“high and dry”: Wiretap, Sept. 30, 1963, FLNY-7-560a.
“baloney”: Powers, Hoover, pp. 333, 366.
Hoover tried to cover: Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy, pp. 288—89.
“innermost sanctum”: “FBI Bulletin,” September 1963, Edwin Guthman papers.
Hoover refused: Guthman, Band, pp. 264—66; int. Edwin Guthman, June 25, 1984.
“underworld glossary”: NYT, Sept. 28, 1963, pp. 1, 6.
Valachi dominated: E.g., Newsweek, Oct. 7, 1963, pp. 34—39.
Kennedy published: “Robert Kennedy Defines the Menace,” New York Times Magazine, Oct. 13, 1963, pp. 15ff.
among the President’s mistresses: Baker, Wheeling, pp. 78—79; int. Clark Mollenhoff, Dec. 7, 1983, and Robert G. Baker, March 31, 1986.
woman named Ellen Rometsch: Des Moines Register, Oct. 26, 1963, p. 1; NYT, Oct. 29, 1963, p. 17; Newsweek, Nov. 11, 1963, pp. 32—33; WS, March 28, 1965, p. 1.
“don’t change your minds”: Bland to Sullivan, Oct. 4, 1963, FK-251.
Mansfield promised: Senate Rules Committee hearings, Oct. 29, 1963, pp. 1794—95.
sent it to the Attorney: Hoover to RFK, Oct. 7, 1963, FK-250.
“Courtney, speak to me”: RFK to Evans, Oct. 10, 1963, FK-171.
privately with Courtney Evans: Evans to Belmont, Oct. 10, 1963; Garrow, FBI, p. 72.
directly from Floyd Mann: Marshall to RFK, Oct. 4, 1963, Box 3, Marshall Papers, JFK.
“no living with the Bureau”: Int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984, and Edwin Guthman, June 25, 1984.
stricken look: Int. John Seigenthaler, Dec. 15, 1987.
“Our challenge now”: MLK “Confidential Memorandum,” undated, A/KP32f6.
Amelia Boynton: Boynton to MLK, Oct. 8, 1963, A/KP21f10; Navasky, Justice, p. 128.
swelling controversy: NYT, Nov. 7, p. 30, and Nov. 14, 1963, p. 14; New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 7, 1963, p. 8; MLK statement, Nov. 6, 1963, A/KS5.
Marshall to apologize: Marshall to Rep. George Huddleston, Oct. 28, 1963, and Nov. 6, 1963, Box 18, Marshall Papers, JFK.
nearly fired John Doar: Int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984.
Blaik and Royall promised: NYT, Oct. 11, 1963, p. 25; BW, Oct. 16, 1963, p. 1.
talked about football: Earl Blaik, JFKOH; Blaik to RFK, Nov. 18, 1963, Box 18, Marshall Papers, JFK.
secret protest notes: R. L. “Red” Holland, Jr., to Edwin Guthman, Oct. 3, 1963, Guthman papers.
“bland, PR approach”: Blaik to Marshall, Nov. 1, 1963, Box 18, Marshall Papers, JFK.
dissolve their assignment: Royall and Blaik to LBJ, Dec. 16, 1963, Box 24, Folder HU2/ST1, LBJ.
cloud of flying fists: NYT, Oct. 14, 1963, p. 1; Newsweek, Nov. 4, 1963, pp. 27—28; Jet, Oct. 31, pp. 6—8, Nov. 7, pp. 6—12, and Nov. 14, 1963, pp. 8—15.
“backward and forward”: NYT, Oct. 24, 1963, p. 32.
All this came through: Wiretaps, Sept. 16, FLNY-9-292a; Sept. 21, FLNY-9-297a; Sept. 23, FLNY-7-553a; Sept. 24, FLNY-7-554b; Oct. 10, FLNY-9-316; Oct. 26, FLNY-9-332a; Oct. 8, FLNY-7-610a; Oct. 28, 1963, FLNY-7-558a; New York Letterhead Memorandum, Nov. 8, 1963, FJ-NR.
upset, vacillating: Evans to Belmont, Oct. 21, 1963, FK-259.
“obviously irritated”: Evans to Belmont, Oct. 25, 1963, FK-NR; Garrow, FBI, p. 73.
“U.S. Expels Girl”: Clark Mollenhoff in the Des Moines Register, Oct. 26, 1963, p. 1.
Duffy’s mission: Int. Robert G. Baker, March 31, 1986, and John Seigenthaler, Dec. 15, 1987.
President in front of Evans: Evans to Belmont, Oct. 28, 1963, FER-22.
Alone, Kennedy told Hoover: Hoover to Tolson et al., Nov. 7, 1963, FER-99.
Kennedy changed the subject: Hoover to Tolson et al., Nov. 7, 1963, FK-NR. This appears to be a slightly altered version of the previous memo on the same day, in which the Rometsch material appears to be deleted in the copy released.
“supported by facts”: Ibid.
called Senator Mansfield: Hoover to Tolson et al., Oct. 28, 1963, FER-20.
swarming with reporters: NYT, Oct. 29, 1963; WP, Oct. 29, 1963, p. 10; New York Post, Oct. 29, 1963, p. 5 (underlined in the FBI Rometsch file, with a handwritten note from Hoover: “Get after these angles promptly”).
Hoover called the Attorney: Hoover to Tolson et al., Oct. 28, 1963, FER-24.
President Kennedy obtained: RFK, pp. 645—47, JFKOH.
not on his agenda: Senate Rules Committee executive session hearings, Oct. 29, 1963, pp. 1796-99.
“go into West Germany”: NYT, Oct. 30, 1963, p. 1.
wiretap Bayard Rustin: Baumgardner to Sullivan, Oct. 25, 1963, and Oct. 6, 1964, FR-NR.
receded from the brink: Newsweek, Nov. 11, 1963, pp. 32—33; WS, March 28, 1965, p. 1; Senate Report No. 388, 89th Cong. (1965), Rules Committee, esp. pp. 50—53.
“Boy, the dirt”: Bradlee, Conversations, p. 228.
Vietnam crisis had built: As chronicled in the various editions of the Pentagon Papers and highlighted by selected NYT stories, e.g., June 15, p. 1, Aug. 25, p. 1, Aug. 28, p. 1, Sept. 3, p. 1, Oct. 6, p. 1, Oct 10, p. 1, and Oct. 27, 1963, p. 1.
wrote Max Frankel: NYT, July 3, 1963, p. 8.
“government’s coming apart!”: Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy, p. 770.
typical FBI career: Int. R. R. Nichols, May 29, 1984.
up and running: Garrow, FBI, p. 77.
schism in Detroit: MC, Nov. 2, p. 1, and Nov. 16, 1963, p. 1; Jet, Nov. 7, p. 4, and Nov. 28, 1963, pp. 18—19; PC, Nov. 9, 1963, p. 1.
“white man says bleed”: Breitman, Malcolm X Speaks, p. 4.
“Nowhere in that Bible”: Malcolm X debate with Bayard Rustin, undated, Tape 3014, PRA.
“unjust blows”: Albany Letterhead Memorandum, Nov. 12, 1963, FBI 157-6-2-1434.
“movement in Danville”: Garrow, Bearing, p. 306; New York Letterhead Memorandum, Nov. 4, 1963, FK-NR; Wyatt Walker interview by Donald H. Smith, SHSW/SP; Jack Greenberg to King et al., Nov. 7, 1963, A/KP31f18; Chase and King to W. J. Irwin, president of Dan River Mills, Nov. 18, 1963, A/KP31f19.
Shuttlesworth was urging: Fred Shuttlesworth to MLK, Nov. 7, 1963, A/KP22f11.
perpetual hiccoughs: New York memorandum, Nov. 18, 1963, FJ-246.
“terribly uncomfortable”: Jones to MLK, Nov. 26, 1963, A/KP27f8; Garrow, Bearing, p. 307.
“our New York Agents”: Baumgardner to Sullivan, Nov. 25, 1963, FL-NR.
Kennedy was celebrating: Int. Ramsey Clark, Oct. 28, 1963.
Washington barbers: Evelyn Lincoln to Lee White, enclosing WS article, Nov. 10, 1963, Box 19, White Papers, JFK.
Pilcher’s game: White to JFK, Nov. 20, 1963; McGiffert to Wilson, Nov. 16, 1963; Wilson to White, Nov. 12, 1963; McGiffert to Wilson, Nov. 8, 1963; and Yarmolinsky to White, May 15, 1963, all in Box 19, White Papers, JFK.
stripped the Oval Office: Lee White, LBJOH.
“normal tone of voice”: Wiretap, Nov. 26, 1963, FLNY-9-363.
Ruby was a Communist: Wiretap, Nov. 24, 1963, FLNY-9-361a.
“Chinese wing”: Wiretap, Nov. 26, 1963, FLNY-7-617a.
deeply hurt: New York Letterhead Memorandum, Nov. 30, 1963, FL-NR.
refused to be photographed: Jet, Dec. 19, 1963, pp. 6, 7, 37.
“unholy alliance”: Baumgardner to Sullivan, Dec. 19, 1963, FK-NR. Also in FBI #100-3-116, serial 711.
“expose King as an immoral opportunist”: Sullivan to Belmont, Dec. 24, 1963, FK-NR. Also in FBI #100-3-116, serial 684.
Lewis was among: Int. John Lewis, May 31, 1984.
“made up their minds”: “Movement Soul,” Folkways Album FD5486.
Freedom Vote: Background on the November 1963 Freedom Vote as a precursor of Freedom Summer found in Carson, In Struggle, pp. 97—98; Harris, Dreams Die Hard, pp. 30—34; Allard Lowenstein speech of Oct. 2, 1963, press conference of Nov. 7, 1963, and Moses speech of April 24, 1964, Stanford University Archive of Recorded Sound; Goodlatte-Bass to Lowenstein, Oct. 29, 1963, A/KP7f29; Robert Moses interview by Ann Romaine, A/AR; SNCC executive committee minutes, Dec. 31, 1963,
p. 28, A/SN6.
“Negroes are blackmailing”: NYT, Nov. 30, 1963, p. 8.
Yale and Stanford: NYT, Oct. 30, 1963, p. 24.
“after him in Amite”: Moses to Doar, Aug. 2, 1962, enclosing press release, files of the Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice.
“Thank you, Jesus”: Elizabeth Allen affidavit in COFO, Mississippi, pp. 30—37.
“protect our own people”: Int. Robert Moses, July 30, 1984.
cancel the SCLC’s credit cards: King memos to executive staff, Oct. 30, 1963, Dec. 5, 1963, and undated, A/KP31f6.
Robert Kennedy dismissed: RFK to MLK, Dec. 4, 1963, A/KP24f21.
forty elderly Negro women: Boynton to MLK, Nov. 30, 1963, A/KP21f10.
dentist bill for Mahalia Jackson: Dr. R. C. Bell to Walker, Dec. 10, 1963; Walker to Bell, Dec. 19, 1963, A/SC4f18; MLK to Mahalia Jackson, Jan. 10, 1964, A/KP13f1.
“let Dexter go out”: MLK interview by Donald H. Smith, SHSW/SP.
MAJOR WORKS CITED IN NOTES
Abram, Morris B. The Day Is Short. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Adams, Sherman. Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration. Harper & Brothers, 1961.
Ahlstrom, Sidney E. A Religious History of the American People. Yale University Press, 1972.
Allen, Ivan, Jr., with Paul Hemphill. Mayor: Notes on the Sixties. Simon and Schuster, 1971.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: The President. Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Ansbro, John J. Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1982.
Ashmore, Harry S. Hearts and Minds: The Anatomy of Racism from Roosevelt to Reagan. McGraw-Hill, 1982.
Augustine, The Confessions of Saint Augustine (ca. 400). Signet, 1963.
Baez, Joan. And a Voice to Sing With. Summit Books, 1987.
Bains, Lee E. “Birmingham 1963: Confrontation Over Civil Rights.” B.A. thesis, Harvard University, 1977.
Baker, Bobby, with Larry L. King. Wheeling and Dealing: Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator. W. W. Norton, 1978.
Bass, Jack. Unlikely Heroes. Simon and Schuster, 1981.
Bennett, Lerone, Jr. What Manner of Man. Johnson Publishing Co., 1964.
Bingham, June. Courage to Change: An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972.
Birmingham, Stephen. Certain People: America’s Black Elite. Little, Brown, 1977.
Blair, Joan, and Clay Blair, Jr. The Search for JFK. Berkley/G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976.
Bledsoe, Thomas. Or We’ll All Hang Separately: The Highlander Idea. Beacon Press, 1969.
Boddie, Charles Emerson. God’s Bad Boys. Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson Press, 1972.
Bradlee, Benjamin C. Conversations with Kennedy. W. W. Norton, 1975.
Brawley, Benjamin. History of Morehouse College. Atlanta: Morehouse College, 1917.
Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks. Grove Press, 1966.
Buckley, Gail Lumet. The Hornes: An American Family. Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Harvard University Press, 1981.
Clark, Septima. Echo in My Soul. E. P. Dutton, 1962.
Clarke, Erskine. Wrestlin’ Jacob. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1979.
Clayton, Edward T. King: The Peaceful Warrior. Prentice-Hall, 1964. Pocket Books, 1969.
COFO (Council of Federated Organizations). Mississippi Black Power. Random House, 1965.
Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Kennedys. Summit Books, 1984.
Corley, Robert Gaines. “The Quest for Racial Harmony: Race Relations in Birmingham, Alabama, 1947—1963.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1979.
Davis, Allison. Leadership, Love, and Aggression. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
Doar, John, and Dorothy Landsberg. “The Performance of the FBI in Investigating Violations of Federal Laws Protecting the Right to Vote, 1960—67.” Unpublished paper, 1971.
Donovan, Robert J. Eisenhower: The Inside Story. Harper & Brothers, 1956.
—. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945-48. W. W. Norton, 1977.
—. Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-53. W. W. Norton, 1982.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Written by Himself) (1845). Signet, 1968.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk (1903). Signet, 1969.
Durr, Virginia Foster. Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr, edited by Hollinger F. Barnard. University of Alabama Press, 1985.
English, James W. The Prophet of Wheat Street. Elgin, Ill.: David C. Cook Publishing Co., 1967; paperback edition, 1973.
Evans, Rowland, and Robert Novak. Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power. New American Library, 1966. Signet, 1968.
Evans, Zelia S., ed. Dexter Avenue Baptist Church: 1877-1977. Unpublished paper produced for the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, Alabama, 1978.
Evers, Mrs. Medgar, with William Peters. For Us, The Living. Doubleday, 1967.
Farmer, James. Freedom—When? Random House, 1965.
—. Lay Bare the Heart. Arbor House, 1985.
Fenderson, Lewis H. Thurgood Marshall: Fighter for Justice. McGraw-Hill/Rutledge Books, 1969.
Fischer, Louis. Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World. Mentor, 1954.
Flynn, J. T. God’s Gold: John D. Rockefeller and His Times. Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1932.
Forman, James. The Making of Black Revolutionaries. Macmillan, 1972.
Fosdick, Harry Emerson. The Living of These Days. Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Fox, Richard. Reinhold Niebuhr. Pantheon, 1985.
Gandy, Samuel Lucius. Human Possibilities: A Vernon Johns Reader. Washington, D.C.: Hoffman Press, 1977.
Gardner, Carl. Andrew Young. New York: Drake Publishers, 1978.
Garrow, David J. Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Yale University Press, 1978.
—. The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., W. W. Norton, 1981.
—. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow, 1986.
Gentile, Thomas. March on Washington: August 28, 1963. Washington, D.C.: Dew Day Publications, 1983.
Golden, Harry. Mr. Kennedy and the Negroes. Fawcett World Library, 1964.
Goldman, Eric F. The Crucial Decade—And After: America, 1945—1960. Vintage, 1960.
Goreau, Laurraine. Just Mahalia, Baby. Waco, Tex.: World Books, 1975.
Goulden, Joseph C. George Meany: The Unchallenged Strong Man of American Labor. Atheneum, 1972.
Grant, Joanne. Black Protest: History, Documents, and Analyses, 1619 to the Present. Fawcett Premier, 1968.
Guralnick, Peter. Sweet Soul Music. Harper & Row, 1986.
Guthman, Edwin. We Band of Brothers. Harper & Row, 1971.
Harding, Vincent. “A Beginning in Birmingham.” The Reporter, June 6, 1963, pp. 13—19.
Harrington, Michael. Fragments of the Century. Saturday Review Press, 1973.
Harris, David. Dreams Die Hard. St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
Haskins, James. Andrew Young: Man with a Mission. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1979.
Hoagland, Jim. South Africa: Civilizations in Conflict. Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Hollis, Daniel Webster, III. An Alabama Newspaper Tradition: Grover C. Hall and the Hall Family. University of Alabama Press, 1983.
Hoopes, Townsend. The Devil and John Foster Dulles. Atlantic—Little, Brown, 1973.
Howe, Irving. The American Communist Party: A Critical History. Praeger, 1962.
Huckaby, Elizabeth. Crisis at Central High: Little Rock, 1957—58. LSU Press, 1980.
Isserman, Maurice. If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left. Basic Books, 1987.
Jones, Charles C. The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States (1842). Libraries Press, 197
1.
Jones, Landon Y. Great Expectations. Coward-McCann & Geoghegan, 1980.
Kaufman, Walter, ed. Religion from Tolstoy to Camus. Harper & Row, 1961. Torchbook, 1964.
Kearns, Doris. Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. Harper & Row, 1976.
King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. Avon, 1970.
King, Edward. The Great South. LSU Press, 1972.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “An Autobiography of Religious Development.” Unpublished paper written at Boston University, ca. 1951.
—. Stride Toward Freedom: A Leader of His People Tells the Montgomery Story. Harper & Brothers, 1958.
—. Strength to Love. Harper & Row, 1964. Fortress Press, 1982.
—. Why We Can’t Wait. Harper & Row, 1963. Signet, 1964.
King, Martin Luther, Sr., with Clayton Riley. Daddy King: An Autobiography. William Morrow, 1980.
King, Mary. Freedom Song. William Morrow, 1987.
Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice. Random House, 1975. Vintage, 1977.
Kunstler, William. Deep in My Heart. William Morrow, 1966.
Lewis, David L. King: A Critical Biography. University of Illinois Press, 1970. Illini, 1978.
Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
Lord, Walter. The Past That Would Not Die. Harper & Row, 1965. Pocket Books, 1967.
Macy, Christy, and Susan Kaplan. Documents. Penguin, 1980.
Manchester, William. The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 2 vols. Little, Brown, 1973.
Martin, John Bartlow. The Deep South Says Never. Ballantine, 1957.
—. Adlai Stevenson and the World. Doubleday, 1977. Anchor, 1978.
Mays, Benjamin. Born to Rebel. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971.
Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement. University of Illinois Press, 1973. Illini, 1975.
Meredith, James H. Three Years in Mississippi. Indiana University Press, 1966.
Miller, Merle. Lyndon: An Oral Biography. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1980. Ballantine, 1981.
Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. Dial Press, 1968.
Morris, Aldon D. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. Free Press, 1984.
Morrow, E. Frederic. Black Man in the White House. Coward-McCann, 1963. MacFadden, 1963.
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