16. Letter of Denise Rich to President Bill Clinton, December 6, 2000. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 619.
17. “Plotting a Pardon,” New York Times, April 11, 2001.
18. Note from Jack Quinn, November 8, 1999
19. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 194.
20. Quoted in “The Threatened Eclipse of a Rising Star,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 31 (Spring, 2001): 69.
21. Controversial Pardon.
22. United States Constitution, Article II, Section 2: “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.”
23. “My Reasons for the Pardons,” New York Times, February 18, 2001.
24. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2004).
25. Ibid.
26. Quoted in “Marc Rich Is Sent 137 Million New York Tax Bill,” New York Times, March 2, 2001.
27. “Head of Rich Foundation Defends Pardon,” CNN, February 20, 2001, http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/02/20/rich.foundation/index.html.
20: Epilogue
1. John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, Contemporary American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport; Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), xxii.
2. www.templeton.org/market.
INDEX
ABC News, 96, 254
African National Congress (ANC), 196
Alcoa, 188–89
Algeria, 54, 58, 72, 179
Almadén mines, 43, 49–50
Aluminum, 186–89, 274
Ambition of Marc Rich, 16–17
America Held Hostage (TV program), 96
American Bolivian Bank, 34
American legal isolationism, 130–32
Angola, 179, 181, 183–85, 194
Anti-Semitism, 17–19, 26, 38–39, 204
Antwerp, Belgium, 27–29
Aouad, Philip, 210
Apprenticeship at Philipp Brothers, 37–38, 40–41
Arab oil embargo, 54–55, 99–101, 117
Arafat, Yasser, 94, 248–49
ARCO (Atlantic Richfield Company), 80, 81, 101–2, 120
Ariano, William F., 101–2
Arms dealing, 153, 240–41, 270
Arrow, Kenneth J., 87
Ashkelon, oil pipeline, 64–70, 79–80
Ashland Oil, 71–72
Asturiana de Zinc SA, 226–27
Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), 80, 81, 101–2, 120
Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 180
Auschwitz, 29
Australia, 30–31
Azemour refugee camp, 30–31
Azulay, Avner, 159–61, 208
on anti-Semitism and Marc Rich, 17–18
Clinton pardon and, 238, 243–49, 252, 258–59
on death of Marc Rich’s daughter Gabrielle, 212
Israel assistance by Marc Rich and, 103, 203–7, 208
Justice Department search and, 201
security for Marc Rich, 159–61
on trust and Marc Rich, 86
Baar, Switzerland, 149–54, 217–18
“Back-to-back trades,” 53
Bakhtiar, Shahpur, 92–93
Bankers Trust Company, 80
Banking crisis of 2008, 175–76, 266–67
Barak, Ehud, 160, 246–47, 258–59
Barceló, Miquel, 10
Batista, Fulgencio, 45–46
Bauxite, 186–89, 274
Bazargan, Mehdi, 93–94
Begin, Menachem, 103
Belgium, 25–29
Ben-Ami, Shlomo, 246, 248–49, 259
Benn, Tony, 67
Ben-Yair, Michael, 133
Beta Israel of Ethiopia, 204–6
Beyeler, Ernst, 246
Bialer, Uri, 280n
Biggin Hill Airport, 156–57
Billman, Tom J., 200–201
Birth of Marc Rich, 27–28
Blum, Adolfo, 40
Blumenthal, Sidney, 249
Bolivia, 34, 41, 44
Bouguerra, Slimane, 178
Boxer, Barbara, 250
Braudel, Fernand, 27
Bribery, 16, 177–78
British Observer, 207
British Petroleum, 55–57, 58, 268
Brown, Dan, 36
Burlap bags, 34, 35
Burton, Dan, 2, 17, 141
Burundi, 181–83
Bush, George H. W., 141
Bush, George W., 138, 153, 157, 265
Caan, James, 36
Cabinda, Angola, 183–85
Camp David Accords, 198
Camp Osceola, 33–34
Carter, Jimmy, 95–97, 101, 116–17
Case against Marc Rich (United States of America v. Marc Rich, Pincus Green, et al.), 116–43
alleged “sham transactions” and, 120–22
announcement of case, 116–17
five flaws of case, 135–39
obstructive strategy of Marc Rich, 139–41
oil price control and, 117–20
overview of case, 117–22
as political cause, 141–43, 145–46
presumed innocent and, 134–35
Swiss government and extradition, 125–34
Castro, Fidel, 45–47, 184, 269
Ceauescu, Nicolae, 68
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 96, 202
CEPE (Corporación Estatal Petrolera Ecuatoriana), 81
Certificate of Loss of Nationality, 110
CFP (Compagnie française des pétroles), 58
Chalmin, Philippe, 85
Charles V of Spain, 10
Charles VI of France, 39
Chase Manhattan Bank, 124
Cheney, Dick, 138
Chevron, 55–57, 101, 183
Chillida, Eduardo, 273
China, 43, 86–87, 268–69
Chrome ore, 67
Churchill, Winston, 147
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 96, 202
Citroën, 25, 28–30, 214
Clarendon Ltd., 113, 186–89, 231
Climate change, 265
Clinton, Bill
Denise Rich and, 209–10, 250–51, 258
pardon of Marc Rich. See Clinton pardon
Clinton, Hillary, 250, 266
Clinton pardon, 7, 239–63
Barak’s support for, 246–47
Denise Rich’s role in, 250–54, 258
furor over, 2, 241–42, 260–61
Holder’s role in, 255–57
Marc Rich on, 261–63
motivation of President Clinton for, 257–60
organizing for, 242–46
Peres’ support for, 247–50
of Pinky Green, 66–67, 239–41, 245–46, 253
Shavit’s support for, 206, 246
tax bargain, 260–61
Clinton Wars, The (Blumenthal), 249
Club of Rome, 14
Cobuco (Compagnie Burundaise de Commerce), 181–83
Cohiba cigars, 11, 47
Collateral, 79–90
Coltan, 274
Comey, James, 157, 168–71
Commodities trading (traders). See also Marc Rich + Co. AG; Philipp Brothers
future of, according to Marc Rich, 264–65, 268–71
impact of Marc Rich on, 13–16, 42–43
invention of oil spot market, 83–86
knowledge as power in, 70–72
short-term vs. long-term thinking, 175–76
Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), 58
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, 191
Consejo de Administración de Las Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, 43, 49–50
Conyers, John, 164
Copetas, A. Craig, 8, 47, 104, 177<
br />
Copper, 47, 67
Corporación Estatal Petrolera Ecuatoriana (CEPE), 81
Corruption
in countries rich in oil and gas, 15
in Nigeria, 100
in Nigeria and Zaire, 178
purported, 178
Corviglia, 20–21, 22–23
Costello, Frank, 108
Credit, 79–80, 180–81
Credit Suisse, 76
Crovitz, Gordon, 139–40
Cuba, 45–47, 84, 195, 269
Angola and, 184
Marc Rich assignment, 46–47
trade embargo, 11, 47, 169
Cuba Metales, 84
Cuban cigars, 11, 47
Currency market, 57
Cyr, David P., 201
Dagli, 189–90
Dauphin, Claude, 228–29
Davis, Marvin, 111, 123
Dean, John W., 122
Defense Department, U.S., 86
Democracy, 269–70
De Niro, Robert, 36
Desco Shoe Corporation, 214
De Weck, Pierre, 246
Diamond trade, 27
Dictators, dealing with, 194–96
Dictum meum pactum, 87
Dien Bien Phu, 37
Die Weltwoche, 128
Dinkins, David, 112
Domingo, Ursula Santo, 5, 49, 235–36
on Gisela Rossi, 219–20
on greatest strengths of Marc Rich, 19, 42
on loyalty of Marc Rich, 78
on the Rich family, 215, 217
Donovan, Donald S., 162
Early life of Marc Rich, 12–13, 18, 25–34
Economist, 130–31
Ecuador, 81, 100, 193
Education of Marc Rich, 28, 33, 36
Edward I of England, 39
E. F. Swinney Elementary School, 33
Egypt
reconciliation between Israel and, 198–200
Suez Canal and, 43, 54–55, 65
Yom Kippur War, 71–72
Eilat, Israel, 54, 64–70
Eisenberg, Emil, 76, 110, 214, 223
Eisenberg, Gery Diamant, 214
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 37, 43
El-Baz, Osama, 200
Elf Aquitaine, 80
Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act (EPAA) of 1973, 72, 117
Emerging markets, 50–51
Energy Department, U.S., 118, 136
Engelhard Mineral & Chemicals, 73
Eritrea, 204–5
Esso, 55–57
Estermann, Josef, 246
Ethics, 274–76
Ethiopia, 204–5
Extradition of Marc Rich, 128–34, 149–50
“Extraordinary rendition,” 153
Exxon, 58, 101, 184–85
Faust (Goethe), 275
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 106, 107–8, 154, 158–59, 162–65
Most Wanted List, 13, 164, 172–73
Federer, Roger, 105–6
Fenton, Alan, 191
Ferraro, Geraldine, 250
Ferrarone, Don, 151–53
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 25
“Final cut privilege,” 3–4
Financial crisis of 2008, 175–76, 266–67
Financial Times, 7, 174
Fink, Robert F., 5
Clinton pardon and, 240–41, 245, 258
death of Marc Rich’s daughter Gabrielle and, 211
Marc Rich case and, 140, 149, 172–73
on trust and Marc Rich, 87–88
Finland, 161
Fitzgerald, Patrick, 170–72, 211
Flacks, Alan, 53, 55, 58–59
Forbes, 2, 152, 219, 221
Ford, Gerald R., 111
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 178
Forest Hills High School, 36
Fortune, 18, 221
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 23–24
Fourth Council of the Lateran, 39
Fox, Elaine, 33
Foxman, Abraham, 246
France, 86–87
Franco, Francisco, 49–50, 68–69
“Frankie” (song), 218
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 209–10
Free markets, 55, 77, 85–86, 118, 267–70, 275
Freud, Sigmund, 25
Fuggers, The, 50
Fukuyama, Francis, 40, 86–87
Future according to Marc Rich, 264–71
Gabrielle Rich Leukemia Research Centre, 253–54
G&P Foundation, 251, 252, 253–54
Garment, Leonard, 112, 135, 136, 140, 167–71, 172, 199–200
Germany, 25–29, 54, 87, 214
Ginsburg, Martin, 135, 136, 142–43, 257
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 136
Giuliani, Rudolph W. “Rudy,” 111–17, 120–34, 138–44, 167–68
alleged “sham transactions” by Marc Rich and, 120–22
announcement of indictment against Marc Rich, 8, 116–17
on Clinton pardon of Marc Rich, 242
legal obstruction by Marc Rich and, 139–41
political aspects of case against Marc Rich, 141–43
RICO strategy against Marc Rich, 122–23, 139–40
Swiss government and Marc Rich, 125–34
unconditional surrender of Marc Rich, 123–24
Glencore International AG, 235
Globalization, 89–91, 267–68
Global warming, 265
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 275
Goldman Sachs, 175
Gold standard, 57
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 158
Gore, Al, 11, 135, 241–42, 244
Government regulations, 118–19, 267
Grand Hotel Dolder (Zurich), 167–70
Gray, John, 275
Greatest strength of Marc Rich, 19–20
Green, Israel, 61
Green, Libby, 61
Green, Michael, 111, 120–21, 123
Green, Pincus “Pinky,” 60–62, 66–67, 229
case against Marc Rich, 8, 115, 117
Clinton pardon of, 66–67, 239–41, 245–46, 253
founding of Marc Rich + Company, 73–76
oil trading and, 70–71, 82, 83–84, 92–94, 185
Green, Sadie, 61
Griffel, Anita, 197
Griffel, Tali, 197–200
Grotenrath, Mary Jo, 162
The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich Page 32