 526

  Tannenbergbund, 269

  ‘Tat Circle’, 397, 398, 414

  Die Tat, 482, 716n.

  Tenner, Oberregierrungsrat Friedrich, 235–6

  Terboven, Gauleiter, 512

  Teutoburger Wald, 77

  Thälmann, Ernst, 269, 334, 362, 363

  Theisenort, 479

  Thierschstraße 41, Munich, 158, 159, 160, 206, 239, 342

  Third Reich: agrarian policy, 446–7; Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 556–8; conflict with Italy over Austria, 555, 583; defensive weakness, 542; Diplomatic Corps, 567; diplomatic isolation, 542, 543, 553, 580; economy, 446–52, 507, 576–80; emergency decree, 459, 460, 463; and the First World War, 80; food crisis, 577–81, 581; Foreign Ministry, 551, 566, 572, 582; Foreign Office, 501, 531, 543, 548, 556, 557, 584, 589, 739n.; foreign policy, 441, 490–94, 527, 531, 542–58; four-year plans, 440, 446, 539, 763n.; ‘guidelines for action’, 244; Ministry of Economics, 537, 572; Ministry of the Interior, 567, 569, 571, 572; Ministry of Justice, 564, 569; Ministry of Labour, 476, 537, 581; moral indifference to violence, 170; and ‘national community’, 332; near deification of H, 260; non-aggression pact with Poland (1934), 494, 543–4; plebiscites, 493, 495, 524, 526, 546–7, 559, 560; rearmament, 443–6, 449, 450, 491, 492, 493, 521, 542, 543, 548, 549, 551, 552, 555, 556, 565, 576, 578–81; Reich Flag, 567; Reichsrat, 467; Reichstag, 435, 438, 439, 461, 464–8, 492, 493, 494, 518, 519, 555, 564, 567, 568, 569, 586, 587; Reichstag elections, 439, 447, 452, 456, 461–2, 493, 494, 495, 586, 590–91; reordering of German cultural life, 480–81; and the Second Reich, 73, 75; strikes, 762–3n.; wages, 576; Wagner and, 617n.; War Ministry, 580

  Thule-Gesellschaft, 113, 138–9

  Thüringer Wald, 319

  Thuringia, 201, 210, 265, 298, 300, 319–20, 322, 396, 708n.

  Thuringian Gau, 510

  Thyssen, Fritz, 190, 310, 356, 357, 358, 359, 392

  Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 556

  Todt, Fritz, 451, 452

  Toller, Ernst, 98, 113, 118, 336

  Torgler, Ernst, 385

  trade unionism, 53, 58, 61, 196, 272, 286, 379, 395, 398, 405, 435, 448, 475–6, 738n.;see also ADGΒ

  Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp, Bavaria, 110, 116–17, 120

  Trautenau, 135

  Travemünde, 494

  Treblinka, 434

  Treitschke, Heinrich von, 76, 240

  Treviranus, Reich Minister, 339

  Triumph of the Will, 526

  Troeltsch, Ernst, 171–2

  Trotsky, Leon, 84

  Trustees of Labour, 537, 578

  Tschirschky und Boegendorff, Fritz Günther von, 512, 743n.

  Tubeuf, Major von, 96

  Tucholsky, Kurt, 482

  The Tunnel, 624n.

  UFA film company, 310

  Uffing, 211

  unemployment, 202, 305, 306, 317, 318, 323, 355, 369, 404–5, 433, 444, 451, 467, 503, 504, 507–8, 574, 581, 731n.

  Union of Revolutionary National Socialists, 328–9

  United Racist-Ethnic Associations see Vereinigte Völkische Verbände

  United States of America (USA): as the economic model for Germany, 258; economic power of, 292; and the eugenics movement, 79; and the Rhineland, 589; short-term loans to Germany, 306, 307, 318; survival of democracy, 317, 318

  United Steel Works, 356

  universal male suffrage, 33, 36

  University of Jena, 319

  University of Marburg, 509

  Unternehmen Reichsautobahnen (Enterprise Reich Motorways), 452

  Untersberg, 282

  Upper Bavaria, 212, 303

  Upper Franconia, 329, 479, 672n.

  Upper Silesia, 172, 444, 484

  upper classes, and the SPD, 76

  upper-middle class, in the NSDAP, 190

  Urfahr, Linz, 23, 25, 26, 39, 614n.

  USPD, 99, 112, 113, 118, 651n.

  V-Men (V-Leute, V-Männer), 122, 123, 126

  Vahlen, Theodor, 272

  ‘value of personality’, 289

  van der Lubbe, Marinus, 456–7, 458

  Vaterländische Vereine Münchens (VVM, Patriotic Associations of Munich), 172

  Vatican, 487, 488

  VB see Völkischer Beobachter

  Venice, 510, 523

  Verdi, Giuseppe, 42

  Vereine (clubs and associations), 321

  Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände (United Patr
iotic Associations), 310

  Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände Bayerns (VVVB; United Patriotic Associations of Bavaria), 177, 662n.

  Versailles Treaty (1919), 136, 145, 148, 150, 153, 155, 174, 246, 257, 307, 310, 316, 330, 424, 441, 443, 491, 542, 543, 546, 549–52, 556, 558, 574, 580–83, 587, 589, 590

  Vertrauensräte see‘Councils of Trust’

  Veterans’ Association, 479

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 180

  Vienna, 22, 81; antisemitism in 31, 32, 65, 66; Brigittenau, 32, 621n.; Burgtheater, 41; Central Cemetery, 354; Court Museum, 22; Court Opera, 23, 37, 39, 42, 43; described, 30–31; growth of, 31; gutter press, 31; H leaves for Munich (1913), 29, 68–9; H lives rough, 52; H moves to (1908), 36–7; H sells paintings in, 53, 54–5; Hof Library, 41; Hofburg, 32, 40; Hofoper, 42; housing problems, 40; H’s father’s employment, 5; H’s financial situation, 46–8; H’s first trip (1906), 22–3; H’s hatred for, 15, 32, 49, 68, 81; H’s indolent lifestyle, 25–6, 38, 39, 48, 534; H’s lack of sexual experience in, 44; H’s ‘projects’, 39–41; influence on H, 26, 29, 30; Jewish population, 31–2, 61; Kubizek starts his music studies, 37–8; Leopoldstadt, 32; Men’s Home, Meldemannstraße, 44, 51, 54–9, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 85, 132, 352, 616n., 619n., 620n., 623n.; Papen as German ambassador, 524; Parliament, 40; as a political and social melting pot, 26; Popular Opera House, 42; prostitution, 31, 44, 46; the question of H’s antisemitism in 61–7; Rathaus, 40; Reichsrat, 36, 61; Ringstraée, 23, 40; St Maria am Gestade church, 38; St Stephen’s cathedral, 37–8; Schönbrunn Palace, 32, 38; Schönerer’s bill to block Jewish immigration into, 34; and Social Democracy, 35, 36; worker demonstrations against inflation (1911), 626n.

  Vienna Conservatoire, 38, 39, 48

  Vienna Sezession, 31, 40

  Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, 20, 23–4, 26, 37, 38, 39, 43, 48, 54, 57

  Vier Jahreszeiten hotel, Munich, 139

  Vilsbiburg, Lower Bavaria, 292

  Vimy, Flanders, 95

  Vögler, Albert, 393

  Volck, Dr Adalbert, 230, 232, 272

  Volk, 136, 332, 364

  Volksdeutsche, 248

  völkisch movement, 148, 150, 239; adulation of H, 131–2; demonstration while H in prison, 217–18; divided, 29, 212, 223, 224, 225, 233, 251, 263, 265, 266, 269, 277, 294; electoral participation, 227, 228, 229, 234; and Frontbann, 231; hatred of the Bolshevik/‘Marxist’ Left, 115; H’s claim to supremacy, 142, 253; H’s pre-eminence, 142, 223, 236, 253, 263; H’s scorn for völkisch sects, 51–2; ideology, 133, 135, 137, 138, 150; internal squabbles, 169; loses its figurehead, 269; mass audience v. inner circle, 143; Münchner Beobachter, 139; speakers’ repertoire, 150; twelve-point programme, 647n.

  Völkischer Beobachter (VB), 139, 146, 155–6, 157, 159, 160, 165, 183, 189, 190, 201, 206, 225, 226, 242, 263, 265, 288, 293, 298, 318, 349, 350, 360, 362, 383, 389, 401–2, 451, 459, 516, 693n., 694n.

  Völkischer Block, 212, 228, 233, 234, 267, 303, 672n., 681n.

  Volksgemeinschaft,see‘national community’

  Volunteer Associations, 170

  Wachenfeld, Frau, 283

  Waffen-SS, 119, 545

  Wagener, Otto, 341, 342, 348, 398

  Wagner, Adolf, 462, 513, 562, 565, 568, 569

  Wagner, Cosima, 660n.

  Wagner, Dr Gerhard, 564, 567, 571

  Wagner, Otto, 31, 40, 341

  Wagner, Richard, 188, 252; and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 629n.; H’s admiration for, 21, 55, 184, 251; H’s drama and opera ‘projects’, 39–40; music transforms H’s mood, 261; the Wagner cult, 43; Wagnerian themes, 43; The Flying Dutchman, 23; Götterdämmerung, 617n.; Lohengrin, 21–2, 42; Rienzi, 610n.; Tristan und Isolde, 23, 47, 261, 370, 617n.; Wieland the Smith (sketch), 40

  Wagner, Siegfried, 189, 685n.

  Wagner, Winifred, 189, 310, 352, 610n., 685n., 755n.

  Wagner family, 188–9

  Wahrmund, Adolf, 151

  Waldviertel, Lower Austria, 3, 33, 37, 48, 55

  Wall Street Crash, 307, 309, 318

  Walter, Bruno, 480

  Warmbold, Hermann, 370

  Watzmann (mountain), 282

  Weber, Christian, 158, 159, 178, 675n.

  Weber, Dr Friedrich, 204–5, 216, 236, 237, 238

  Weber, Max, xiii

  Wedekind, Frank, 81; Frühlings Erwachen (Spring Awakening), 46

  Wehrmacht, 505, 741n.; conscription, 742n.; first on show at a Nuremberg Rally, 567; H declares his faith in, 546; and intermarriage, 564; the new, 551

  Weill, Kurt, 480

  Weimar: antisemitism, 307; conferences, 232, 233; as Germany’s literary capital, 307; Party Rally (July 1926), 278–9, 280, 282, 288, 298; völkisch nationalism, 307

  Weimar Republic, 286, 322, 407, 453, 480; alienation of middle-class youth, 408; Constitution (1919), 324, 338, 349, 372, 384, 385, 386, 417, 418, 421, 422, 423, 435, 439, 459, 462, 525, 670n.; crisis-ridden nature of, 181, 295, 331, 358, 379, 435; culture, 258, 306; democracy, 73–4, 137, 169, 259, 269, 306, 307, 309, 317, 360, 693n.; deteriorating relations with Russia, 544; disintegration of, 358; dislike of, 316, 321, 355, 406; DVP attacks the welfare-state, 323; end of, 434; ‘golden years’, 257–8, 302, 306, 307, 317; H pillories the Weimar system, 330, 335, 339; Kahr and, 159; putsch attempt see Putsch attempt; rift within the working-class movement, 111–12; self-destructiveness, 322–3; start of, 102; vote of no confidence in the government, 385–6; wages, 576

  Weitra, 5, 7

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 554

  Wels, Otto, 468, 476, 477

  Weltbühne, 331, 336

  Weltpolitik, 79, 248

  Wendt, Hans Friedrich, 337

  Wervick, 97

  Weser-Ems, 303

  Wessel, Horst, 325–6, 697n., 722n.

  Westarp, Graf, 323

  Westenkirchner, Ignaz, 95, 636n.

  Western League (Abendländischer Bund), 164

  Westphalia, 264

  White Book (British Government), 549

  Wiedemann, Fritz, 91, 534, 535, 536, 560, 578, 591, 635n., 637n.

  Wiener Tagblatt, 616n.

  Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 544

  Wikingbund, 172, 193, 197

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 556, 567; abdication, 102, 111, 493; disappointment in 77, 80, 180; dismisses Bismarck, 77; exaggerated hopes invested in, 180; in exile, 465; in the First World War, 89, 99, 636n.; and Schönerer’s programme, 34

  Wilhelmshaven mutiny, no

  Willikens, Werner, 527, 529, 532

  Wilson, Woodrow, 111

  Winter, Anni, 705n.

  Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen), 572, 584

  Wirth, Reich Chancellor Joseph, 159, 663n.

  Wirtschaftliches Sofortprogramm (Economic Emergency Programme), 398

  Wismar, 494

  Wittelbach, House of, 82, 111

  Wohlrab, Maria (née Kubata), 620n.

  Wöhrden, 308

  Wolf (H’s dog), 239

  Wolf, Karl Hermann, 55

  Wolf, Paula (née Hitler; H’s sister), 14, 706n.; birth (1896), 11; on her parents, 12–13; on H’s antisemitism, 627n.; on H’s care for his dying mother, 24; and H’s reading, 41; inheritance from her father, 25; the Raubals look after, 37

  women: discriminated against in the jobs market, 408; H’s attitude towards, 44–7, 235, 281, 284, 343, 351–5; subordination of Aryan women to their husbands, 50; voting patterns, 408–9

  ‘work-shy’, 541

  Workers’ Committee for a Good Peace, 139

  Working Community (Arbeitsgemeinschaft) of the North and West German Gaue of the NSDAP (AG), 273–4, 275–6, 277, 278, 329

  Working Community of the Patriotic Fighting Associations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vaterländischen Kampfverbände), 193–4, 195

 

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