11 CD to JDH, 11 and 28 February 1858; CCD 7:30–31 and 39–40.
12 Erasmus Darwin helped his brother with the geometry of bees’ cells in May and June 1858; see CCD 7:86, 99–100, 100–102, 104, and 108–112.
13 Gray’s comments were given at the 5 July 1858 meeting of the Entomological Society of London; see The Zoologist vol. 16, p. 6189.
14 The discoverer was renowned Hungarian mathematician László Fejes Tóth (1915–2005); see L. F. Tóth, “What the Bees Know and What They Do Not Know,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 70 (1964), 468–481, and T. C. Hales, “Cannonballs and Honeycombs,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society 47, no. 4 (2000), 440–449.
15 Origin, 235.
16 Origin, 51.
17 Thoreau’s stirring account of the raid, which appears in chapter 12 of Walden, was much reprinted as an essay entitled “The Battle of the Ants.”
18 CD to Frederick Smith, [Before 9 March] 1858; CCD 7:44.
19 CD to ED, 28 April 1858; CCD 7:84.
20 CD to ED, 25 April 1858; CCD 7:80.
21 DAR 205.11 (2):106. Darwin wrote “Ch. 10” on this note, intending to include it in the chapter of Natural Selection treating instincts; see Natural Selection, 470–471 and 574–575.
22 CD to WD, 26 April 1858; CCD 7:81.
23 CD to JDH, 13 July 1858; CCD 7:129.
24 DAR 205.11:94r. The full notebook entry reads: “July. 58 Took specimens of F. Rufa near Sandown, with remarkable differences in size of workers— very many smallest workers in nest.—
I saw July 24th a migration & only the largest & medium sized were carrying pupae; indeed I doubt if the last [could] have carried them; so,«there is» little difference in ‹function› «Habits», almost compulsory.”
25 Origin, 223–224.
26 Origin, 243–244.
27 See J. Moore, Darwin’s Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin’s Views on Human Evolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) for discussion of the interplay between Darwin’s science and his abolitionist convictions.
Chapter 5. A Grand Game of Chess
1 CD to WDF, 7 May 1855; CCD 5:326.
2 See D. Pauly’s Darwin’s Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 70–72, for a summary of Darwin’s fish-related experiments.
3 CD to C. J. F. Bunbury, 21 April 1856; CCD 6:80.
4 BD (19 January 1836), 402–403.
5 Principles, 2:124.
6 CD to JDH, 10 February 1845; CCD 3:140.
7 Principles, 2:159.
8 Foundations, 31.
9 Autobiography, 124–125.
10 E. Forbes, “On the connexion between the distribution of the existing fauna and flora of the British Isles, and the geological changes which have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the Northern Drift,” Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England, and of the Museum of Economic Geology in London 1 (1846), 337.
11 Foundations, 31 (text and note 1).
12 Foundations, 169.
13 CD to JDH, 17–18 June 1856; CCD 6:147.
14 CD to CL, 16 June 1856; CCD 6:143.
15 JDH to CD, 16 June 1847; CCD 4:50.
16 J. D. Hooker, Introductory Essay to the Flora of New Zealand (London: Lovell Reeve, 1853), xxi.
17 CD to JDH, 13 April 1855; CCD 5:305.
18 CD to JSH, 2 July 1855; CCD 5:365.
19 CD to JDH, 15 May 1855; CCD 5:329–330.
20 CD to JDH, 10 October 1855; CCD 5:477.
21 CD to JDH, 12 April 1857; CCD 6:371–372.
22 CD to JDH, 10 December 1856; CCD 6:305.
23 James Tenant to CD, 27 March 1857; CCD 6:364.
24 Q&E, [5]a.
25 ExB, 17.
26 ExB, 8.
27 CD to JDH, 10 December 1856; CCD 6:305.
28 Davy’s paper was read before the Royal Society and published in 1856: “On the Ova of Salmon,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 146:21–29.
29 Origin, 385.
30 C. R. Darwin, “Transplantation of shells,” Nature 18 (1878), 121; CDSP, 422.
31 C. R. Darwin, “On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves,” Nature 25 (1882), 529–530; CDSP, 486–487.
32 CL to CD, 1–2 May 1856; CCD 6:89.
33 G. Nelson, “From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the History of Biogeography,” Journal of the History of Biology 11, no. 2 (1978), 289.
34 See Censky et al., “Over-water Dispersal of Lizards Due to Hurricanes,” Nature 395 (1998), 556–557.
35 See the excellent treatments by Alan de Queiroz: “The Resurrection of Oceanic Dispersal in Historical Biogeography,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (2005), 68–73; The Monkey’s Voyage: How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
36 P. Sebastian et al., “Darwin’s Galapagos Gourd: Providing New Insights 175 Years after his Visit,” Journal of Biogeography 37 (2010), 975–980.
37 Origin, 388.
Chapter 6. The Sex Lives of Plants
1 J. S. Sebright, The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals, in a Letter Addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K.B. (London: John Harding, 1809), 26.
2 TN-C, 133.
3 CD to William Herbert, 26 June 1839; CCD 2: 201–202.
4 TN-E, 150–151.
5 T. A. Knight, “An Account of Some Experiments on the Fecundation of Vegetables,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 89 (1799), 200.
6 Knight (1799), 202.
7 Knight (1799), 202–203.
8 Foundations, 70–71. See also Natural Selection, an annotated edition of the manuscript edited by R. C. Stauffer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
9 Darwin’s marginal note is found on p. 18 of his copy of Sprengel’s book. View this and other works from Darwin’s personal library at the Biodiversity Heritage Library’s virtual collection: http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary.
10 CD to AG, 19 January 1863; CCD 11:57.
11 LL, 3:258.
12 EDFL, 1:51.
13 TAN, 135.
14 Ruricola, “Humble-bees,” The Gardeners’ Chronicle 34 (1841), 485.
15 C. R. Darwin, “Humble-bees,” Gardeners’ Chronicle 34 (1841), 550; CDSP, 134–136.
16 Natural Selection, 54 (ms. pp. 34–35).
17 Natural Selection, 53 (ms. p. 33).
18 Fertilisation, 417–418.
19 Fertilisation, 82–83.
20 CD to JDH, 30 May 1862; CCD 10: 226.
21 C. R. Darwin, “Bees and the Fertilisation of Kidney Beans,” Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 43 (1857), 725; CDSP, 267.
22 Origin, 73–74.
23 Fertilisation, 361.
24 CD to JL, 2 September 1862; CCD 10:388.
25 CD to JL, 2 September 1862; CCD 10:392.
26 Natural Selection, 52 (ms. p. 32).
27 CD to JDH, 27 April 1860; CCD 8:169.
28 CD to JDH, 7 May 1860; CCD 8:191–192.
29 ExB, 55.
30 AG to CD, 11 October 1861; CCD 9:299–300.
31 C. R. Darwin, “On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria,” Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 8 (1864), 173; CDSB, 345.
32 CD to AG, 9 August 1862; CCD 10:362.
33 CD to WD, 9 July 1862; CCD 10:309.
34 CD to AG, 28 July 1862; CCD 10:341.
35 Margaret Susan Wedgwood to CD, before 4 August 1862; CCD 10:351.
36 CD to Katherine Elizabeth Sophy, Lucy Caroline, and Margaret Susan Wedgwood, 4 August 1862; CCD 10:355.
37 CD to WD, 2–3 August 1862; CCD 10:349–350.
38 CD to AG, 16 October 1862; CCD 10:470.
39 CD to AG, 4 August 1863; CCD 11:581.
40 Quoted in Baker’s foreword to the facsimile edition of Darwin’s The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species published by the University of Chicago Press
(1986), ix.
41 Henry David Thoreau, journal entry for 22 October 1839; quoted in O. Shepard, ed., The Heart of Thoreau’s Journals (New York: Dover Publications, 1961), 9.
Chapter 7. It Bears on Design
1 CD to CL, 6 June 1860; CCD 8:243.
2 ExB, 29.
3 EDFL, 2:376.
4 J. Ruskin, The Complete Works of John Ruskin, library ed. (London: George Allen/New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1906), 391.
5 Ruskin (1906), 342.
6 CD to JDH, 5 June 1860; CCD 8:238.
7 C. R. Darwin, “Fertilisation of British Orchids by Insect Agency,” Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 23 (1860), 528; CDSP, 301.
8 CD to Alexander Goodman More, 17 July 1861; CCD 9:207.
9 CD to JDH, 12 July 1860; CCD 8:286.
10 Orchids, 215.
11 CD to CL, 12 September 1860; CCD 8:356.
12 Darwin was invited by the naturalist and clergyman Leonard Jenyns, Henslow’s brother-in-law, to contribute a memorial to Henslow. This was included in Jenyns’ Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow (London: Van Voorst, 1862), 51–55.
13 CD to JDH, 13 July 1861; CCD 9:202.
14 CD to JDH, 27 July 1861; CCD 9:220.
15 CD to JDH, 27 July 1861; CCD 9:220.
16 Orchids, 160.
17 CD to JDH, 28 July–10 August 1861; CCD 9:222.
18 CD to John Murray, 21 September 1861; CCD 9:273.
19 CD to CL, 1 October 1861; CCD 9:291.
20 CD to JDH, 28 September 1861; CCD 9:284.
21 CD to JDH, 11 October 1861; CCD 9:301.
22 J. Lubbock, On British Wild Flowers Considered in Relation to Insects (London: Macmillan and Co., 1875), 173–174.
23 R. Schomburgk, “On the Identity of Three Supposed Genera of Orchidaceous Epiphytes, in a Letter to A. B. Lambert,” Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 (1837), 552.
24 J. Lindley, The Vegetable Kingdom, or, The Structure, Classification, and Uses of Plants, Illustrated Upon the Natural System (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846), 178.
25 C. R. Darwin, “On the Three Remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid in the Possession of the Linnean Society,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 6 (1862), 151–157.
26 George Bentham to CD, 15 May 1862; CCD 10:194.
27 Orchids, 244.
28 Origin, 453.
29 Origin, 453.
30 For treatments of the Gray-Agassiz debates see D. N. Livingstone, Darwin’s Forgotten Defenders: The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought (Vancouver: Regent College Publishing, 1984), 57–64; A. Ward, “Evolution and Creation Debates,” in A Companion to the History of American Science, ed. G. M. Montgomery and M. A. Largent, (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 361– 373.
31 Orchids, 2.
32 ARW to CD, 23 May 1862; CCD 10:217.
33 AG to CD, 2–3 July 1862; CCD 10:292.
34 CD to AG, 23–24 July 1862; CCD 10:331.
35 AG to CD, 22 September 1862; CCD 10:428.
36 CD to JDH, 25 & 26 January 1862; CCD 10:48.
37 Duke of Argyll (G. D. Campbell), The Reign of Law (London: Alexander Strahan, 1867), 46.
38 A. R. Wallace, “Creation by Law [Review of The Reign of Law by the Duke of Argyll, 1867],” Quarterly Journal of Science 4 (1867), 475.
39 Wallace (1867), n. 2.
40 Orchids, 2nd ed. (1877), 230.
Chapter 8. Plants with Volition
1 J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Power of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 46.
2 EDFL, 2:177.
3 Origin, 484.
4 CD to AG, 26 September 1860; CCD 8:389.
5 T. Slaughter, ed., Bartram: Travels and Other Writings (New York: Library of America, 1996), 17. The quotation is found on pp. xx–xxi in the original 1791 edition of Bartram’s Travels. An electronic transcription of the 1791 text can be found in the Documenting the American South collection of the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Libraries: docsouth.unc.edu/nc/bartram/bartram.html.
6 Origin, 187.
7 C. R. Darwin, “Irritability of Drosera,” Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 38 (1860), 853; CDSP, 303.
8 CD to JL, 18 November 1860; CCD 8:477.
9 CD to JDH, 11 September 1862; CCD 10:402.
10 CD to AG, 3–4 September 1862; CCD 10:390–391.
11 DAR 54:29 (Cambridge University Library).
12 Insectivorous Plants, 4.
13 CD to AG, 4 August 1863; CCD 11:582.
14 Journal, 50v and 51v.
15 Insectivorous Plants, chapter 6.
16 Insectivorous Plants, 96.
17 F. Darwin, “Experiments on the nutrition of Drosera rotundifolia,” Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 17 (1880), 23.
18 See note 5.
19 Insectivorous Plants, 286.
20 CD to Daniel Oliver, 29 September 1860; CCD 8:398.
21 CD to AG, 8 August 1867; CCD 15:343.
22 CD to AG, 8 January 1873; CCD 21:31.
23 CD to AG, 22 October 1872; CCD 20:454.
24 J. Burdon-Sanderson, “On the Electrical Phenomena which Accompany the Contractions of the Leaf of Dionaea muscipula,” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 43 (1873), 133.
25 Insectivorous Plants, 286.
26 Insectivorous Plants, 331.
Chapter 9. Crafty and Sagacious Climbers
1 CD to JDH, 25 June 1863; CCD 11:506.
2 AG to CD, 24 November 1862; CCD 10:554.
3 CD to AG, 26 June 1863; CCD 11:507–508.
4 JDH to CD, 21 July 1863; CCD 11:554.
5 AG to CD, 1 September 1863; CCD 11:614.
6 J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Power of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 241.
7 Climbing Plants, 7.
8 Climbing Plants, 7–8.
9 Climbing Plants, 2.
10 J. D. Hague, “A reminiscence of Mr Darwin,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 69 (1884), 763.
11 Power of Movement, 3.
12 Climbing Plants (2nd ed.; 1875), 98–99.
13 CD to AG, 28 May 1864; CCD 12:211.
14 Climbing Plants, 59.
15 Power of Movement, 484.
16 Power of Movement, 486.
17 T. A. Knight, “On the Direction of the Radicle and Germen during the Vegetation of Seeds,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 96 (1806), 100.
18 Power of Movement, 545.
19 Power of Movement, 529.
20 Sachs is quoted in P. Ayres, The Aliveness of Plants (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008), 106.
21 Climbing Plants, 115.
22 Climbing Plants, 117–118.
23 Power of Movement, 573.
Chapter 10. Earthworm Serenade
1 ED to LD; EDFL 2:241.
2 C. R. Darwin, “On the Formation of Mould,” Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2 (1838), 575.
3 Darwin (1838), 576.
4 William Buckland to Geological Society of London, 9 March 1839; CCD 2:76.
5 Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood and Josiah Wedgwood II to CD, 10 November [1837]; CCD 2:55.
6 Ibid.
7 W. F. Lindsay-Carnegie to CL, 14 February 1838; CCD 2:72.
8 C. R. Darwin, “On the Origin of Mould,” Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 14 (1844), 218; CDSP, 173.
9 Worms, 115.
10 ExB, 28.
11 CD to M. T. Masters, 21 March 1868; CCD 16(1):290. Lucy’s observations were published in the March 28, 1868 issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle.
12 Journal, 46v and 47r.
13 CD to ARW, 19 August 1868; CCD 16(2):688.
14 J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Power of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 479.
15 AG and Jane Loring Gray to CD, 8 and 9 May 1869; CCD 17:218.
16 CD to Gardeners’ Chronicle, 9 May 1869 (published 15 May 186
9); CCD 17:222.
17 Ibid.
18 THH to CD, 17 March 1869; CCD 17:136.
19 CD to ARW, 5 March 1869; CCD 17:111.
20 CD to ARW, 27 March 1869 (CCD 17:157) and 14 April 1869 (CCD 17:175).
21 CD to ARW, 25 June 1869; CCD 17:289–290.
22 W. W. Baxter to CD, 13 November 1871; CCD 19:682.
23 Lucy Wedgwood to CD, 20 November 1871; CCD 19:694.
24 AG to CD, 2 February 1872; CCD 20:61.
25 CD to Archibald Geikie, 27 December 1871; CCD 19:738.
26 Archibald Geikie to CD, 29 December 1871; CCD 19:743.
27 CD to Archibald Geikie, 30 December 1871; CCD 19:746–747.
28 CD to HD, 15 December 1871; CCD 19:721.
29 GD to CD, 30 December 1871; CCD 19:745.
30 CD to Amy Ruck, 24 February 1872; CCD 20:82.
31 CD to Lucy Wedgwood, 5 January 1872, CCD 20:12; Lucy Wedgwood to CD, 20 January 1872, CCD 20:32; CD to Lucy Wedgwood, 21 January 1872, CCD 20:34.
32 Worms, 262, 263.
33 Worms, 264–268.
34 ED to HL, EDFL 2:225–226.
35 ED to HL, EDFL 2:227.
36 T. H. Farrer to CD, 23 September 1877; DCP, letter 11150.
37 ED to GD, Down House Collection, letters 77.24 and 77.37.
38 ED to WD; EDFL 2:231.
39 ED to T. H. Farrer, 4 December 1877; DCP letter 11268.
40 CD to Sophy Wedgwood, 8 October 1880; DCP, letter 12745.
41 A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin: Life of a Tormented Evolutionist (New York: Warner Books, 1991), 649.
42 JL, Diary, 1879–1882, Supplementary Avebury Papers, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 14 (British Library); quoted in J. F. M. Clark, “ ‘The Ants Were Duly Visited’: Making Sense of John Lubbock, Scientific Naturalism and the Senses of Social Insects,” British Journal for the History of Science 30, no. 2 (1997): 197 n. 71.
43 Worms, 26.
44 Worms, 27–28.
45 CD to WD, 5 February 1881; DCP, letter 13037.
46 Worms, 34.
47 JDH to CD, 23 or 30 October 1881; DCP, letter 13424.
48 Lady Derby [M. C. Stanley] to CD, 16 October 1881; DCP, letter 13406.
49 Worms, 6.
50 Worms, 313.
FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES
Resources for teaching and learning about Darwin through his writings, method, and experiments and other investigations.
Electronic
Charles Darwin Trust
Darwin's Backyard Page 42