11.Jane Ellen Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Relgion (Cambridge University Press, 1903, 1922, New York: Arno Press, 1975), pp. 94, 149.
12.See Elizabeth Gould Davis, The First Sex (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971, Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1972) and Evelyn Reed, Women’s Evolution: from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family (New York: Pathfinder Press, Inc., 1975).
13.Interview with Jessie Haver Butler in Sherna Gluck, ed., From Parlor to Prison: Five American Suffragists Talk about Their Lives: An Oral History (New York: Vintage Books, 1976), p. 65.
14.Excerpt from White’s letter to Bro. and Sister Lockwood, September 14, 1864 in Ronald L. Numbers, Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 203. According to Numbers, White frequented Jackson’s institute until she received messages while in trance, which adhered closely to Jackson’s principles, and began to invoke a vegetarian diet as divinely ordained for Seventh Day Adventists.
15.Ishbel Ross, Angel of the Battlefield (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), p. 128.
16.“As late in the fall I had a bad cold and a general feeling of depression, I decided to go to the Dansville Sanatorium.. . . I was there six weeks and tried all the rubbings, pinchings, steamings, the Swedish movements of the arms, hands, legs, feet; dieting, massage, electricity, and soon felt like a new being.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton as Revealed in Her Letters, Diary and Reminiscences, vol. 1, ed. Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch (1922, New York: Arno Press Reprint, 1969), p. 322.
17.Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983, reprint New York: New American Library, 1986), p. 163.
18.See Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom: The Story of the Militant American Suffragist Movement (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920, reprint New York: Shocken Books, 1976), p. 148.
19.James C. Jackson, How to Treat the Sick without Medicine (Dansville, NY: Austin, Jackson & Co., 1870), p. 235.
20.In an interesting twist on this connection, Malcolm Muggeridge suggests that Samuel Butler attacks vegetarianism in Erewhon to compensate for his own homosexuality. Interview with Malcolm Muggeridge in Rynn Berry, Jr., The Vegetarians (Brookline, MA: Autumn Press, 1979), p. 94.
21.Blanche Cook, “The Historical Denial of Lesbianism,” Radical History Review 20 (1979), p. 63.
22.Anna Mary Wells, Miss Marks and Miss Woolley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1978), p. 107. Regarding vegetarianism in their relationship see also Susan E. Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women’s Health (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), p. 153.
23.Mary Alden Hopkins, “Why I Earn My Own Living,” in These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the Twenties, ed. Elaine Showalter (Old Westbury: The Feminist Press, 1978), p. 44.
24.Alice Park to Agnes Ryan and Henry Bailey Stevens, Agnes Ryan Collection, May 1, 1922, December 31, 1936, and February 5, 1941. Box 5, file nos. 62, 66.
25.Carol Christ, Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest (Boston: Beacon Press, 1980, 1986).
26.Curtis Cate, George Sand: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975), p. 204.
27.Barbara Cook, “The Awakening,” The Animals’ Agenda 5, no. 8 (November 1985), pp. 30–31.
28.Agnes Ryan, “The Heart to Sing, an Autobiography,” unpublished manuscript, Agnes Ryan Collection, p. 309. Further quotations are from pp. 311–16.
29.“Some Reminiscences of Henry Bailey Stevens,” Vegetarian World 4 (1975), p. 6. That Stevens so vividly recalls an experience 58 years after the fact confirms it as a revelatory one for both of them, even if the details conflict.
30.Marge Piercy, Small Changes (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Crest Book, 1972), p. 41.
31.Vegetarian Magazine 9, no. 10 (August 1905), p. 174.
32.See my discussion of Stevens’s The Recovery of Culture in chapter 7.
33.Judy Grahn, The Queen of Swords (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), p. 78.
34.Barbara Christian, Black Women Novelists: The Development of a Tradition, 1892–1976 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 207. Alice Walker, Meridian (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976, New York: Washington Square Press, 1977). David Levering Lewis in When Harlem Was in Vogue refers to Toomer’s vegetarianism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981, New York: Vintage Books, 1982), p. 63.
35.Ann Beattie, Chilly Scenes of Winter (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1976).
36.Aileen La Tourette, Cry Wof (London: Virago Press, 1986).
37.Jeanette Winterson, Oranges are not the Only Fruit (New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1985, 1987).
38.Alice Thomas Ellis, The Birds of the Air (New York: The Viking Press, 1981), pp. 90–98.
39.T. H., “Pythagorean Objections Against Animal Food,” London Magazine (November 1825), p. 382.
40.Cited in Dorothy Sterling, Black Foremothers: Three Lives (Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979), p. 151. Consider Alice Walker’s description of a similar insight: “One day, I was walking across the road with my daughter and my companion. It was raining and we were trying to get home. I looked down and there was this chicken with her little babies. They were trying to get home too. It was one of those times feminists refer to as a ‘click.’ Well, this was one of those human animal-to-nonhuman animal clicks, where it just seemed so clear to me how one we are. I was a mother. She was a mother.” Ellen Bring, “Moving towards Coexistence: An Interview with Alice Walker,” Animals’ Agenda 8, no. 3 (April 1988), pp. 8–9.
41.Beth Brant, (Degonwadonti) Mohawk Trail (Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1985), p. 27. They did eat the chickenmeat when the chickens died of natural causes.
42.Flannery O’Connor, “The King of the Birds,” in Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose, ed. Sally and Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1957, 1970), p. 20.
43.Colette, Break of Day (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, Inc., 1961, New York: Ballantine Books, 1983), pp. 28–29. A similar experience accounts for Cloris Leachman’s vegetarianism. In an interview she was asked, “I’ve read that you had a revelation while you were rinsing a chicken under the faucet: it suddenly occurred to you that what you were doing wasn’t very different from bathing a baby.” Leachman replied, “I had a new born baby, and it was exactly the same experience, yes.” Interview with Cloris Leachman in Rynn Berry, Jr., The Vegetarians, p. 17.
44.Margaret Atwood, Cat’s Eye (New York: Doubleday, 1989), pp. 138–39.
45.Alice Ellis, Unexplained Laughter (London: Duckworth, 1985), p. 76.
46.Anne Tyler, The Clock Winder (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1972), p. 35.
47.Anne Tyler, The Accidental Tourist (1985, New York: Berkley Books, 1986); If Morning Ever Comes (1964, New York: Berkley Books, 1986); The Tin Can Tree (1965, New York: Berkley Books, 1986).
48.Sandra Lee Bartky, “Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness,” in Feminism and Philosophy, ed. by Mary Vetterling-Braggin, Frederick A. Elliston, and Jane English, (Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co.), pp. 22, 26.
49.Referred to in the introduction to Alexis DeVeaux, “The Riddles of Egypt Brownstone,” in Midnight Birds: Stories of Contemporary Black Women Writers, ed. Mary Helen Washington (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1980), p. 16.
50.Margaret Atwood, Surfacing (New York: Simon and Schuster, New York: Popular Library, 1972), p. 165.
Epilogue
Epigraph: Erik H. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1969), p. 142. (Sexist language has been changed.)
1.See for instance Joseph Campbell’s use of Geza Roheim’s statement that “whatever is killed becomes father” to explain “the rites of the paleolithic hunters in connection with the killing and eating of their totem beasts.” Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God: Volume I Primitive Mythology (New York: The Viking Press, 1959, New York: Penguin Books, 1978), pp. 77, 129.
2.This is a pa
raphrase of a question posed by Rynn Berry, Jr., in his book The Vegetarians (Brookline, MA: Autumn Press, 1979), p. 83.
3.Kate Millet, Sexual Politics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1979 pp. 25, 23.
4.Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room (Hogarth Press, 1922, Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1971), p. 9.
5.Campbell, The Masks of God, pp. 129, 137. Sexist language has been changed.
6.Virginia de Araújo, “The Friend . . ” Sinister Wisdom no. 20 (1982), p. 17.
7.Maxine Hong Kingston, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), p. 34.
Afterword
1.Daniel Duane, “The Steaks Were High: A big ol’ rib eye bridges the gap between a father and son,” AARP Magazine (January–February 2011), p. 65.
2.A. E. Hotchner, “Steak Shows Its Muscle,” Vanity Fair (May 2013). Available at http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/05/aa-gill-bull-blood-steak (accessed January 31, 2015).
3.Hotchner, “Steak Shows Its Muscle.”
4.Hotchner, “Steak Shows Its Muscle.”
5.Frank Bruni, “Where Only the Salad Is Properly Dressed,” New York Times (February 28, 2007). Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/dining/reviews/28rest.html?pagewanted=all (accessed January 31, 2015).
6.Bruni, “Where Only the Salad is Properly Dressed.”
7.Bruni, “Where Only the Salad is Properly Dressed.”
8.Bruni, “Where Only the Salad is Properly Dressed.”
9.Bruni, “Where Only the Salad is Properly Dressed.”
10.Paul Levy, “A Bit of Skirt,” Review of The River Cottage Meat Book, Times Literary Supplement (December 24 and 31, 2004), p. 11.
11.Quoted in Michael Harris, Colored Pictures: Race and Representation (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), p. 134.
12.Harris, Colored Pictures, p. 126.
13.I discuss examples from the media of the sexual politics of meat in “Consumer Vision: Speciesism, Misogyny, and Media,” in Critical Animal and Media Studies, ed. N. Almiron, M. Cole, and C. P. Freeman (New York: Routledge, 2015).
14.See http://www.fitsnews.com/2015/02/11/sc-senator-women-lesser-cut-meat/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
15.Advertising Standards Bureau Case Report, Case Number 0416/13. Date of determination, November 12, 2013. Available at http://ms.standards.com.au_cases_0416-13.pdf (accessed January 31, 2015).
16.Victor Fiorillo, “Lots of Dead Pigs in Photos for Tap Room Fine Swine Pig Dinner,” Philadelphia Magazine (January 16, 2014). Available at http://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2014/01/16/dead-pigs-tap-room-fine-swine-pig-dinner/#EPw8Z7sFr2OrwbY0.99 (accessed January 31, 2015).
17.See Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960), p. 99.
18.See Carol J. Adams, “The War on Compassion,” in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, ed. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams (New York: Columbia, 2007), pp. 21–36.
19.See Karen Robinson-Jacobs, “Hooters Alum to Help Augment Twin Peaks,” Dallas Morning News (August 23, 2011), p. D1.
20.Dave Rogers, “Strange Noises Turn Out to be Cows Missing Their Calves,” Newbury Port News (October 23, 2013). Available at http://www.newburyportnews.com/news/local_news/strange-noises-turn-out-to-be-cows-missing-their-calves/article_d872e4da-b318-5e90-870e-51266f8eea7f.html (accessed January 31, 2015).
21.Email to author, February 12, 2015.
22.Barbara Noske, Beyond Boundaries: Humans and Animals (Montreal/New York/London: Black Rose Books, 1997), p. 17.
23.Nell Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), pp. 43–58.
24.Ted Genoways, The Chain: Farm, Factory, and the Fate of Our Food (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), p. 124.
25.Genoways, The Chain, p. 99.
26.Genoways, The Chain, pp. 120–21.
27.See Will Potter, Green is the New Red: An Insider’s Account of a Social Movement Under Siege (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2011).
28.Stuart Elliott, “Ads Promote Butcher Shop’s ‘Sultry Poultry,’ ” New York Times (September 16, 2011).
29.Samantha Bryson, “Memphis BBQ Contest Poster Prompts Criticism from Women’s Groups,” [Memphis] Commercial Appeal (April 8, 2013).
30.Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South: 1890–1940 (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).
31.Carol J. Adams, “Why a Pig? A Reclining Nude Reveals the Intersections of Race, Sex, Slavery, and Species,” in Ecofeminism: Feminist Intersections with Other Animals and the Earth, ed. Carol J. Adams and Lori Gruen (New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014).
32.Cary Wolfe, Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 101.
33.See Adams, “The War on Compassion.”
34.Kay Mills, This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer (New York: Plume Books, 1993), p. 14.
35.Grid and analysis drawn from Carol J. Adams, “Why Feminist-Vegan Now?” Feminism & Psychology: Special Issue: Feminism, Psychology and Nonhuman Animals, ed. Annie Potts, 20 (2010), pp. 302–17.
36.See https://www.facebook.com/humanesociety/posts/120231324658868 (accessed January 31, 2015).
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography lists a few references that had a formative influence on my writing of the first edition of The Sexual Politics of Meat. Some of these references do not appear in the text; conversely, some references that can be found in the endnotes do not appear here. My use of specific material written by Agnes Ryan, feminist-vegetarian foremother, is detailed in the endnotes. Her writings—letters, novels, poems, “The Cancer Bogy” and notes for the Vegetarian Pocket Monthly—are in the Agnes Ryan Collection, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, Cambridge. To highlight writings that have appeared subsequent to the publication of the first edition, I have created a Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Bibliography (see pages 265–69).
Vegetarian Writings
Akers, Keith. A Vegetarian Sourcebook: The Nutrition, Ecology and Ethics of a Natural Foods Diet. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1983.
Axon, William E. A. Shelley’s Vegetarianism. Read at a Meeting of the Shelley Society, November 12, 1891. Reprint. New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1971.
Barkas, Janet. The Vegetable Passion: A History of the Vegetarian State of Mind. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.
Berry, Rynn, Jr. The Vegetarians. Brookline, Mass.: Autumn Press, 1979.
Bloodroot Collective. The Political Palate: A Feminist Vegetarian Cookbook. Bridgeport, Connecticut: Sanguinaria Publishing, 1980.
—. The Second Seasonal Political Palate: A Feminist Vegetarian Cookbook. Bridgeport, Connecticut: Sanguinaria Publishing, 1984.
Braunstein, Mark Matthew. Radical Vegetarianism: A Dialectic of Diet and Ethics. Los Angeles: Panjandrum Books, 1981.
Burgess, Mary Keyes. Soul to Soul: A Soul Food Vegetarian Cookbook. Santa Barbara: Woodbridge Publishing Company, 1976.
Davis, Max. The Case for the Vegetarian Conscientious Objector with a Foreword by Scott Nearing. Brooklyn, New York: Tolstoy Peace Group, 1944.
Dombrowski, Daniel A. The Philosophy of Vegetarianism. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1984.
Dyer, Judith. Vegetarianism: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, New Jersey and London: Scarecrow Press, 1982.
Easterbrook, L. F. “Alcohol and Meat.” Nineteenth Century and After. 95 (February 1924), pp. 306–14.
Giehl, Dudley. Vegetarianism: A Way of Life. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Gregory, Dick. Dick Gregory’s Natural Diet for Folks Who Eat: Cookin’ with Mother Nature. Edited by James R. McGraw. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
T. H. “Pythagorean Objections against Animal Food.” London Magazine. (November 1825), pp. 380–83.
Kingsford, Anna. The Perfect Way in Diet: A Treatise Advocating a Ret
urn to the Natural and Ancient Food of Our Race. London: Kegan Paul, 1892.
Lappé Frances Moore. Diet for a Small Planet: Tenth Anniversary Edition. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982.
Newton, John Frank. The Return to Nature; or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen. London, 1811.
Oldfield, Josiah. “The Dangers of Meat Eating.” Westminster Review. 166, no. 2 (August 1906), pp. 195–200.
Oswald, John. The Cry of Nature; or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice, on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals. London, 1791.
Paget, Lady Walb. “Vegetable Diet.” Popular Science Monthly. 44 (1893), pp. 94–102.
Phillips, Sir Richard. Golden Rules of Social Philosophy; or, a New System of Practical Ethics. London, 1826.
Ritson, Joseph. An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food as a Moral Duty. London: Phillips, 1802.
Robbins, John. Diet for a New America. Walpole, New Hampshire: Stillpoint Publishing, 1987.
Rudd, G. L. Why Kill for Food? 1956. Madras, India: The Indian Vegetarian Congress, 1973.
Salt, Henry S. The Creed of Kinship. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1935.
—. The Humanities of Diet: Some Reasonings and Rhymings. Manchester: The Vegetarian Society, 1914.
—. The Logic of Vegetarianism. London: Ideal Publishing, 1899.
Sharpe, M. R. L. [later Freshel]. The Golden Rule Cookbook: Six Hundred Recipes for Meatless Dishes. Cambridge, Mass.: The University Press, 1908.
Shelley, Percy. A Vindication of Natural Diet and On the Vegetable System of Diet. In The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Volume VI, Prose. Edited by Roger Ingpen and Walter E. Peck. New York: Gordian Press, 1965.
Stevens, Henry Bailey. The Recovery of Culture. New York: Harper & Row, 1949.
Stockham, Alice. Tokology: A Book for Every Woman. New York: Fenno and Co., 1911.
Sussman, Vic. The Vegetarian Alternative: A Guide to a Healthful and Humane Diet. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, 1978.
Tryon, Thomas. The way to health, long life and happiness. London, 1683.
Williams, Howard, ed. The Ethics of Diet: a Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-Eating. London: Pitman and Heywood, 1883.
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