MR. CLEAN
“Mr. Clean will clean your whole house / And everything that’s in it / Mr. Clean, Mr. Clean, Mr. Clean...” Within six months of its introduction in 1958 by Proctor & Gamble (including that ear-worm TV jingle), Mr. Clean became America’s bestselling household cleaner. The Mr. Clean character was designed by a Chicago ad agency in 1957, but Procter & Gamble—perhaps to ward off lawsuits from Yul Brynner, who affected a very similar look as the king of Siam in a popular musical of the time, The King and I—insisted that the character was modeled after a Navy sailor from Pensacola. Internationally, his name is usually translated into the local language—Maestro Lindo in Italy, Don Limpio in Spain, Meister Proper in Germany, and Monsieur Net in Quebec.
In the American West, turkeys were moved like cattle, in “drives” of hundreds of birds.
MR. BEAN
Rowan Atkinson, who created the 1990s British TV character, described Mr. Bean as a “boy trapped in a man’s body.” (Watch him try go shopping and you’ll see why.) Mr. Bean, who rarely speaks, was modeled after silent film stars as well as “Monsieur Hulot,” a bumbling character created by French director Jacques Tati in the 1950s. Atkinson debuted Mr. Bean at a French-only comedy festival in Montreal, Quebec, in 1987. Why? He wanted to see if non-English speakers would laugh at him. They did. The character didn’t even have a name when the show went in to production, but Atkinson just knew it had to be some kind of vegetable, and came close to calling him Mr. Cauliflower.
MR. PiBB
The Dr Pepper Company didn’t have its own bottling or distribution facilities, so it typically bid out the jobs to other soft drink companies, giving them a share of the company and profits in exchange. In some regions, Coca-Cola won the bid; in others, Pepsi or 7-Up did. Coke didn’t have distribution of Dr Pepper in the South, where it was most popular, so in the early ’80s Coke created a taste-alike brand and tested it in a few markets, most notably Waco, Texas, Dr Pepper’s hometown. This didn’t make the Pepper people happy, and the company sued when it discovered that Coke was calling its new drink “Peppo.” So Coke changed the name to “Dr. Pibb.” Still too close. (From a distance, the two lowercase b’s resembled p’s.) Finally, Coke revoked Pibb’s medical license and capitalized the two B’s, creating “Mr. PiBB,” which was just barely different enough.
MR. MISTER
The 1980s American rock group’s name started as a private joke. Inspired by a Weather Report song “Mr. Gone,” the band members began referring to each other as “Mr. _____,” filling in the blank with something to address a current situation. (e.g., “Here comes Mr. Late and his friend Mr. Even Later...”). After a while, they wanted the band’s name to follow the same form, but group members couldn’t agree on what word to use to fill in the blank. Finally, drummer Pat Mastelotto broke the impasse when he suggested “Mr. Mister.”
Liz Sheridan, the actress who played Jerry’s mom on Seinfeld, was once engaged to James Dean.
THE UNLUCKIEST
TRAIN RIDE
Even if you’re not a history buff and know very little about World War II, there is one thing about it that you do know: how it ended. But here’s a part of the story that you may not know.
INCOMING
Shortly after 8:00 a.m. on the morning of August 6, 1945, lookouts in the mountains east of Hiroshima, Japan, spotted two American B-29 bombers flying in close formation, followed by a third B-29 a few miles back. They weren’t overly concerned. The aircraft were flying at an altitude of more than 31,000 feet, unusually high for a bombing run. The firebombing raids that had devastated more than 60 Japanese cities since March 1945 operated at a much lower altitude and involved huge numbers of B-29s, sometimes 500 or more. The only bombers that had flown as high as these three had been on reconnaissance missions, not bombing runs.
Even when the three aircraft altered course and headed straight for Hiroshima, officials weren’t alarmed. It was common for B-29s to rendezvous near the city before heading off to bomb other targets. At this late stage of the war, fuel, ammunition, airplanes, and pilots were in desperately short supply in Japan; the military couldn’t afford to waste resources chasing just a handful of planes. The B-29s approached Hiroshima unmolested by fighter planes and anti-aircraft fire.
DEADLY MISSION
Two of the three planes were indeed carrying only scientific and reconnaissance equipment. But the last plane, the Enola Gay, was on one of the deadliest missions of the war. It was carrying an atomic bomb, one with an explosive power equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT—more than 1,500 times as powerful as the British Grand Slam, the largest bomb that had ever been used in warfare. At 8:15 a.m., the Enola Gay released the bomb over the city. It dropped to an altitude of 2,000 feet and then exploded, destroying much of Hiroshima and killing an estimated 70,000 people, or 30 percent of the population. Another 70,000 would die within weeks.
Looney law: In Britain, a marriage ceremony is legal only if it takes place under a roof.
BEARING WITNESS
Shigeyoshi Morimoto was luckier than many people in the city. The master kitemaker was in town for a secret meeting to study whether kites could be used to protect the Japanese fleet from attack by American fighter planes, and was visiting his cousin’s home about half a mile from ground zero when the bomb went off. Ninety-five percent of the people who were that close to the bomb were killed, but Morimoto, his cousin, and his cousin’s son all survived.
“There was something like a lightning flash, and along with the flash the house collapsed and we were pinned beneath the fallen ceiling and roof,” Morimoto told interviewer Robert Trumbull in 1956. “All three of us were alive—unhurt, in fact, except for bruises from the fallen roof and ceiling of the ruined house, which kept us from being exposed to that horrible blast.”
When the three dug themselves out from the rubble, they were stunned by the vastness of the destruction. Like a lot of survivors, they assumed that the blast had been nearby, perhaps caused by an exploding fuel tank or a bomb falling a few blocks away. But when they saw how widespread the damage was, they realized this was no ordinary bomb. Every building within a one-mile radius of the blast was flattened, and every building within a 4.5 square mile area was or would soon be destroyed by fire. (Many of the fires were caused by cooking stoves knocked over by the explosion.)
WHAT NEXT?
Morimoto returned to the hotel where he’d been staying, to see if he could salvage any of his belongings. The hotel was badly damaged but still standing. There he found that three of his colleagues had also survived: Tsuitaro Doi, Shinji Kinoshita, and Masao Komatsu. The four men spent the night in the ruins of the hotel, and the following morning they discussed what to do next.
By now news of the destruction of Hiroshima had spread to the rest of Japan, but there was no way for survivors to get word out to their families that they were still alive. The bomb had knocked out telephone and telegraph lines, as well as the radio stations.
World’s largest eatery: the Damascus Gate restaurant, in Syria. It seats 6,014 people.
The four men decided to return home, and after obtaining permission to leave the city, on the afternoon of August 8 they walked out of Hiroshima and found a train to their home city: Nagasaki.
SOME HOMECOMING
At least three trains left Hiroshima for Nagasaki, 190 miles to the southwest, and arrived there by August 9, the day that an atomic bomb was dropped on that city. One train left on the afternoon of August 6th, another on the 7th, and another on the 8th. Though the trains left Hiroshima packed with fleeing refugees, most of the passengers traveled only a few stops beyond the city before they got off.
Nevertheless, it’s estimated that at least 165 survivors of the Hiroshima bomb traveled to Nagasaki, were there for the second atomic blast, and lived to tell the tale. The number of Hiroshima survivors who were killed by the Nagasaki bomb is unknown.
DUCK AND COVER
While it was certainly bad luck to survive one atomic bomb only to
be bombed a second time, many of the citizens of Nagasaki who spoke to the Hiroshima survivors before the second bomb fell were fortunate to have done so. They learned valuable information that increased their own chances of survival.
The Hiroshima survivors knew, for example, that a short interval of time separated the initial blinding flash of light from the destructive blast wave that followed it, in much the same way that thunder follows lightning. People close to ground zero had just a moment or two to take cover before the blast wave hit; people further away had more time—not a lot more time, but even a few seconds was enough to flee into a basement or a nearby air-raid shelter, or at least duck down below window level before the glass exploded into thousands of flying, razor-sharp projectiles.
Tsutomu Yamaguchi, a ship designer for the Mitsubishi company, was one of the Hiroshima survivors who returned to Nagasaki. He reported to work on the morning of August 9 and shared his experiences with his staff, stressing the importance of getting away from the windows as soon as they saw such a flash. When the flash did come a short time later at 11:02 a.m., many workers dove for cover behind desks and other sturdy objects. “My section’s staff suffered the least in that building. In other sections there was a heavy toll of serious injuries from flying glass,” he told journalist Robert Trumbull in 1956.
What is a clurichaun? A leprechaun who only comes out at night. (He’s usually drunk.)
Many such conversations between Hiroshima survivors and Nagasaki citizens were taking place at the very moment the second bomb exploded. Shigeyoshi Morimoto, the master kitemaker, had just finished describing the atomic bomb to his wife (“First there is a great blue flash...”) when their house was suddenly flooded with a blinding blue flash. “There, you see!” he shouted. “It comes again! That’s what I mean!” He shoved his wife and son into the family’s air raid shelter and jumped in behind them, pulling the heavy trap door shut just as the blast wave destroyed their house. Morimoto, his wife, and their son were uninjured.
SILENT WITNESSES
The story of the nijyuu hibakusha, or “double bomb-affected people” is one of the least-known stories of World War II, and this is due in large part to the fact that very few of the nijyuu hibakusha have ever come forward. As of 2009, only one of them—ship designer Tsutomu Yamaguchi—has been officially recognized by the Japanese government as a survivor of both bombs.
In the mid-1950s, Trumbull traveled to Japan in search of the nijyuu hibakusha, but he was only able to come up with a list of 18 names. He tracked down 11 people on the list, but only nine—including Tsutomu Yamaguchi; kitemaker Shigeyoshi Morimoto and his three colleagues, Tsuitaro Doi, Shinji Kinoshita; and Masao Komatsu—agreed to speak to him. He published their accounts in his 1957 book Nine Who Survived Hiroshima and Nagasaki, one of the few books ever written on the subject. (A 2010 book titled Last Train from Hiroshima, by another author, was withdrawn from publication after it was found to contain fabricated sources and information.)
SECOND-CLASS CITIZENS
The reluctance of so many to speak of their experiences may be due in part to the fact that for many years, there was a stigma associated with being an atomic bomb survivor. Because they often suffered from fatigue, malaise, and other illnesses caused by exposure to radiation, survivors suffered from job discrimination and even social isolation, shunned by people who feared that their strange sickness might be contagious. And for a decade after the war, the victims of the atom bombs were largely ignored by the Japanese government, which was wary of assuming responsibility for the victims of the American bombs. It wasn’t until 1954, when the crew of a Japanese fishing boat was exposed to radioactive fallout from an American hydrogen bomb test on Bikini Atoll, that public outrage over that incident forced the government to take an active interest in the well-being of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims as well. The A-Bomb Victims Medical Care bill, which provided free medical care to the victims, became a Japanese law in 1957.
Aichmophobia is the fear of sharp things, like needles.
TRAUMATIZED
Another reason for the silence of so many nijyuu hibakusha was that although they were very lucky to have survived two atomic bombings, the experience was so traumatic that many may have simply chosen not to talk about it, at least not publicly. Kitemaker Shigeyoshi Morimoto survived both bombings largely unscathed, but he lost two family members at Hiroshima and eight more at Nagasaki. And the images of death and destruction he witnessed after both bombings were among the most horrific ever seen.
Tsutomu Yamaguchi, the Mitsubishi ship designer, was badly burned by the Hiroshima bomb and suffered further injuries at Nagasaki. He wore bandages for 16 years, and his wounds never did completely heal. His wife and six-month-old son were exposed to “black rain” radioactive fallout from the Nagasaki bomb, and they, along with a daughter who was born after the war, suffered from chronic health problems for the rest of their lives.
Aside from the interview with Robert Trumbull in the 1950s, Yamaguchi largely avoided public attention for decades and was not active in Japan’s antinuclear movement. But when his son died from cancer in 2005 at the age of 59, he went public with his story and began speaking out against nuclear war. “Having been granted this miracle, it is my responsibility to pass on the truth to people of the world. For the past 60 years survivors have declared the horror of the atomic bomb, but I can hardly see any improvement in the situation,” he told an interviewer in 2005. Yamaguchi died from stomach cancer in January 2010 at the age of 93.
The garfish (or needlefish) has green bones.
JUDGES GONE WILD
Further proof that being a judge is no guarantee that a person has good judgement.
Judge: Sharon “Killer” Keller, the presiding judge on the Texas Criminal Court of Appeals. She is the highest-ranking criminal judge in the state.
Background: On September 25, 2007, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a case that questioned the constitutionality of the method of lethal injection that Texas uses to execute condemned prisoners. By chance, an inmate named Michael Richard was scheduled to be executed in Texas that very night. Richard’s lawyers wanted to request a stay of execution based on the Supreme Court’s action, but they had computer problems and shortly before 5:00 p.m. they called the Court of Appeals and asked if it could remain open a few minutes past closing time so they could file their papers. Such requests are typically granted before scheduled executions...but not this time. “Tell them we close at five,” Judge Keller replied. The lawyers missed the deadline, and Richard was executed a few hours later.
What Happened: Keller was brought before the State Commission on Judicial Conduct and charged with five counts of misconduct relating to the case. The commission could have removed her from the bench, but they let her off with a reprimand. Even so, Keller appealed the verdict to the State Supreme Court. She lost; at last report she was considering requesting a new trial. (Keller’s other claim to fame: authoring a 1997 opinion that denied a new trial to a man serving 99 years for aggravated rape after DNA tests excluded him as a suspect in the crime. “We can’t give new trials to everyone who establishes, after conviction, that they might be innocent,” Keller explained to an interviewer. The man was later pardoned by then-governor George W. Bush.)
Update: In 2010 Keller was fined $100,000 by the Texas Ethics Commission for failing to list more than $2.8 million in assets on financial disclosure forms. (She’s appealing that, too.)
Multiply your weight by 7%. That’s how much your blood weighs.
NATURE’S REVENGE
What happens when you mess around with nature? Sometimes it works out...but sometimes nature gets even. Here are a few instances when people introduced new animals into the environment—and regretted it.
Import: Indian mongoose
Background: Ecologists consider black rats, which came aboard ships with European explorers, to be one of the most destructive predators ever introduced to the New World. Columbus unintentionall
y left a few behind during a stopoff in Jamaica in 1494. By 1870, the rats were costing Jamaican plantation owners as much as one-fifth of their sugar cane crops. So in 1872, they decided to import the Indian mongoose to control the rats.
Nature’s Revenge: They did eat the rats...but then they moved on to chickens, piglets, lambs, kittens, puppies, frogs, turtles, nesting birds, lizards, bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, pineapples—anything they could get their teeth into. In 1883 further importation was banned and a bounty was placed on the mongoose.
Imports: Rats, cats, and rabbits
Background: In 1810 seal hunters discovered Macquarie Island, about halfway between New Zealand and Antarctica. The rats that came aboard their ships jumped off, and that was the beginning of what scientists call an “ecosystem meltdown.” The sealers brought cats to the island to keep the rodents from eating their food stores. Then, around 1879, they brought European rabbits to breed and provide a ready food supply.
Nature’s Revenge: By 1884 there were thousands of rabbits. The cats ate the rabbits, so the feline population exploded. But they also ate birds, and quickly rid the island of two native species, a rail and a parakeet. By 1985 conservationists decided they had to shoot the cats to prevent the loss of more bird species. But as the cat population declined (the last was killed in 2000), the rabbit population soared. At last count, some 130,000 rabbits were nibbling away at the island’s vegetation, turning lush slopes into bare earth. The rabbits have now stripped 40 percent of the island bare.
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