Seeckt, Hans von, 165
Semyonov, Nikolay, 382
Semyonov, Semyon (TWAIN), 303–4, 304, 307, 308, 310–11, 329, 348, 349, 358, 364; KURT’s exposure of, 396–7; and Manhattan Project, 373–4, 392–3, 395–6; operation in France, 400
Serge, Victor, 67
Seversky, Alexander Prokofiev de, 135, 241, 244, 295, 300
Shanghai, 180–2, 183–5
Shikhany, near Volsk, 162
Shpigelglas, Sergey, 99*
Shumovsky, Adam (father), 13, 14, 15, 23; move to Shusha (1915), 24–5, 27, 30
Shumovsky, Alexander (son by second marriage), 376
Shumovsky, Amalia (mother), 13–14, 30, 43
Shumovsky, Maya (daughter), 41, 312, 313, 375–6
Shumovsky, Stanislav (BLÉRIOT), 3; and accident investigation, 328; activated as full-time agent, 212–13; adapts methods to changing circumstances, 359, 362, 373; agent group leader innovation, 215–17; agent identification and recruitment, 7–8, 130, 131–2, 133–5, 136–43, 144–5, 149–50, 262; agent network on West Coast, 242–3, 248–56, 262, 297; and air bridge from USA to USSR, 366, 369–72; and AMTORG, 107–8, 134, 140, 235, 254*, 296–7, 308; arrival at MIT (1931), 3, 112–15, 114, 117–18; Aviation Day (1947), 2, 4–5, 415, 418–19; at Bauman Institute, 61; begins running agents (July 1934), 245, 251–6, 262; biographical writings on, 9–10; Blériot as hero of, 11, 125, 126; and Boston émigré circle, 20–1, 257; and Boston Trotskyists, 256–7, 258, 297; in California (November 1935), 251–3; childhood and education, 11–13, 14–15, 18, 23, 24–5, 31; in civil war Red Army, 35–6, 37, 39, 203; as civil war Red Army partisan, 31, 32, 33, 33–5; civil war wounds, 38, 39, 41; with commission to Germany (October 1939), 322–4; and Compton, 131–2; crash ends flying career, 42–3; and Curtiss-Wright, 214, 225; death of (1 October 1984), 423; expansion beyond MIT (from 1934), 242–3, 248–56, 262; extrovert image, 7, 148; family background, 13–14, 31; family life, 41, 312, 375–6; first flight as pilot (1924), 41–2; as FRED suspect, 5–6, 403; and German aircraft/equipment, 324–5, 336, 407–9, 410–11; and German invasion, 336–7; in Germany (1946), 410; and Great Terror (1937), 296–8; at Harvard Avenue house, 119–20; as head investigator of armaments industry, 45–7, 58; and heavy bomber design, 274, 275–6; industry contacts of, 8, 135; INO recruits as
spy, 61, 62–3; and jet aircraft, 2–3, 405–6, 409, 410–11; joins Soviet Communist Party (1920), 40–1; legacy of, 373, 421; lessons from advertising industry, 130–1; as liaison officer to USAAF, 359, 362; at MIT, 2, 6–9, 64, 112–20, 123, 124–8, 129–35, 136–45, 146–53, 211–12; as MIT graduate student, 244–6, 248, 254; and the Molotovs, 218; moves to West Coast, 291; and Nazi technology, 2–3, 321, 408–9, 410–11; network of contacts and agents in US, 8, 214, 242, 244; and new Soviet recruits at MIT (1938), 305, 306–10; and NKAP, 313–16, 408; and Ovakimian, 202, 211–12, 214; physical appearance, 2; Polish origins of, 13–14; post-1947 career in education, 421–3; Purchasing Commission to USA (late-1941), 340, 341–3, 344, 345–8, 350–4, 355–6, 357, 362, 363–4; radical politics of, 23, 27, 29–31, 372–3; recalled to Moscow (1938), 311–12; Red Army service after civil war, 41, 43; return to Moscow (May 1943), 367, 369–72, 375; revives (S&T) espionage in USA, 357–8, 362–3, 367; on Russian education, 66; sees plane fly in Kharkov (1910), 11, 12–13; and space programme, 316; spy training, 63–4; success of in USA, 6–7, 9, 121, 227–8, 264, 265–6; Tech articles on student life in USSR, 150–2; and tightened US security, 298–301, 339, 359; transferred to legal side (1934), 211, 212; and transpolar flights, 259–60, 260, 261–2, 281–8, 287, 290, 292–3, 372; at TsAGI, 325–7, 336–7, 376, 405–6, 409; with Tupolev in USA (1935), 227, 228–30, 229, 233, 235, 236–7, 238, 242–3, 246; UNESCO post, 403, 423; use of American couriers, 300, 307; and world flying records, 263
Shumovsky, Tamara (second wife), 375–6
Shumovsky, Theodore (brother), 14, 43
Shumovsky, Vera (wife), 41, 375–6
Shumovsky, Yuri (son), 298, 312, 313, 341, 423
Shusha (city in Transcaucasia), 24–5, 27, 28–9, 30
Sikorsky, Igor, 21, 135, 244
Silvermaster, Nathan, 86, 195, 358
Simpson Thacher (US legal firm), 68
Sinclair, Upton, 86, 88–9, 90, 131, 193–4, 195–6
Sino-Japanese War (1931-45), 169, 207, 266–7
Smilg, Benjamin (LEVER), 225, 245, 297, 298–300, 339, 349, 362; family background, 20, 136, 141, 143–4; FBI investigation of, 138, 140–1, 318, 409; and ‘flutter’, 144, 262; at MIT, 136–41, 137, 212, 254*, 308
Smolensk, 41–2, 337
Solomon Islands, 353
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 179
Song of Russia (MGM film, 1944), 360
Sorensen, Charles, 50
Sorge, Richard, 184–5, 190–1
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 132
Soviet students in USA: arrival at MIT, 112–15, 114, 117–18; arrival in USA (1931), 6–7, 93, 95, 100–3; boarding houses at MIT, 119–20; colleges/universities attended, 99–100; Communist Party cell at MIT, 121–2, 150, 156, 158; courses and programmes, 97; dress of, 112, 113; expectations/preconceptions of USA, 89–91, 103; and Klivans, 71–4, 187, 189; language training, 64, 69, 71–4, 187–8, 189; linguistic abilities, 62, 64, 162, 328; and Manhattan Project, 6, 93; and ‘Mikhail Ivanov’, 155–9, 163, 165–6, 169–71, 172; in New York City, 101–3, 111–12; planning/administration of project, 61–5, 68–9, 142, 148, 186–90; political views of students, 67–8, 102, 103; preparations for American society, 187, 188–9; selection of elite Party members, 64, 98; spy training programme, 63–4; Stalin’s plans for graduates of, 97–8; success of project, 6–7, 9, 121; and technical specialisation, 62; university curriculums, 116; vacation work, 136; see also Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Soviet Union: American migrants to, 108; captured German technology (1944-5), 407–9; chemical industry, 205*; Cherniavsky’s execution (1935), 171, 172; and Chiang Kai-shek, 182; collaboration with fascist Italy, 164; collectivisation, 158; defeat of Japanese at Khalkhyn Gol (1939), 318–19; diplomatic relations with USA (1933), 50, 55–6, 105, 209, 213, 219–24; drive for industrialisation, 45–51, 52–6, 57–8, 82, 98; economy in early-1920s, 45; evacuation plan for armaments industries, 334–5, 338, 340; Five-Year Plans, 53, 54–5, 56–7, 60–1, 62, 65, 67, 76, 82, 131–2; hard currency crisis (1931), 54–5, 128; invades Poland (September 1939), 319; and jet aircraft, 2–3, 405–6, 407, 409, 410–11; Klivans on, 79–81, 82–3, 93; Lend Lease credit from USA, 283, 339–40, 341–2, 347–8, 351–4, 355–7, 358, 363, 369–70; mass production techniques, 50–1, 52–3, 228, 230, 315, 327; military cooperation with Germany (1920s), 59–60, 108, 161–2, 163–4, 165, 171; move to war footing (late 1930s), 313–15; Nazi invasion of (June 1941), 273, 331–7; need for S&T from the West, 6–9, 47–51, 52–6, 57–8; New Economic Policy (NEP), 48–50; poison gas manufacture, 168; proxy war with Japan (1930s), 272; Purchasing Commission to USA (late-1941), 340, 341–3, 344, 345–8, 350–4, 355–6, 357, 362, 363–4, 412; relations with Japan, 168–9, 182, 190–3, 206–9, 219–20, 271–2, 273, 291; reproduction of foreign technology, 8, 21, 49–50, 223–4, 248–9, 267, 270–1, 274, 314, 371, 410–11; and ‘reverse-engineering’, 8, 42, 50, 270–1, 413–15; shortages of basic goods, 81, 83; and Taylor system, 50; technology gap, 6, 7–8, 42, 47–51, 57–60, 106, 170, 228–30; and Tsarist era debts, 49; US visitors to, 81, 84; war materials from US/British, 338–40, 342–3, 347–8, 351, 352, 353–4, 355–7, 358, 369–71; winter war with Finland, 319–20
space programme, Soviet, 316
Spanish Civil War, 272–3, 291, 292, 293–4, 301–2, 310, 314, 321
Sperry Gyro-systems, 145, 146, 225, 241
Sputnik, 112*, 316
spy work, Soviet: 4th Department (later GRU), 61, 155–9; agent group leader innovation, 215–17; agent motivations, 317–18; American leftist agents, 86, 195–6 see also Communist Party, US (CPUSA); and American opinion shapers, 130–1; anti-Japanese esp
ionage in USA, 190–3; Artuzov’s intelligence coups, 61–2; BNT as hub of intelligence networks, 327; embassy and consulates in USA, 105, 202, 212, 222; Fishman in Berlin, 163–4; and Great Terror (1937), 296–8; illegal line in USA, 83, 97*, 148, 193, 194, 202, 211–12, 225–6, 305, 309–10, 363; and Japan, 185, 190–3, 207–9, 224; KURT’s exposure of (1943), 396–7; lessons from advertising industry, 130–1; ‘Magnificent Five’ Cambridge spies, 7, 62, 382; Military Intelligence, 61, 62, 83, 84–5, 155–9, 162–4, 170–1, 173–4, 179–87, 190–7; ‘Mitrokhin Archive’, 214; most highly valued sources, 134; naval operations in USA, 267; New York as US centre of, 147–8, 348; Ovakimian as legend of, 201–2, 407*; political intelligence, 62, 106–7, 348*; post-war collapse of in USA, 216; Primakov’s career, 70, 71; Red Orchestra espionage ring, 206; smuggling of information, 147–8; spy training programme, 63–4, 153; SVR (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) [Foreign Intelligence Service], 10, 57, 205; and US embassy in Moscow, 221–2, 223; use of ciphers, 180, 183, 184, 185; see also NKVD (also CHEKA/KGB); scientific and technological (S&T) espionage; Soviet students in USA
St Petersburg, 15, 17, 19
Stalin, Joseph: Anglo-French negotiations (1939), 317; and atomic bomb intelligence, 378, 379, 384, 389, 398–9; Aviation Day (1947), 1–2, 3–4, 418–19; Chkalov as favourite pilot, 277–9, 278, 293*; and Cyclone 9 engine, 213–14; defence of Tsaritsyn, 33, 35; and Dzerzhinsky, 51–3; Five-Year Plans, 53, 54–5, 56–7, 60–1, 62, 65, 67, 76, 82, 131–2; Great Purges/Terror (1937), 71, 199, 209*, 293, 294–8; hosts Bullitt at Kremlin, 220–1; and Japan, 207, 209, 219–20, 222–3, 224, 271, 291; modernisation of defence industry, 56, 57–8; and Nazi Germany, 272, 291–2; Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 316–17, 321–5, 331, 349; need for US friendship, 271, 276–7; orders murder of Trotsky, 258; and pilot safety, 328; plot to kill (1935) (‘Kremlin Affair’), 158–9, 171, 172, 198, 256, 257, 258; and poison gas stocks, 168; receives Japan On Fire from Americans, 377–8; and Upton Sinclair, 193, 194; ‘Socialism in One Country’ policy, 105, 196; and Spanish Civil War, 272–3, 293, 294, 321; stays in Moscow (late 1941), 337; targeting of American universities, 6–7, 97–8, 99–100, 307–8, 350*; and technology gap, 6, 7–8, 42, 47–51, 57–60, 106, 170, 228–30; and Tupolev, 231; and Rowan’s Spy and Counterspy, 58, 59, 406; and winter war with Finland, 319–20
Stalingrad, 352–3, 355, 374
Steffens, Lincoln, 84–5
Strassmann, Fritz, 380
submarines, 212
Sukhoy, Pavel, 152, 262, 263*
Sultanov, Khosrov Bey, 28–9
SVR (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) [Foreign Intelligence Service], 10, 57, 205
Sweden, 56–7
Tamm, Igor, 382
Tankograd (Tank City), 136, 334–5, 335
tanks, 109–11, 121, 212, 334–5, 338, 375; M-1931 Christie tanks, 109–11; T-34 tank, 111, 121, 333, 375; T-72 tank, 121
Tarr, Shifra, 257, 258
Taylor, C. Fayette, 127–8
Temple, Shirley, 261, 261, 262
Tevosyan, I. F., 322
theatre, 89, 93
Trans-Siberian Railway, 180, 182
Trashutin, Ivan, 17, 120–1, 136, 151, 333, 334, 334–5, 375
Trojan Powder Company, Pennsylvania, 106
Trotsky, Leon, 20, 37, 48, 256, 257, 258, 294, 310
‘Trotskyists’, 99, 156, 157–9, 197, 256–8, 297, 310
Troyanovsky, Alexander A., 213, 237, 281, 284–5
Truman, Harry S., 379, 400, 416
TsAGI (Soviet centre of aircraft design), 62, 249, 262, 321, 324; aerodynamic research, 327; Aviation Motor Institute, 326, 409; Bureau of New Technology (BNT), 325–7, 336, 376, 405–6, 409; evacuated to Kazan, 341; Flight Research Institute (LII), 324, 326, 409; and German invasion, 335–7, 341; as hub of intelligence networks, 327; Institute of Aerospace Materials, 326; Master’s course in aviation, 122–4; and radiator weight problem, 323; research facilities repaired (1942-3), 375; return to Moscow (1942), 375; Shumovsky as main contact in USA, 227–8; Tupolev’s Central Design Office (TsKB), 230, 326; Von Kármán’s visits to, 246, 247; wind tunnels, 246, 326, 375; Zukhovsky facility, 313, 326, 327
Tupolev, Andrey, 123, 134–5, 250, 251, 263*; ANT-25 RD aircraft, 259–60, 262, 264, 277, 278–84, 281, 289–90, 291; arrest and jailing of (1937), 295; Aviation Day (1947), 2, 3–4, 415, 416, 418–19; Central Design Office (TsKB), 230, 231; as deputy head of GUAP, 231; Design Bureau, 149, 242, 326, 423; Maxim Gorky, 275, 275; obsession with wind tunnels, 149, 236, 247; Professor at Bauman Institute, 61; and ‘reverse-engineering’, 8, 21, 270–1, 413; and Shumovsky’s recruitment as spy, 62, 63; Tu-4 strategic bombers, 4–5, 21, 267, 399, 411–15, 416–19, 417, 421; in USA (1929), 98–9, 101; in USA (1935), 227, 228–30, 229, 233, 234–6, 237–9, 241–4, 246–8, 249
Twain, Mark, 392*
Tryon, Dr (Dean of MIT), 112, 113, 114, 114–15
Uchida, Yasuya, 209
Ulanovskaya, Nadezhda, 185
Ulanovskys (agents in New York), 83–4
United States: 1920s prosperity, 76–7, 85; anti-Semitism in, 143–4; bank failures in, 78–9; and captured German aviation technology, 409, 410; Chemical Warfare Service, 161, 165–6, 167–8, 169, 170; civil aviation sector, 117, 233–6, 270; counter-intelligence agencies, 152–3, 196–7, 201, 349, 361; dust bowl in 1930s, 78; intelligence-gathering in USSR, 268–9; isolationism/pacifism in 1930s, 266–7; Japan On Fire photo album, 377–8, 378; and jet engines, 407; lack of aviation intelligence, 327; Lend Lease, 283, 339–40, 341–2, 347–8, 351–4, 355–7, 358, 363, 369–70; Lenin’s view of, 47–8, 50; management techniques, 50; mass production techniques, 50–1, 52–3, 135–6, 228, 230, 247, 248, 315; migrants from Russian Empire, 19–21, 66, 138, 174–6; organised crime, 154; Prohibition, 80–1, 118, 154, 156, 189; and race to create atomic bomb, 380–1, 383–4, 385–90, 391–6, 397–9, 406–7, 416; radical left in 1930s, 85, 86–8, 195–6; Red Army delegation to (1930), 109–10; Roosevelt’s New Deal, 87–8; and Russian civil war, 38; Soviet anti-Japanese espionage in, 190–3; Soviet Embassy in Washington, 222; Soviet need for S&T from, 6–9, 47–51, 52–6, 57–8, 60; Soviet visitors’ expectations, 89–91; Soviet visitors’ experience of, 91–3; strategic bombing debate (1930s), 274, 314; strategic bombing in WW2, 376–8, 411–13; technical assistance programmes in USSR, 54–6; trade with Soviet Union, 48–50, 107, 108, 109–11, 219, 269; transport infrastructure, 234–5; U-boat attacks on East Coast, 344; war production, 369–70; WW2 ‘Defense Boom’, 348–9; see also Soviet students in USA
Urey, Harold, 384
US Wheel Track Layer Corporation, 109–11
Voroshilov, Kliment, 33, 207, 264
Wall Street Crash (1929), 77
Washington DC, 350–3
Wells, Albert J., 124
Western countries: left-leaning cultural figures in, 84–5; and oil in Transcaucasia, 28, 29–30, 40; Red Army delegation to (1930), 109; and Russian civil war, 38–9, 40; Soviet engineers sent to (1920s), 51; Soviet specialists at European universities, 68, 381; and Soviet technology gap, 6, 7–8, 42, 47–51, 57–60, 106, 170, 228–30; technical assistance programmes in USSR, 53–6; see also individual countries
White, Harry Dexter, 86
White Army (civil war forces), 32–5, 36, 38–9, 40
Whittle, Frank, 376
Wiley, John, 223
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 26, 57
wind tunnels, 124, 126, 127, 149, 236, 245, 246, 247, 323, 326, 375
Wisconsin, University of, 100
Wittenberg, Davrun, 384
Wolf, Felix, 193
Wrangel, Baron, 39, 161
Wright brothers, 125, 127, 213
Wright Field military research base, 128†, 141, 144, 246, 298–300, 362, 365, 409, 410
Yagoda, Genrikh, 222
Yakovlev, Alexander, 2†, 152, 322, 323
Yefimov, Mikhail, 12*
Yeltsin, Boris, 383
Yershov, Nikolay (GLAN), 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 350, 358, 364; sent to London (1943), 365, 387, 391–2<
br />
Yezhov, Nikolay, 294
York, Jones Orin (NEEDLE), 249–54, 297, 298, 347, 349
Yumashev, Andrey, 259–60, 260, 261, 291
Zarubin, Vasily (MAXIM), 348, 350, 358, 387–8, 396, 397
Zeiss works, 206
Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 217–18
Zhukovsky facility, 313, 326, 327
Zhukovsky, Nikolay, 247
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book began its life almost twenty years ago when, upon the urgings of my mentor Professor Christopher Andrew of Corpus Christi College at the University of Cambridge, I visited a Russian archive in Moscow. Newly declassified documents from the personal archive of Nikolay Yezhov, head of Stalin’s security service, were made available to me. I bought as many pages as an impoverished student could afford. Hidden in those documents since 1935 were the first clues about this intelligence operation.
I owe an enormous debt to Professor Christopher Andrew for introducing me to the fascinating subject of intelligence history in my undergraduate days at Cambridge. Over the many years it has taken to complete this work, Chris has been unstinting in his support and praise for my work. He has been enormously helpful in providing copious amounts of background from his unrivalled knowledge of this subject.
Espionage books are unusual in that of the people who have helped me, many have asked not to be named or publicly acknowledged. The reader will understand that this reluctance to make themselves known is due to the sensitivities of the roles that they have or hold. I am extremely grateful for their many contributions. They have helped in so many ways to grow my understanding of this subject. I am not a practitioner of either intelligence or counter-intelligence but a historian grateful for their shared insights.
The Spy Who Changed History Page 42