by Neil Shubin
galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Galileo Galilei, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, bm1.1n
gamma rays
Garrels, Robert
Garrod, Dorothy, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n
gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2
general relativity, theory of
genes, genetic factors, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2
of color perception
of color pigment
diet and
natural selection of
proteins in
size-control, 5.1, bm1.1n
in sleep patterns
see also DNA
genetic mutations, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
circadian clocks and, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n–8n
of flies, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
genomes, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n–8n
geological eras
geological maps, 7.1, 7.2
geological time, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, bm1.1n–6n, bm1.2n
geology, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, bm1.1n–2n
geopoetry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
glaciers, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, bm1.1n
Glomar Challenger
Glossopteris, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Gould, Stephen Jay, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n
gradualism, 1.1, 7.1
Grand Canyon
gravity, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1
in acceleration of falling bodies, 5.1, 5.2
of Earth-moon system
Galileo on effects of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n
of Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2
size and
in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
in stellar fusion reactions
in timepieces
Great Britain, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1
greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1
Greenland, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
Camp Century in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1n–7n
field preparations for, 1.1, bm1.1n–3n
fossils in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7.1
glacier on, 9.1, 9.2
Triassic rocks of
Wegener’s explorations of
Greenough, George Bellas
green revolution
Gregory XIII, Pope
Haldane, J. B. S., 5.1, bm1.1n
Hale-Bopp comet, 3.1, bm1.1n
Hartley 2 comet, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n
Harvard College Observatory, 2.1, bm1.1n
Harvard Computers, 2.1, 2.2
Harvard University
Museum of Comparative Zoology at, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1
heat, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2
in greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1
of impact
sun’s radiation of, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n
of volatile elements, 4.1, 4.2
see also temperatures, global
heat balance, planetary, 3.1, 9.1
Heezen, Bruce, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
helium, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
at big bang
Hess, Harry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
hierarchical architecture
Himalaya Mountains
Hindostan grave markers, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n
Holmes, Arthur, 6.1, 6.2
hominids, 10.1, bm1.1n
Homo sapiens
hourglasses
howler monkeys
Hubble, Edwin, 2.1, 2.2
Hubble Space Telescope
Humboldt, Alexander von
hydrogen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1
at big bang
as sun’s fuel, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
in water molecule, 3.1, 3.2
hydrogen bomb
ice ages, 9.1, 10.1
human populations affected by, 9.1, bm1.1n–8n
orbital changes and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
short-term riffs in, 9.1, 9.2
warm intervals in
ice cores, 9.1, bm1.1n
India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
northern drift of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
infrared spectrum, 3.1, 8.1
inventions
multiple discoverers of, 10.1, bm1.1n
iridium
iron
ore rocks of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
rusting of
isolation research
Ivy Mike, Operation, 2.1, bm1.1n
Jablonski, David, 7.1, bm1.1n–4n
Jack Hills site, Australia, 3.1, bm1.1n
James, William
jawless fish
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenkins, Farish A., Jr., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, bm1.1n
jet lag, 4.1, 4.2
Johns Hopkins University, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Journal of Geophysical Research
Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1
moons of, 3.1, 5.1
Kant, Immanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n
Kibale National Park
kidneys, 3.1, 4.1
Konopka, Ronald, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n
Krauss, Lawrence
Krogh, Schack August Steenberg
Kuiper belt, n–7n
Labrador
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n
Lasaga, Antonio
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
lead 206, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n
Leavitt, Henrietta, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, bm1.1n
Leibniz, Gottfried
Leonardo da Vinci
Libby, Willard
life, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1
abrupt appearance of
chemical reactions of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2
on dry land
liquid water in
patterns in history of
single-celled, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, bm1.1n
light
artificial, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
circadian clocks triggered by, 4.1, 4.2
color pigmentation affected by
seasonal differences in
speed of, 2.1, 2.2
of stars, 2.1, 3.1
wave features of
wavelength spectrum of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1
lithium
lizards, 6.1, 8.1
London Geological Society
Lucas, Peter, 8.1, bm1.1n
Lull, Richard Swann, 1.1, bm1.1n
lunar calendars
Lystrosaurus, 8.1, 8.2
Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
Makerere University Biological Field Station
mammals, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, bm1.1n
as catastrophe survivors
characteristics of, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1
earliest relatives of, 1.1, 1.2
fossil, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 10.1
high-energy lifestyle of
ice age, extinction of
kidney of
primates, 1.1, 8.1
size-control gene in
whales
mammoths, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1
Manhattan Project
maps, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1
geological, 7.1, 7.2
of ocean floor, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Mariner missions
Mars, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 9.1
liquid water on
sandstones of, 3.1
surface temperature of
Mars rovers
mass, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2
matter, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
antimatter vs., 2.1, 3.1
energy and, 2.1, 2.2
gravity in
Matthews, Drummond
melatonin
Mercury
water in polar craters of, 3.1, bm1.1n
Merton, Robert, 10.1, bm1.1n
Mesozoic era
MESSENGER satellite
meteorites, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1
1969 Mexican
microbial communities
Milankovitch, Milutin, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
milk, digestion of
Milky Way Galaxy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
mitochondria
molecular clocks
molecular forces, 5.1, 5.2
mole
cules, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 5.1
diffusion of
water, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
monkeys
moon
Apollo missions to, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
calendar based on
craters on
origin of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, bm1.1n
tides caused by, 4.1, 4.2
water on
moon rocks, 3.1, 4.1
moons, planetary, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
Moore’s law
Morley, Lawrence
mountain ranges, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2
mountain-uplift hypothesis, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n
Mount Wilson Observatory
Mount Wilson telescope
Napoléon I, Emperor, 9.1, bm1.1n
NASA, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, bm1.1n
Mariner missions of
Mars rovers of
MESSENGER satellite of
Pioneer mission of
Project Apollo of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Voyager spacecraft of
National Academy of Sciences
Native Americans
Natufian culture, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n
natural philosophers, 7.1, 7.2
natural selection, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n–8n
nebulae, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
Orion
Neptune
neutrons, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2
Newell, Norman, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n–3n
Newton, Isaac
nitrogen
Nobel Prize, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1
North America, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1n
Appalachian Mountains in
dinosaur fossils in
end of last ice age in
rifts in
Northern Hemisphere
North Pole, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Nova Scotia, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2
ocean currents, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n
oceans, 7.1, 9.1
atmospheric carbon removed by, 8.1, 8.2
chemistry of, 3.1, 7.1, bm1.1n–7n
of Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2
undersea volcanoes in, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
oceans, seafloor of, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 10.1
drill cores from, 6.1, 8.1
recycling of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1
spreading of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Office of Naval Research
Olsen, Paul
Orion, constellation of
Orion Nebula
oxygen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1
in physiology, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1n
oxygen, atmospheric, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, bm1.1n–200n
continental drift and, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n
dangers of
source of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n
oxygen atom, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2
versions of, 4.1, 9.1
paleontology, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1
databases of
Woods Hole conference of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n
Paleozoic era
particles, 2.1, 2.2
Penzias, Arno
periodic table, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
peripheral vision, 2.1, 2.2
PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum), n
Phillips, John, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, bm1.1n
photosynthesis, 5.1, 10.1
Pickering, Edward Charles, 2.1, 2.2
pineal gland
Pioneer mission
planets, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
climates of
formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, bm1.1n
in galaxy
heat balance of, 3.1, 9.1
Jupiter’s effect on
moons of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
orbital distance from sun of
orbits of, 3.1, 3.2
oxygen form in rocks of
rocky inner vs. gaseous outer, 3.1, 3.2
see also specific planets
plants, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1
algae, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n
altitude-sensitive
dietary
domesticated
in evolution, 10.1, bm1.1n
fossil, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
photosynthesis of, 5.1, 10.1
plate tectonics, 5.1, 6.1, bm1.1n
global temperatures affected by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
of India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
motion of
see also continental drift
primates, 1.1, 8.1
Princeton University, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2
Pritchard, Jonathan
Project Iceworm, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–7n
proteins, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
protons, 2.1, 9.1
quantum mechanics
radioactive decay, atomic, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n
radio waves
rain shadows
Ralph, Martin, 4.1, 4.2
Raymo, Maureen “Mo”, 8.1, 9.1, bm1.1n
“Revision of Triassic Stratigraphy of the Scoresby Land and Jameson Land Region, East Greenland” (Perch-Nielsen et al.), 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n
Richter, Curt, 4.1, bm1.1n
Richter’s patch, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
rocks, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
calendars in
dating of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–6n
deep core drilling of, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1
earliest fossil-containing, 4.1, 5.1
erosion of, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7
in Hindostan grave markers (rhythmites), 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n
iron-containing, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
magnetism pattern in
moon, 3.1, 4.1
oldest, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n
oxygen versions in
sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n
smallest components of
superheated
of Tibetan Plateau
zircons, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n
see also fossils; meteorites; stratigraphic layers
Romans, ancient
decentralized calendar of, 4.1, 4.2
Sagan, Carl, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2
San Andreas Fault
sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n
satellites, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, bm1.1n
Saturn, 3.1, 9.1
moons of
Schaff, Chuck, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n
Schopf, Tom, 7.1, bm1.1n
Schwarzenegger, Arnold
Scientific American
Scotland, 6.1, 9.1
Scott, Robert Falcon, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
seashells, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, bm1.1n
seasonal affective disorder
seasons, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
sedimentology, n–2n
sensory deprivation
Sepkoski, Jack, 7.1, bm1.1n
Shackleton, Ernest
Shell Oil Guide to the Permian and Triassic of the World, 1.1, bm1.1n
Shukba Cave
Siffre, Michel, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n
size, 2.1, 5.1
atmospheric oxygen and, 5.1, bm1.1n–200n
Darlington-Barbour frog experiment on, 5.1, bm1.1n
Galileo on, 5.1, bm1.1n
genetic control of, 5.1, bm1.1n
gravity and
hearing and
humans affected by
microscopic, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
molecular forces and
physiological determinants of
predictive power of
sleep patterns, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
genetic factors in
light in
medical links to, 4.1, bm1.1n–9n
obesity correlated with
Smith, William, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n
solar system, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–7n
age of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, bm1.1n–5n
1969 Mexican meteorite impact and
water in, 3.1, 3.2
see also planets; sun
South Africa, 6.1, 6.2
Lystrosaurus Zone of
South America, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Africa’s congruity with, 6.1, 6.2
primates of
Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2
South Pole, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Soviet Union
species, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1
common ancestors of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
diversity of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n
extinctions of, see extinctions
global distribution of
hominid
kings-of-the-hill, 7.1, 7.2
of monkeys
perceptions of
Spirit Mars rover
stars
color and magnitude of
distances of, 2.1, 2.2
dust clouds around, 3.1, 3.2
elements in fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
formation of
fusion reactions of, 2.1, 3.1
in galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
in gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2
heat production of
heavier elements created by, 2.1, 2.2
iron accumulated by
satellite mapping of
as supernovae, 2.1, 2.2
variable
Stearns, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n
Stigler, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n
Stigler’s law, 10.1, bm1.1n
stone tools, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
stratigraphic layers, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–2n, bm1.2n–6n
characteristic fossils in
elements in
iridium
Lystrosaurus Zone
in Nova Scotia, 7.1, 7.2
of Talcher Coalfield
structural geology, n–7n
Studies on Glaciers (Agassiz)
Suess, Eduard, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n
sulfur
sun, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
formation of
future of, 3.1, 10.1
heat radiated by, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n
hydrogen as fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
increasing brightness of
in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
supernovae, 2.1, 2.2
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n
Talcher Coalfield
tectonics, see plate tectonics
telescopes, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1
cooling of
electromagnetic spectrum
of Galileo
Hubble Space
satellite
Teller, Edward, 2.1, 2.2
Telstar satellite
temperatures, body, 4.1, 6.1
temperatures, global, 8.1, 9.1
atmospheric carbon in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, bm1.1n
color perception and, 8.1, bm1.1n
cooling of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
greenhouse effect in