“more than any”: Plutarch, “Brutus,” ch. 2.
“god-like and unique”: Cicero, “De Finibus,” 3.7.
“remained ever true”: Cicero, “De Officiis,” 1.112.
the just man: Horace, Odes, 3.3 and 3.2.
“fills us with loves”: Plato, Phaedo.
“I almost think”: Seneca, “De Constantia,” 2.
“a voracious appetite”: Cicero, “De Finibus,” 3.
“accustoming himself”: Plutarch, “Cato,” ch. 6.
“endowed by nature”: Cicero, “De Officiis,” 1.112.
“even affect the expression”: Seneca, Epistles, 104.
“He had to endure”: Seneca, “De Constantia,” 2.
“He is a great”: Seneca, “De Ira,” 2.32.
“were the sky itself”: Horace, Odes, 3.3.
“as noble soil”: Plutarch, Cato, ch. 25.
“The woman was set”: Ibid., ch. 52.
“vile”: Quoted in Goar.
“all the women”: Plato, Republic, 457–459.
“taken care of”: Epictetus, Encheiridion, 11.
“high-souled philosophy”: Appian, Roman History: The Civil Wars, translated by Horace White (London and New York, 1913), 2.99.
“Roman morals”: Charles Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen of the Later Republic (London, 1902).
“whether acting or speaking”: Plato, Republic, 382e.
“but what he once”: Plutarch, Cato, ch. 1.
“No-one ever saw”: Seneca, Epistles, 104.
“Whoever wishes to preserve”: Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2.4.
“As this faction-loving”: Tacitus, 16.
“Look, young man!”: Tacitus 16.
“a model for living”: quoted in Goar.
“The two whom heaven”: Seneca, “De Constantia,” 2.
“One day”: Lucan.
“With Cato’s eye”: Ibid.
“conferring on the victim”: Ibid.
“It behoves all men”: Sallust, 1.
“a fault not so far”: Ibid., 11.
“The span of life”: Ibid., 1.
“One trusts”: Oman.
“That to which Cato”: Plutarch, Cato, ch. 9.
“not with a view”: Dio Cassius, 37.22.
“He preferred rather to be”: Sallust, 54.
“Cato did all this”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 46.
“resembled Virtue herself”: Velleius Paterculus, 2.35.
“favourable judgement”: Augustine, 5.12.
“People commit suicide”: Paul Plass, The Game of Death in Ancient Rome (University of Wisconsin, Madison).
“undefeated, death-defeating Cato”: Boethius, The Consolations of Philosophy, 4.87.
“if a man has trained”: Plato, Phaedo.
“Either reason or the rope”: quoted in J. M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969).
“Do you ask”: Seneca, “De Ira,” quoted in Rist.
“the wide road …”: Seneca, “De Providentia,” quoted in Rist.
“the enslavement”: Augustine, 1.22.
“not to self-respect”: Ibid., 1.23.
“to seek death”: Seneca, “De Providentia,” 2.
“in his most exalted”: Montaigne.
“virtue reaches such”: Ibid.
“to which all ages”: Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, “Laputa,” ch. 7.
“patriot, obstinately good”: Addison.
“defending the cause”: Smithers.
“The town is so fond”: Ibid.
“the work mentioned”: Ibid.
“stern and awful”: Addison.
“His towering soul”: Ibid.
“obstinately brave”: Ibid.
“one of the most beautiful”: Smithers.
“There fled the greatest”: Addison.
“One’s way of dying”: Ivan Morris, The Nobility of Failure (Harmondsworth, 1980).
“A brave man”: Addison.
“You chose to cringe”: Quoted in Knox.
“His resolution defeated”: Lucan.
“a national sin-offering”: Lucan.
“My blood would purge”: Ibid.
“The dying Roman”: Addison.
EL CID
Abbreviations—
Poem: El Poema de Mío Cid. I have quoted most frequently from the translation by W. S. Merwin (1959), and sometimes from that by Rita Hamilton and Janet Perry (Manchester, 1975). Ballads: The Cid Ballads, translated by James Young Gibson (London, 1887).
all Christendom: Quoted in Ramón Menéndez Pidal, The Cid and His Spain, translated by Harold Sutherland (London 1971).
“he who was born”: Poem, passim.
“This man was”: Richard Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (London, 1989), and Stephen Clissold, In Search of the Cid (London, 1965).
“How well he rewarded”: Poem, 1.45.
“won by force”: Homer, Odyssey, 1.456.
“roving the waves”: Ibid., 3.81–83.
“This occupation”: Quoted in Knox, introduction to Odyssey.
“It is according”: Aristotle, Politics.
“I hope you will”: Anonymous, Beowulf, translated by Kevin Crossley-Holland (London, 1973).
“In Heaven’s name”: Poem, 2.90.
“Today you will all”: Fletcher, 84.
“All who scented”: Poem, 2.74.
“God and his Holy Mother”: Poem, 2.77.
“He captures”: Quoted in Fletcher.
“every commander”: Ibid.
“Men must endure”: Anonymous, The Song of Roland, translated by Dorothy L. Sayers (Harmondsworth, 1967).
“Without my men”: R. Dozy, “Le Cid d’Apres des Nouveaux Documents,” in vol. 2 of Recherches sur L’Histoire et la Littérature de L’Espagne Pendant le Moyen ge (Leyden, 1860).
“Then Rodrigo”: Pidal.
“Oh God!”: Poem, 1.40.
“Well it becomes”: Song of Roland, op. cit.
“My God, how great”: Poem, 1.29.
“That which Rodrigo”: Dozy.
“As vassals true”: Anonymous, The Cid Ballads, translated by James Young Gibson (London, 1887).
“After the death”: Fletcher.
“a real prodigy”: Ibid.
“protection”: Ibid.
“many men became jealous”: Historia Roderici, quoted in Fletcher.
“He pillaged”: Ibid.
“What a good vassal”: Poem, 1.3.
“proud and free”: Ballads.
In another ballad: Ballads.
“Don Quixote replied”: Miguel de Cervantes, The Adventures of Don Quixote, translated by J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth, 1970).
“How can we”: Clissold.
“Strong men”: Beowulf.
“an immense hoard”: Fletcher.
“a man without faith”: Dozy.
“as the fingernail”: Poem, 1.18.
“[a]nd for dessert”: Ballads.
“a lion wild”: Ballads.
Carmen Campi Doctoris: in Fletcher.
“Spain, the evangeliser”: Fletcher.
“Rodrigo, God doth love”: Ballads.
“Ride out, good Cid”: Poem, 1.19.
“besiege Valencia”: Ibid., 2.72.
“God so loves”: Fletcher.
“riding a white”: Clissold.
“he took auguries”: Ibn ‘Alqama, “La Prise de Valence par le Cid,” in Islam d’Occident by E. Lévi Provencal (Paris, 1948).
“It is remarkable”: Dozy.
At his parties: Fletcher.
Ibn Bassam records: Dozy.
“who brought him out”: Ibid.
“showered him with”: Historia Roderici, quoted in Fletcher.
“accompanied by a crowd”: Historia Roderici, quoted in Dozy.
“sent a great tremor”: Quoted in Fletcher.
“Had I been able”: Ibid.
“co-operate with one another”: ‘Abd Allah, quoted in Fletcher.
“Many were the sturdy”: Poem, 2.104.
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br /> “he would always serve”: Poem, 2.96.
“whose vassal I”: Ballads.
“all the lands”: Fletcher.
“to do battle”: Clissold.
“recruited a force”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 36.
“We keep alive”: Poem, 1.62.
“a great gain”: Ibid.
“We have settled”: Ibid., 2.66.
“because they fight”: Maurice Keen, Chivalry (London, 1984).
“Now honour lies”: Ibid.
“one and all”: Poem, 2.104.
A Latin song: Quoted in Pidal.
“proudly adorned”: Beowulf.
“in order that”: Fletcher.
“Certain of his knights”: Ibid.
“much gold and silver”: Ibid.
“a victory ever”: Ibid.
“drove those petty kings”: Dozy.
“see how Rodrigo”: Clissold.
“many and various”: Fletcher.
“the Cid’s mission”: Beatriz Pastor Bodmer, The Armature of Conquest, translated by Lydia Longstreth Hunt (Stanford, Calif., 1992).
“so the King”: Poem, 3.117.
“the bitter herb”: Ballads.
“very great and innumerable”: Fletcher.
“He swore”: Ibn ‘Alqama.
“as the sick man”: Pidal.
“That tyrant Rodrigo”: Dozy.
“They ate rats”: Ibn ‘Alqama.
“By the look”: Dozy.
“The moors”: Ibid.
“using fraud”: Ibid.
“I am a man”: Clissold, and Dozy.
“When my Cid”: Poem, 2.74.
“He began to extort”: Dozy.
“Each Muslim had”: Ibid.
“If you could see”: Dozy.
“Or at least”: Ibid.
“shrieking and shouting”: Fletcher.
“He stands out”: Pidal.
“By God’s clemency”: Fletcher.
“the year when”: Ibid.
“Swords have brought”: Ibid.
“Victory always followed”: Dozy.
“Rodrigo is full”: Poem.
“While he lived”: Fletcher.
“The plight”: Clissold.
“until his flesh”: Ibid.
“You oppressors”: Barber.
“Let those who have been”: Keen.
“In our own time”: Ibid.
“Behold”: Ibid.
“He began to polish”: Salvador de Madariaga, Hernán Cortés (London, 1942).
“Have a care”: Ibid.
“Forgive me sir”: Ibid.
“What I have desired”: Ibid.
a mass to the memory: Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World (London, 1995).
“with his cloak”: Poem, 3.112.
“We see two lions”: Ballads.
“Oh God!”: Dozy.
DRAKE
“finer than has ever”: Alison Weir, Elizabeth the Queen (London, 1998).
“the master-thief”: John Hampden (ed.), Francis Drake, Privateer: Contemporary Narratives and Documents (London, 1972).
“I have not to do”: Ibid.
“Drake is a man”: John Sugden, Francis Drake (London, 1996).
“He was low”: Hampden.
“It is the delight”: Charles Baudelaire, My Heart Laid Bare and Other Prose Writings, translated by Norman Cameron (London, 1950).
“the greatest and strongest”: Martin and Parker, The Spanish Armada (London, 1998).
“That’s not much”: Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Spanish Armada (Oxford, 1988).
“He is one”: John Cummins, Francis Drake (London, 1995).
“in his deep”: Ibid.
“more skilful”: Sugden.
“the only man that”: Hampden.
“a thing hardly”: Sugden.
“demi-Moor, bound”: Payne.
“would call down”: Peter Vansittart, In Memory of England (London, 1998).
“they came simply”: Beatriz Pastor Bodmer, The Armature of Conquest (Stanford, Calif., 1992).
“I came to get gold”: Salvador de Madariaga, Hernán Cortés (London, 1942).
Walter Raleigh: Charles Nicholl, The Creature in the Map (London, 1995), passim.
“lost us”: Hampden.
“forsook us”: Ibid.
“when contrary to”: Ibid.
“wrongs received”: Hampden.
“commissions of reprisal”: Hampden.
“had easily persuaded”: William Camden, Annales (London, 1635).
“loss of all”: Ibid.
“that he feared”: Harry Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate (London, 1998).
“We are surprised”: Sugden.
“It is plain”: Hampden.
“a pile of bars”: Edward Arber (ed.), An English Garner (Birmingham, 1882).
“how we might”: Hampden.
“of a thousand negroes”: Hampden.
“entered daily”: Cummins.
“above two hundred”: Hampden.
“many sorts of dainty”: Ibid.
“if we had been”: Ibid.
“strangely changed”: Ibid.
“through hatred of”: Sugden.
“they made off”: Hampden.
“how all his company”: Ibid.
“abundantly rich”: Camden.
“one Drake”: Sugden.
“This realm is at”: Ibid.
“vast in body”: Ffiona Swabey, A Mediaeval Gentlewoman (Gloucestershire, 1999).
“for fear of my lord”: Hampden.
“a sweet orator”: Ibid.
“great goodwill”: W. S. W. Vaux (ed.), The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (London, 1854).
“a fit man”: Sugden.
“became so inflamed”: Camden.
“not under the obedience”: Sugden.
“diverse injuries”: Hampden.
“The Lord Guide”: Weir.
“The gentleman careth”: Sugden.
“affirming that her Majesty”: Hampden.
“my practice and”: Ibid.
“I did never give”: Kelsey.
“a man well travelled”: Vaux.
“And so we take”: Ibid.
“whence departed”: Bodmer, op. cit.
“From this time”: Hampden.
“the effects of”: Vaux.
“would have been hanged”: Hampden.
“Aristotle, Pythagoras, Thales”: Vaux.
“aptness to anger”: Cummins.
“a very bad couple”: Ibid.
“sea of graves”: Ian Cameron, Magellan (London, 1974).
“would suffer no man”: Vaux.
“so hideous and horrible”: Ibid.
“for I will be safe”: Hampden.
“This is not law”: Ibid.
“God’s will!”: Ibid.
“Therefore my masters”: Ibid.
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