Caligula: A Biography
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Dishonoring the Aristocracy
Reserved seating at the theater abolished: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.86; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.4. Claudius in the Senate: Suetonius, Claudius, 9.2. Dishonoring the noble families: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 34.1, 35.1. Pompeius Magnus (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 630): Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 9339; Syme, Roman Revolution, 468. Pompeius’s end: Seneca, Apocolocyntosis, 11.2; Suetonius, Claudius, 29.1–2; Dio, Roman History, 61(60).29.6a. Flattery continues: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 116. Senators at banquets: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.2. Submissiveness of aristocrats under Augustus and Tiberius: Tacitus, Annals, 1.2.1, 1.7.1, 1.74.2. Kissing Caligula’s foot: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.1; Seneca, On Favors (De Beneficiis), 2.12.1–2 (Pompeius Poenus). Kissing actors: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 55.1. Gratitude for a kiss from the emperor mentioned in the Senate: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.1. Caligula’s rhetorical abilities: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.208; Tacitus, Annals, 13.3.2; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 53.1.
The Emperor as “God”
L. Vitellius: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.5. Dating of his recall from Syria: Malalas 10.244 (with confusion about the name); cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.261, and Dio, Roman History, as above. Senate decree to build a temple to Caligula: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.2; priesthood for his cult: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.5. Divine honors for Caesar: Dio, Roman History, 44.6.4. The sacrae occupationes of Tiberius: Suetonius, Tiberius, 27. Offerings to images of Tiberius and Sejanus: Dio, Roman History, 58.4.4. A senator prostrates himself: Tacitus, Annals, 1.13.6. Octavian’s “banquet of the twelve gods”: Suetonius, Augustus, 70. Antonius: Plutarch, Antonius, 4.1–2, 24.3, 26.3, 60.2–3. Augustus’s refusal of divine honors: Suetonius, Augustus, 52; cf. Dio, Roman History, 51.20.6–7. Tiberius’s rejection of honors and criticism by the Senate: Tacitus, Annals, 4.37–38. Cult for Tiberius, Livia, and the Senate: Tacitus, Annals, 4.15.3; cf. 4.37–38. Divinity of the Senate: Talbert, Senate, 96–97. Caligula’s appearances costumed as a god: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 78–80, 93–97; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 52; Dio, Roman History, 59.26.10; cf. 59.26.5–7. On “religious policy”: Willrich, “Caligula,” 107–16. Suetonius on the emperor’s clothing: Gaius Caligula, 52. Epigraphic and numismatic evidence: Barrett, Caligula, 148–49. “Conversation” with the moon goddess: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.6. Apelles: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 33. Fee charged to enter the college of the emperor’s priests: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.5. Claudius’s prohibition of veneration as a god: Dio, Roman History, 60.5.4. Scribonius Largus: Compositiones (praefatio), 60, 163. Temple for Nero: Tacitus, Annals, 15.74.3. Seneca on Claudius’s “divine hand”: Seneca, On Consolation (Ad Polybium de Consolatione), 13.2; cf. Tacitus, Annals, 13.42; Dio, Roman History, 60.8.5. Pliny the Elder: Pliny, Natural History, praef. 11. Philo on Caligula’s deification: The Embassy to Gaius, 76 (the emperor’s paraplēxia). Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.256, 19.4 and 11. Cult of the emperor in Judaea: cf. Barrett, Caligula, 182–91. Intervention by Agrippa: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.289–301; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 276–329. Jewish delegation’s first audience: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 180–83; second audience: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 349–72. Josephus’s descriptions of Caligula before his murder: Jewish Antiquities, 19.87–104. Suetonius on the deification of Caligula: Gaius Caligula, 22.2–4; cf. 33, 52. Threat to Jupiter: Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 1.20.8–9. The shoemaker who laughed: Dio, Roman History, 59.26.8–9.
Stability of Rule
For the Praetorian Guard, Germanic bodyguards, and the people of Rome, compare the reports on the reaction to Caligula’s assassination: Dio, Roman History, 59.30.2, 59.30.1b; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.115, 19.121–22, 19.158–59. On conflicts with the plebs: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.24–26; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.5. L. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 500; Dio, Roman History, 59.27.5–6. A. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 499; Suetonius, Vitellius, 4, 17.2. Q. Pomponius Secundus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 757; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.5. Cn. Sentius Saturninus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, S 296; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.185. C. Sallustius Crispus Passienus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 146; Suetonius, Vita Passieni Crispi. Valerius Asiaticus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 25; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man (De Constantia Sapientis), 18.2. Marcus Vinicius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 445; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.102. Annius Vinicianus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, A 701; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.96–98. Paullus Arruntius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, A 1135; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.102. On mutual mistrust: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.51–52. On Caligula’s inner circle: Dio, Roman History, 59.25.7.
Alexandria an Alternative?
On Caligula’s plans regarding Alexandria: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 173, 250, 338; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.81; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 49.2; cf. 8.5. On Julius Caesar: Suetonius, Julius Caesar, 79.3. Marcus Antonius: Dio, Roman History, 50.4.1. Nero: Plutarch, Galba, 2.1; Dio, Roman History, 63.27.2. On Caligula’s conflict with members of his inner circle: Cassius Dio’s quotation, Roman History 59.25.8, is a combination of excerpts from Zonaras and the Excerpta Vaticana. Date of planned departure for Alexandria: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.81; cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 58.1.
CHAPTER 5. MURDER ON THE PALATINE
On secret treachery: Tacitus, Histories, 3.68.1. Core members of the conspiracy: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.46–48; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 56.1, 58.2; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.1, 59.29.5–6. Aemilius Regulus, Annius Vinicianus: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.17–18. Valerius Asiaticus: Tacitus, Annals, 11.1.2; cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.159; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.2. On the emperor’s retinue shortly before the assassination: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.101–2. Callistus and Claudius: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.64–69. The new Praetorian prefect Rufrius Pollio (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, R 173): Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.267. The death of the assassins: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.268–73; Suetonius, Claudius, 11.1; Dio, Roman History, 60.3.4–5. The execution of Protogenes and Helicon: Dio, Roman History, 60.4.5; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 206. Consultation about the new empress in the year 48: Tacitus, Annals, 12.1–2. On the assassination itself: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 56.2, 58; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.6–7; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.99–114; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man (De Constantia Sapientis), 18.3. The deaths of Caesonia and Drusilla: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.198–200 (where their deaths are not shown as immediately following the assassination); Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 59; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.7. On the situation in the theater after the murder: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.127–57; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.1b. On the session in the Senate: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.166–89, 19.248–62; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 60, and Claudius, 10.3, 11.1; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.3, 60.1–2. Aspirants to the throne: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.251–52; Dio, Roman History, 60.15.1. The people in the Forum: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.158–59. Claudius’s elevation to the throne: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.162–65, 19.212–26, 19.247; Suetonius, Claudius, 10; Dio, Roman History, 60.1.3–3a. Caligula’s burial: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.237; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 59.
CONCLUSION: INVENTING
THE MAD EMPEROR
On Caligula’s “madness”: Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 1.20.9, 3.21.5, 3.19.3; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 76, 93; Pliny, Natural History, 36.113; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.277, 19.1, 19.4–5, 19.11, 19.193. Positive assessments: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 263; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.208. Tacitus on Caligula: Agricola, 13.2; Annals, 6.20.1, 6.45.3, 11.3.2, 15.72.2; Histories, 4.42.5, 4.48.1. The “madness” of other emperors: Dio, Roman History, 59.1.2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.259; Tacitus, Annals, 6.46.1; Dio, Roman History, 63.27.2. Suetonius on Caligula’s mental illness: Gaius Caligula, 50.2–3, 51.1; cf. Dio, Roman History, 59.26.5.
Suetonius’s Life of Gaius Caligula in the reign of Commodus: Scriptores Historiae Augustae: Commodus, On imperial rule in late antiquity: Kolb, Herrscherideologie. On measures taken by Claudius: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.246; Suetonius, Claudius, 11; Dio, Roman History, 60.3.5, 60.4.1 and 5, 60.5.1 and 4, 60.22.3. The conspiracy of Vinicianus and Camillus: Dio, Roman History, 60.15–16; Suetonius, Claudius, 13.2. Security measures: Dio, Roman History, 60.3.3. Poisoning of Claudius: Tacitus, Annals, 12.66–67; Dio, Roman History, 61(60).34. On Seneca: Seneca, On Consolation (Ad Polybium de Consolatione), 13.2; cf. Apocolocyntosis, passim.
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INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Actium
administration, imperial. See also government, organization of; governors
Adminius
advisers. See also emperors: closest associates of and particular figures by name
&n
bsp; Aemilia Lepida
M. Aemilius Lepidus (husband of Drusilla)
Aemilius Regulus
M. Aemilius Scaurus
P. Afranius Potitus
Africa
age
Agrippa (son-in-law of Augustus)
Agrippa I (king of Judaea)
Agrippa Postumus (grandson of Augustus)
Agrippina (I) the Elder (mother of Caligula)
Agrippina (II) the Younger (sister of Caligula)
passim
Alexander the Great
Alexandria
ambiguity, in communication
C. Anicius Cerialis
L. Annius Vinicianus
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (king of Commagene)
Antium
Antonia (II) the Younger (Antonia Minor)
Iullus Antonius
M. Antonius (triumvir)
anxiety. See fear and anxiety
Apelles
Aponius Saturninus
L. Apronius
L. Apronius Caesianus
aqueducts. See water supply, Roman
aristocracy and aristocrats
passim
passim
passim
passim
passim
passim
passim
passim. See also equestrian order; rank, social; senatorial order
Armenia
army. See also military campaigns; mutiny
M. Arrecinus Clemens
Paullus Arruntius
L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus
Arruntius Euaristus
Arval Brethren
Asia
Assos
Atanius Secundus
Athens
auctions and auctioneers
audiences (receptions). See also delegations