thread-leaved sundew (Drosera filiformis), 272
Three Glorious Days, 50–51
thyme-leaved loosestrife (Lythrum thymifolia), 214
thynnid wasps, 237
Tierra del Fuego, 162
Tinbergen, Niko, 364
topsoil, 348
Torquay, 241, 243
transformism, 4–5, 6
transmutation notebooks (Darwin), 35, 47, 102
transmutationism, 21, 27–28, 34–35, 45–47, 60–61, 67, 86, 88, 182, 248
arguments against, 48–49
continuity in, 47–48
Cuvier-Geoffrey debate over, 49–53
Travels (Bartram), 264
Treat, Mary, 272
Tree of Life, 110
trichomes (trigger hairs), 282
trimorphic flowers, 214–18, 216
Trinity College, 300, 354
tropism, 314–15
true cause (Vera causa), 59
trumpeters (pigeon), 72
trypsin, 273–74
tsunamis, 29
turbits (pigeon), 72
Tübingen, University of, 299
turgor pressure, 307, 323
Turnbull, George Henry, 240–41
Turnbull, John, 297
typhoid fever, 238
uniformitarianism, 154
Unio clam, duck dispersal of, 170
“unity of composition,” 52
University College, 273
uplift, geologic, 28–29, 30, 41, 156, 157–58, 159, 337
Uranus, 254
Valdivia, Chile, 28
variation, 103, 106, 110
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The (Darwin), 76, 219, 272, 281
Vegetable Kingdom, The (Lindley), 240, 248, 267
Veitch, James, 240
Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula), 264, 265, 266–67, 277, 279–86, 279, 287, 296, 312
alleged nervous system of, 284–86
experiments with, 289–94
vera causa(e) (true cause), 12, 59
Vertebrata, 48
vertebrates, 47, 50
vespid wasps, 228
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers), 60, 86
vibrational sensitivity, earthworm, 364
vines:
adaptive variation in, 301–5
experiments on, 326–35
leaf-climbing, 303
root-climbing, 328
as sinister, 295–96
tendril-bearers, 303–5
touch perception in, 312–15
twiners in, 302–3, 305–6, 308
twining, 328–29
virgin’s bower (Clematis virginiana), 303, 312, 327
vital materialism, 4
volcanoes, 27, 28, 41
Volcán Osorno, 41
von Baer, Karl Ernst, 52, 134
von Mohl, Hugo, 299
waggle-dance, honeybee, 206
Walden Pond, 139
Waldron, Susan, 276
Wales, 14, 15
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 8, 73–74, 128, 129, 131, 142, 231, 240, 251, 252, 255, 256–57, 346–47, 349–50
Wallace, Annie, 346–47
Wallace’s sphinx moth, 257
Wallis, William, 238
wasp nests, 133
watch and watchmaker metaphor, 8
water beetles, 171, 172
water cure, 59, 68, 300
Waterhouse, George, 26–27, 126–27, 126, 129–30
water spiders, 172
waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), 265, 267, 286–87
Way, Albert, 8–9, 9, 24, 31
Wedgwood, Bessie, 189
Wedgwood, Caroline Darwin, 13, 345
Wedgwood, Elizabeth, 341, 342, 346
Wedgwood, Josiah, I, 2, 140
Wedgwood, Josiah, II “Jos,” 189, 337–38, 339, 343, 368
Wedgwood, Josiah “Joe,” III, 91, 345
Wedgwood, Katherine Euphemia, 216, 358
Wedgwood, Lucy, 216, 345, 351, 355, 361–62
Wedgwood, Margaret, 216–17, 345
Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth, 65, 91, 217, 238
Wedgwood, Sophy, 345, 361
Weed Garden Experiment, 105, 115–17, 124
Weir, John Jenner, 347
Wells, H. G., 231
Went, Fritz, 317
Wernerian Natural History Society, 6, 7
Westwood, John Obadiah, 45–46
whale flukes, 301–2
wheat, feeding seeds of to fish, 194
Whewell, William, 2, 12
White, Gilbert, 7
Whitman, Walt, 113
Wilberforce, Samuel “Soapy Sam,” 238
wild arum (Arum maculatum), 196, 197
wild cucumber (Echinocystis lobata), 296, 303, 307–8, 327
Wilkinson, John, 54–55, 56, 183
Wilmington, Del., 281, 282
Wilmington, N.C., 282
winged seeds, 37
Woburn Abbey, grass-plot experiment at, 99–100, 100, 108
Wollaston, Thomas, 164, 244
wood turtles, 364
Wordsworth, William, 5
wormery, 362-63, 373
DIY experiment with, 372–74, 373
worm grunting, 364
wormstone, 359–60, 360
Wortman, Mr., 248
Würzburg, University of, 278, 320
Wyndham, John, 263
Xanthopan morganii praedicta, 257
Yarrell, William, 58, 69–70
yellow-billed cuckoos, 138
yellow sage (Salvia gluttinosa), 221n
Youatt, William, 183
yuccas, 207
Zoological Gardens, 149, 192
Zoological Researches and Illustrations (Thompson), 43
Zoological Society, 26, 166, 167
Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle (Darwin), 189
Zoonomia (E. Darwin), 47
zoophytes, 6–8, 14, 17, 20–21, 35
ALSO BY JAMES T. COSTA
Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species
On the Organic Law of Change:
An Annotated Transcription of Alfred Russel Wallace’s
Species Notebook of 1855–1859
Highlands Botanical Garden: A Naturalist’s Guide
The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the
First Edition of On the Origin of Species
The Other Insect Societies
The experiments described in this book are not intended for use by children. Readers are cautioned to use common sense when undertaking any experiment. Use of appropriate tools and protective gear is essential, as is knowledge of one’s own limits and abilities. References to specific products, services, service providers, and/or organizations are for illustration only and none should be read to suggest an endorsement or a guarantee of performance. Neither the publisher nor the author can guarantee the accuracy and completeness of this book for all purposes or make any representation with respect to the outcome of any project or instruction described. Web addresses appearing in this book reflect existing links as of the date of first publication. No endorsement of, or affiliation with, any third-party website should be inferred. Author and publisher are not responsible for third-party content (website, blog, information page, or otherwise). This book is sold without warranty of any kind, and none may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales or promotional materials. Readers are solely responsible for ensuring that their activities comply with applicable law.
Copyright © 2017 by James T. Costa
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