policy for, 186
problems with, 241
public viewing of, 161
ranchers’ manipulation of law on, 147–48
to reach Appropriate Management Level, 175
Ryden on, 162
techniques used for, 66–70, 79
treatment of horses in, 168–72
Westerners’ opposition to, 140–41
under Wild Horse and Burro Program, 150–65, 168–74, 177, 187–88, 190, 193
ruminants, 25
Russell, Charles, 84–85
Ruxton, George, 50
Ryden, Hope, 134, 148–49, 157
Salazar, John, 237
Salazar, Ken, 191, 231–32, 234, 237–40
sale authority horses, 225–41
Davis’ purchases of, 225–41
getting information on, 224–27
possible corruption in program, 227, 229–31, 238–41
price of, 224
resale to slaughterhouses, 228–31, 236–37
Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold), 149
Sand Springs Valley, xiii–xv, xix, xxi, xxvi, xxxii
Saukamaupee, 48
Schlesser Brothers, 82
Science and Conservation Center, The, 255
Sederwall, Steve, 184, 185–286
Shoshone, 47, 50
Silver King, 132
Simpson, George Gaylord, 10, 14, 19, 22, 24
Sioux, 47, 49, 53
Skelton, Carl, 83
Slattery, James, 142
slaughterhouses, xxxiv, xxxvii; See also horsemeat industry
airplane roundups for, 131–33
closing of, 228
and corruption in adoption program, 181–86
and “fee waiver” adoption program, 178–80
move to sell horses to, 178, 195
resale of sale authority horses to, 228–31, 236–37; See also sale authority horses
Snake people, 55
Solari, Dante, 143
Spanish conquest and settlement, 36–50, 52–53
Spanish feudal system, 42
Spanish horses, xxxiv–xxxv
Indian ponies from, 49–52
mustangs from, 36, 40–41, 58–59
native tribes’ raiding of, 43–45, 52–54
and Pueblo Revolt, 37–38, 45, 46
as success factor in conquest, 38–40
trade in, 47–49
sportsman lobby, 289
Spring Creek Basin HMA, 243–44, 247–48, 258, 263–64
“stampeding,” xxiv
Stevens, Ted, 175
Stone Cabin Valley, Nevada, 156–62, 167
storage/holding of horses, 164
cost of, xxiii, xxxii, 175–77, 181, 188–95, 257, 286
extent of, xxxvii–xxxviii
long-term, 187–96
money made from, 172
movement to slaughter horses in, 210–11
sale of horses from holding, See sale authority horses
treatment of horses in, 179
subsidies to public land ranchers, 218–20
sustainable land management
as BLM mission, 174
and population size of wild horses, 193–94
by ranchers, 204
Symanski, Richard, 211–12
Tabeau, Antoine, 48
Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 143
terror birds, 28
Thoroughbreds, xxvii, 162
Topeka Commonwealth, 74
To the Last Man (Grey), 113
Tour on the Prairies, A (Irving), 105
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 115–16
Turner, John, 251–53, 261, 268–73, 275–80, 282–83
Twine, Pearl, 148
Twin Springs Ranch, Nevada, 198–212, 219, 220
Tysk, Harold, 148
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, xviii
United States Grazing Service, 11, 142–43
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 275, 288
Ute, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 54
Utter, Chester “Chug,” 148
Van Doren, Mark, 41
Virginian, The (Wister), 121, 124–25
von Trapp, Johannes, 229
Warm Springs, 197–98
water
as key in range wars, 201–2, 209
as predators’ trapping point, 277
Watt, James, 175
wealth, horses as, 53–54
Western Europe, xxxvii
Whiteman, Maud, 76, 77
White Stallion, 105–10, 126
in American literature, 108–9
American values tied to, 114–15
Grey’s retelling of, 120
Irving’s hearing/recording of, 105, 106
“King of the Drove” version of, 292–95
and legal protection for wild horses, 128
modern version of, 132
restoring, 288
wild-born, free-roaming horses, See mustangs
Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (1971), xxxiii, 150–56, 159
anger at, 214–15
impact of, 206–14
prosecutions under, 215–16
wild horse advocate movement, 162–63, 167, 262
wild horse advocates; See also individual advocates
differences of opinion among, 167, 262
and “fee waiver” adoption program, 178–80
impact of, 161
on overpopulation of cattle, 212
PZP pushback from, 256, 292
and range wars, 199
theories of, 223, 229
Wild Horse and Burro Program, 156–96
adoption by proxy in, 181–82
corruption in adoption programs, 182–87
cost of storing horses, 175–77, 192
and euthanization of horses, 176–77, 180–81, 195
“fee waiver” adoption program, 178–80
funding for, 177
long-term holding under, 187–96
roundups, 150–65, 168–74, 177, 190, 193
Salazar’s criticism of, 231
and sale of “excess” horses to slaughterhouses, 175, 178, 182, 183, 190, 195
storage of horses under, 164
and wild horse population size, 163–64, 174, 193
Wild Horse Annie (Velma Bronn Johnston), 129–31, 134–55, 157–58, 167, 252
Wild Horse Annie Law (1959), 147–48, 153–54
Wild Horse Country, xvi–xvii, xix–xx, 267–68
Wild Horse Education, 166–67
Wild Horse Mesa (silent film), 126
wild horse ranges, xvii
wild horses; See also mustangs; specific topics
appearance of, xxiv–xxv
areas taken away from, xxxv–xxxvi
on Assateague Island, 253–54
band structure of, 22, 168, 171, 256
in Bighorn Basin, 11–12
BLM control of, xx–xxi, xxxvi–xxxvii; See also roundups; Wild Horse and Burro Program
characteristics of, xxvii–xxx
cost of storing/holding, xxiii, xxxii, 175–77, 181, 188–95, 257, 286
DNA determination of ancestry of, 58–59
extinction of, 133
first Americans’ writing about, 55–57
homages to, xxxviii
legal definition of, xxxiv
legal protection of, xvi, xx, xxxii–xxxiv, 128
legend of, xviii; See also myths and legends about mustangs
locations of, xvi–xvii
meaning given to, xv
mid-twentieth century conditions for, xxxiii
movement for legal protection of, 129–55
mustangs vs., xxxiv
myth vs. management of, 264
as native horses, See native horses
natural die-off of, 212–13
other countries’ treatment of, xxxvii
population size, See population size of wild horses
public perception of, xxxii, xxxix
ranchers�
�� destruction of, 206, 214–16
relationships among, xxix–xxxi, 22, 44–45; See also bands of wild horses
roundups of, xxi–xxvi, xxviii–xxxii; See also roundups
storage of, xxiii, xxxii, xxxvii–xxxviii; See also storage/holding of horses
as symbol, xxxviii, 288
toughness of, xviii
urban vs. rural views of, 265–66
Westerners’ attitudes toward, 74–81
wildlife management, 275, 288
Wildlife Services, 285, 286, 289
Williamson, Lonnie, 152–53
Willwood Formation, 5–8
Winch, Mark, 217–18
Winglus, Sidney, 93, 95
Wister, Owen, 121–25
wolfers, 75–76
World War I, 63
Wuerthner, George, 219
Wyoming Wool Growers Association, 152
Yellowstone National Park, 287–88
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Lethal Warriors
Copyright © 2017 by David Philipps
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