Liberian Peace Council (LPC), 253, 258
Liberians United for Peace and Democracy (LURD), 258–59
Libya: Arab identity and, 328; autocratic rule and, 28, 194, 362; autonomy imperative and, 45, 385n34; border disputes and, 167, 246; civil society coup in, 223; development ranking for, 360–61, 362–63, 432n52; institutional frames and, 117; integral state and, 59–60, 160; internal wars and, 150; international system and, 135–36; Islamism and, 247; military intervention and, 223; monarchy’s disappearance and, 124, 127–28; oil and, 59, 66, 190, 218, 289, 362, 387n74; pan-Africanism and, 289; patrimonialism and, 28, 70; political parties and, 70; power transfer comparisons and, 97–98, 362; security imperative and, 190
Limongi, Fernando, 218
Lindberg, Staffan I., 71, 198, 214, 222
Linz, Juan, 79, 188
Lomami-Tshibamba, Paul, 99–100
Lonsdale, John, 326
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 272, 278–80, 287, 420n86
Louis, W. Roger, 97
Low, D. A., 92
Lumumba, Patrice, 18, 79, 128, 130, 143, 155, 295, 396n37
Luo, 117, 215, 428n98
Machel, Samora, 170–72
Madagascar: Afromarxism and, 379n63; development ranking for, 360–61; governance and, 336; international sanctions and, 298; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 229; Marxism-Leninism and, 60–61, 148; military coups and rule in, 148, 209–10, 221; state failure and, 162
Malawi: decolonization and, 12; democratization and, 381n88; development and, 218, 360–61; institutional frames and, 115; single party system and, 70, 209; state crisis avoidance and, 165, 406n24; term limits and, 365
Mali: Al Qaeda and, 281, 288; autonomy imperative and, 154, 299; cultural pluralism and, 219; democratization and, 223, 381n88; development ranking for, 360–61; governance and, 336; hegemony imperative and, 153; individual versus group behavior and, 329; internal wars and, 30, 281, 381n90; international system and, 136; military coups and, 223, 281, 336; narcotics trafficking and, 288–89; separatism and, 248, 281; singleparty system and, 137; territoriality and, 91
management capacity of state, 103–5, 173–75, 283, 397nn48–49, 421n93
Mandela, Nelson, 27–28, 201, 364
Mandingo, 250–51, 253, 258–59
Mann, Michael, 50
Marxism-Leninism: cold war context for decolonization and, 118; decolonization settlement breakdown and, 403n34; democratization and, 199; ethnicity and, 318; global environment post–cold war and, 247; integral state and, 22, 60–61, 160; internal wars and, 172; international system and, 136; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 233; military rule and, 148; state failure and, 170. See also Afromarxism; socialism
Mau Mau, 12, 111, 231
Mauritania, 221, 232, 289, 298, 328, 360–61, 396n43
Mauritius: colonial state and, 102, 370; constitutionalism and, 369; cultural pluralism and, 219, 369–70; decolonization and, 102, 371, 433n68; democracy and, 3, 124, 195, 261, 370–71, 381n88; development ranking for, 218, 358, 359, 360–61, 366; institutional frames and, 117–18, 367; liberal market model and, 29, 55; patrimonialism as lacking in, 71; regime structure and, 77; single party system and, 209; state crisis avoidance and, 165; state expansion failure and, 58
Mayotte, 92, 161, 391n125, 393n12
Mazrui, Ali, 4, 111, 296, 393n11
Mazzitelli, Antonio L., 158
Mba, Léon, 136, 144
Mbembe, Achille, 74, 336–37, 409n77
Mbundu, 234–36
McGowan, Patrick, 147, 209
Médard, Jean-François, 24, 32, 68–69, 391n132
Meierhenrich, Jens, 52
memory, and territorial nationalism, 311–12. See also social imaginary, and state
Mende, 250, 255
Migdal, Joel, 73
Miles, William, 323
military coups: black identity and, 147; decolonization settlement breakdown and, 124, 134, 144, 146, 146–47, 157, 402n25, 403n29; democratization and, 221, 223; foreign aid and, 146, 209; regime structure changes and, 124, 134, 140–42, 157, 281, 286, 336, 365; security imperative and, 348; security services and, 140, 145, 348; subaltern, 145–46; world regions comparisons and, 18. See also militias
military intervention: overview of, 18, 19; constitutionalism and, 144, 147, 151–53; decolonization settlement breakdown and, 140–48, 402n25, 402n27, 403n29, 403n34; democratization and, 209–10; electoral democracy after, 18, 145, 151, 251–52; ethnicity and, 143–46; independence without, 145, 402n27; internal wars and, 19; legitimation imperative and, 147–48, 155; military rule and, 19, 21; militias and, 245; multiple military involvements and, 276–78, 281–82; multiple party system and, 143–44; single party system and, 18, 19; world regions comparisons and, 18
military rule (army rule): overview of, 9, 18–19, 21; Afromarxism and, 148; decolonization settlement breakdown and, 148–53; democratization after, 19, 21, 145, 151, 209–10, 214; ethnicity and, 149; internal wars and, 149–50; legitimation imperative and, 353; single party system and, 18–19
military weapons: black market for, 30, 230, 243, 278, 284–85; new technologies and, 6, 107, 340, 363
militias: overview of, 283–88, 290; child soldiers and, 253, 286; civil society disaffection and, 284; democratization and, 206, 220; diaspora and, 263–65; economics and, 271–73, 286; electoral conflict management and, 212–13, 217; ethnicity and, 248, 258–59, 261, 271–72, 284; global environment post–cold war and, 252–53, 284–87; human rights abuses and, 253–54, 254–56, 271–72; identity and, 306; integral state and, 20–21; international peacekeeping and, 263–65; interpenetrated conflicts and, 254–61, 255–59; Islamism and, 263–65, 264–65, 269–70; liberation struggles postindependence and, 243; military intervention and, 245; multiple military involvements and, 281–82; natural resources and, 271–73, 286; new technologies and, 107, 363; pathways to independence and, 30; piracy and, 265–68; religious ideology and, 284; security imperative and, 348–49; separatism and, 241–42, 274; shadow state and, 303–5; state crisis and, 166–67; state failure and, 75–76, 237; warlords and, 75–76, 265–68, 303–4; weapons black market and, 30, 230, 243, 278, 284–85; youth, 206, 266, 277, 284. See also armed liberation struggles; internal wars (civil wars)
Mills, Greg, 361
Mitchell, Timothy, 51
Mobutu Sese Seko: corruption and, 24; indigenization measures and, 21; Inga dam project and, 180–81; Inga-Katanga power line project and, 182; integral state and, 19–20, 56–58; legitimation imperative and, 353; military rule and, 150, 151; nationalizations and, 21; patrimonialism and, 24, 176, 366; personal rule and, 188; security state and, 46, 69–70; sultanism and, 188
Mo Ibrahim Index, 8, 358, 358, 360–61, 361–62
Moi Daniel arap, 165, 202, 214–15
Momoh, Joseph, 251, 254–55
monarchy, 20, 124–28, 243
Mondlane, Eduardo, 170, 172
Monga, Celestin, 196
Moore, Clement Henry, 79, 348, 385n38, 414n69
Morgenthau, Rugh Schachter, 15, 123, 136
Morocco: Arab identity and, 113, 327–28, 399n76; armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 102, 107, 108, 232; border disputes and, 154, 232; colonial legacy in, 337; constitutionalism and, 125; decolonization and, 3; decolonization as blocked and, 396n41; development ranking for, 360–61, 362; international system and, 135; legal status in context of decolonization and, 105; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 229; management capacity of state and, 104; monarchy’s disappearance and, 124–25; nationalism and, 113, 309; regime structure and, 77; representative institutions and, 394n15; ruler’s imperative and, 79–80; security imperative and, 190; security services and, 176; sovereignty and, 95; territorial integrity and, 302
Morrison, Minion K. C., 222
Motyl, Alexander J., 319
Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), 56–57
Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), 258–59
Movement for Demo
cratic Change (MDC), 211–12
Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), 201
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), 240, 313
Movimento para a líbertçâo de Angola (MPLA), 234–36
Mozambique: Afromarxism and, 170, 379n63, 403n34; armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 102–3, 107–9, 129, 170–72; autonomy imperative and, 352; child soldiers and, 171, 245, 260; cultural pluralism and, 219; decolonization and, 23, 102–3; democratization and, 172, 336; development ranking for, 360–61; ethnicity and, 246; foreign aid and, 172; human rights abuses and, 288; internal wars and, 171, 246, 381n90; international peacekeeping and, 289; liberalization and, 66; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 229–30; Marxism-Leninism and, 60–61, 160, 170; SAPs and, 352; state failure and, 170–72; state in social imaginary and, 314; state rehabilitation and, 193; women’s leadership in, 373
Mugabe, Robert, 77, 134, 210–12, 347, 373, 403n34, 412n38
mukhabarat states (state security organs), 46, 153, 176
multilingualism, 312, 315
multiple party system: democratic norms and, 196, 202; democratization and, 27, 71, 196, 199, 201–2, 205–7, 209, 214–15, 219, 221, 351; independence elections and, 128; international peacekeeping and, 256; military intervention and, 143–44; social class and, 139; state failure and, 172; territorial nationalism and, 306. See also elections; politics and political parties; single party system
multiracialism, 102, 115, 170, 296, 299, 311
Mulungushi charter, 160
Museveni, Yoweri, 206, 243–44, 245, 278–80, 330
Muslim Brotherhood, 113, 142, 247, 264, 270, 400n88
Mutibwa, Phares, 69, 389n100
Namibia: armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 107, 109–10; cultural pluralism and, 219; democratization and, 27, 381n88; development and, 218, 335, 358, 360–61, 361–62; independence for, 247; integral state and, 23; legal status in context of decolonization and, 105–6; liberation movement and, 310; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 231; white minority rule and, 27
narcotics trafficking, 66, 159, 203, 266, 288–89
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 58–59, 113–14, 116, 140–41, 147–48, 150–52, 296–97
national conference mechanism, 27, 64, 192, 198–201, 250
National Congress Party (NCP, formerly National Islamic Front [NIF]), 247, 273, 275
National Islamic Front (NIF, now National Congress Party [NCP]), 247, 270, 273
nationalism: overview and definition of, 111–12, 307; overview of, 313; Africanism and, 111, 113–14; colonial state and, 110–11, 308, 398n62; decolonization and, 12–13, 88, 110–14, 111, 113, 114, 241, 399nn76–77; decolonization settlement and, 308; nation-state and, 41–42, 308, 309, 353–54; pan-Africanism and, 112, 113. See also territorial nationalism
nationalization: overview of, 9, 21; decolonization breakdown and, 132, 141; development and, 14, 54–55, 161; state and, 56, 58, 76; state crisis and, 161, 187, 190; world regions comparisons and, 338
National Party (NP), 201–2
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), 250–53, 288
National Resistance Army/Movement (NRA/M), 245
nation-state (nation), 41–42, 308, 309, 353–54. See also nationalism
natural resources: black identity and, 183; cocoa and, 62, 167–69, 403n29; colonial state and, 356; diamonds and, 30, 75, 251, 253, 258; for funding militias, 271–73, 286; integral state and, 161; internal wars and, 30, 245, 253, 258, 269, 277–78, 283, 286, 290, 420n79; nationalization and, 14, 161; new technologies and, 6, 181–82, 184–85, 356; revenue imperative and, 356; scrap metal and, 280; state failure and, 76. See also development projects
négritude, 112, 132
neoliberal market (liberal) model. See liberal market (neoliberal) model
neopatrimonialism. See patrimonialism
New African Partnership for Development (NEPAD), 298, 372
New International Economic Order, 22, 161
Newitt, Malyn, 108
new technologies: civil society and, 6, 49, 107, 340, 373; military weapons and, 6, 107, 340, 363; natural resources and, 6, 181–82, 184–85, 356
Nguema, Francisco Macias, 80–81, 101
Niger: Al Qaeda and, 288; autonomy imperative and, 299; development ranking for, 360–61; electoral conflict management and, 212–13; ethnicity and, 323; hegemony imperative and, 153; internal wars and, 281, 381n90; military coups and, 221; monarchy’s disappearance and, 127–28
Niger delta, 239–40, 245, 282–86, 288–89, 304
Nigeria: Ajaokuta steel mill and, 133, 162, 180, 182–86, 408n61; Al Qaeda and, 288; Biafra and, 19, 20, 238–40, 245, 246; black identity and, 183; cultural pluralism and, 219; debt crisis and, 357–58, 392n139, 432n52; democratization as unsuccessful and, 203–4; development projects in, 133; development ranking for, 359, 360–61, 361; diaspora and, 240; economic prosperity during colonial period and, 13; education system and, 20, 325; elections and, 145, 151, 209–10; electoral conflict management and, 212–13, 216–17, 413n50; ethnicity and, 149, 316–17, 323; ethnonationalism and, 320–21, 331; foreign aid and, 161, 183–84, 246; foreign investments and, 185, 343; hegemony imperative and, 153; Igbo and, 19, 20, 145, 155; indigeneity and, 331–32; indigenization and, 160; individual versus group behavior and, 330; institutional frames and, 116; integral state and, 20, 162; internal wars and, 19, 149–50, 281–82, 381n90; international peacekeeping and, 261, 289; international system acceptance and, 254; legitimation imperative, 47; legitimation imperative and, 155, 175, 353; liberation struggles postindependence and, 123–24; military intervention and rule in, 19, 144, 145, 149–53; militias and, 217, 245; monarchy’s disappearance and, 127; multiple military involvements and, 281–82; narcotics trafficking and, 288; nationalism and, 110–11, 114, 308; nationalizations and, 21–22; oil and, 8, 66, 281–82, 304, 343, 356–57, 361; regime structure and, 77; religion as identity system and, 219; revenue imperative and, 356; ruler’s imperative and, 392n139; security imperative and, 190; separatism and, 248; shari’a and, 41; single party system and, 129–31; social services and, 133; state decline and, 83; state expansion failure and, 58; state persistence and, 303, 304; term limits and, 365; territoriality and, 90–91, 291, 292; territorial nationalism and, 291, 292; timetables for decolonization and, 96; universal suffrage and, 94; violence and disorder by governments and, 75; world regions comparisons and, 341, 343–44; Yoruba and, 114, 130, 315, 320–21. See also specific ethnic groups and leaders
Nimeiri, Jaafar, 20–21, 243, 269–70
Nkrumah, Kwame: autocratic rule and, 123; economic policy miscalculations and, 167–69; legitimation imperative and, 113, 155, 353; military coups and, 19, 67, 145, 156, 168–69, 403n29; nationalism and, 12–13, 112–13, 114, 144; pan-Africanism and, 12–13, 90, 294–95; ruler’s imperative and, 78–79; security services and, 140, 145; single party system and, 16, 17, 117, 123, 128, 138; state crisis and, 406n25; state crisis avoidance and, 164; on state development projects, 14; territoriality and, 90, 309
Nolutshungu, Sam C., 227
normative state, 33–35, 52–54, 65–66, 139, 402n20
Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). See Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia)
Nuer, 271–72, 419n68, 419n72
Nugent, Paul, 323, 426n73
Nyerere, Julius: Africanism and, 291; colonial state boundaries and, 303; development and, 7; leadership and, 78–79, 82, 189, 309, 364; nationalism and, 422n13; party politics and, 67; single party system and, 139; territorial nationalism and, 423n20
Nzongola-Ntalaja, George, 196
Obasanjo, Obafemi, 217
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 24, 149–50, 152, 185
Obote, Milton, 22, 130, 243–44, 278
Oduho, Joseph, 242
“official mind,” 371–72, 384n30, 396n5
oil: Algeria and, 21, 66, 150, 356–57; Angola and, 66, 281, 356–57, 364; Congo-Brazzaville and, 281–82; Congo-Kinshasa and, 20, 235; Equatoria
l Guinea and, 81, 357, 364; foreign investments and, 419n71; internal wars and, 235, 269, 271–73, 281–82, 289; Liberia and, 8; Libya and, 59, 66, 190, 218, 289, 362, 387n74; militias and, 271–73; Nigeria and, 66, 281–82, 304, 343, 356–57, 361; southern Sudan and, 269, 271–73, 419nn71–72
Organization of African Unity (OAU): Africa as concept and, 5; armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 108; autonomy imperative and, 351; internal wars and, 231–32, 235, 239, 277; liberalization and, 63; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 231; pan-Africanism and, 295, 297–98; state crisis and, 25, 61, 165, 406n25; territorial integrity and, 36, 301; territoriality and, 36, 90, 383n12
Ostien, Philip, 332
others/the other, 299, 314, 320
Ottaway, Marina, 28, 195, 207
Ovimbundu, 234–36
Pan-African Congress (PAC), 89, 112, 113, 294
pan-Africanism: overview and definition of, 12–13, 112; black identity and, 113, 297; diaspora and, 112, 293–94, 296; internal wars and, 289, 298; leadership and, 12–13, 90, 289, 294–95, 297–98, 362–63; nationalism and, 112, 113; PAC and, 89, 112, 113, 294; race and, 113; security imperative and, 154–55; sports and, 4, 5, 298, 355, 422n11; territorial integrity and, 90; territoriality and, 89, 293–98, 422n11, 422n12; white minority rule and, 112. See also Africanism
parastatalization, 9, 22, 63, 162
parliamentarianism: Britain and, 33, 307; colonial state and, 95, 100; democratization and, 195, 200, 201, 203, 209, 211, 213, 220; institutional frames and, 33, 115, 128, 389n95; monarchy and, 127; ruler’s imperative and, 79; single party system and, 130
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