Allah (or Allāh), 37, 106
Amitābha, 33, 37, 175–177
Amitāyus, 151, 153, 155–157, 159
ānanda, 53–54, 58, 61–62, 64, 66n.13, 68n.29
Ananda Marga, 229
ānāpānasati, 40, 134
an-ātman, 38.
See also anattā; no(n)-self; self-negation
anattā, 122.
See also an-ātman; no(n)-self; self-negation
anicca. See impermanence
aniconic symbols (or yantras), 11, 71–72
antaryāga, 76–77
anuprekṣā. See four reflections
anussati. See recollection
apophatic practices, 5, 38, 186–187, 190–192, 195–197, 199–200, 201n.7
ar(a)hat, 96, 122, 126–128, 130
arousal reduction, 14–17
asaṁprajñāta samādhi, 64–66, 69n.38
ascesis (or asceticism), 10, 48, 94, 104, 115
asmitā, 51, 53–54, 58, 61–64, 66n.12, 68n.34
asubha, 99n.9, 124, 130–131, 140n.21.
See also foulness (or the foul)
ātma(n), 9, 62, 68n.30
attention, xi–xii, 5–8, 18, 20nn.31–32, 21n.43, 28, 40, 125, 127, 131, 181n.42, 190, 197, 211, 230, 232, 234–235, 237;
focus of, 8, 19n.3, 28;
mindful, 42n.16;
mode of, 8, 44;
unified, 187, 189.
See also awareness; focused attention
attention-based technique, 1–2, 4, 17
attention training, 11.
See also awareness training
awareness, 35, 51–53, 55–58, 60–65, 67n.17, 68n.32, 69n.34, 75–76, 78, 83, 90, 123, 129, 132, 134–135, 187–188, 208, 211–212;
open (or inclusive, choiceless), 16–17, 29–31, 41n.11;
physical, 48, 53, 55.
See also attention; mindful awareness (or presence); puruṣa: awareness of; subtle awareness; śūnyatā: awareness of; universal principle: awareness of; Way (Dào): awareness of the
awareness-in-action, 210
awareness training, x, 8, 20n.32.
See also attention training
Āyāraṅga, 93
bahiryāga, 76–77
Benson, Herbert, 229, 232–233
Bhai Gurdas, 109, 118n.22
bhakti, 49, 103–104, 106.
See also devotion
Bhaskararāya Makhin, 71, 77
bhāv(a)nā, 39, 75–77, 96, 115, 134, 138
Bhāvanopaniṣad Bhāṣya, 77
Bhoja Rāja, 62–63
bīja, 64.
See also nirbīja; sabīja
bindu, 72–73, 78–79, 85–86, 88–90
biofeedback, 233, 238n.5
birth and death: beyond, 107;
breaking one’s mind of, 14, 169;
liberation from, 104, 150
bla, 152
body and breath practices (or techniques), x, 11, 132
body practices, 18.
See also mindfulness of body
brahman, 9, 62, 68nn.30, 33, 88, 90
brahmavihāra, 129, 135
Brahm Bunga Trust, 112, 119n.32
brain waves, 30, 40, 234, 239n.42
breath, 6, 35–37, 109–110, 133–134, 138–139, 140n.21, 141n.26, 142n.42, 187–190, 233;
counting of, 31;
natural, 30.
See also body and breath practices (or techniques); dbugs; prāṇa; qì
breath cultivation, 187–188
breathing, 93, 110, 160, 188, 191, 196–197.
See also mindfulness of breathing
breathing meditation, 16, 18, 31, 35
breathing regulation, 112, 216, 222nn.40–41
breathing techniques (or practices), 6, 18, 49, 104, 109–110, 160
Buddha, 7, 11, 33, 66n.13, 99n.12, 122, 127–128, 130, 132, 135, 140n.6, 141n.28, 142n.43, 145–146, 148, 150–151, 170, 177
Buddhaghosa, 34, 124–127, 129, 131–134, 138, 140n.8, 141n.29, 142nn.40, 42
Buddhahood, 145–147, 150–151, 160–161, 175–176
Buddha invocation, 170, 174–176, 178, 181n.34.
See also nen butsu; niàn(-)fó
Buddha nature, 9, 37, 146, 166–167, 169–170, 172–173
buddhi, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61–63, 67n.28, 68n.31
cakra, xii–xiii, 9, 37, 71, 78–88, 161n.2.
See also Śrīcakra
calm(ness), xii, 14, 79, 83, 122–123, 126, 130–131, 136, 140n.13, 141n.37, 172–173, 179, 191–192, 197.
See also samatha
calming the mind, 136–137, 172–173, 179, 216, 221
Cáodòng tradition, 165–166, 171–175
Centering Prayer, 35
Chán, 13, 165–179
chanting, 5, 36–37, 85, 104, 110–114, 123, 134, 136, 175, 181n.34
’Chi med Srog Thig, 147, 149–157, 155, 160
citta, 51, 52–54, 56, 58, 59, 61–65
clarity, 14–17, 195, 208
Cloud of Unknowing, 14, 27, 32–33, 36
compassion, 135, 142n.39, 145
concentration, xi, 15, 27–30, 32–33, 35, 40n.1, 41n.11, 42n.16, 48–49, 54, 60, 62, 64, 67n.17, 72, 74, 89, 110–112, 114–115, 117n.1, 128–129, 133, 174, 176, 188–191, 196–197, 211, 216, 218, 234, 236.
See also absorption; dhāraṇā; dhyān(a); meditation: concentrative vs. nonconcentrative; samatha; savicāra
Confucius, 187, 191–192
consciousness, 64, 81, 86, 90, 97, 108, 112, 125, 129, 146, 187, 190;
center of, 78, 85;
divine, 15, 19n.1, 86;
energy of, 76;
fire of, 89;
full, xi, 212;
individual, 192–193;
light of, 75;
objective, 73 (see also śakti);
pure, 52, 63, 65, 71–73 (see also puruṣa; śakti);
sense, 80;
states (or levels, planes, spheres) of, 21n.60, 46, 53, 69n.37, 73, 78, 83, 129;
stream of, 40;
subjective, 73 (see also Śiva);
surface, 213;
transformation of, 49, 77, 83
consciousness-as-power, 87
constructivism, ix, 11, 37–38, 41n.7
context, 7, 28, 41n.7, 104, 136, 147;
American, 152;
Asian, 152;
Buddhist, 6, 34, 136;
Chinese, 33, 180n.13;
Christian, 5–6;
Confucian, xiv;
contemporary, 9;
cultural, 9, 11–12, 160, 228;
Daoist, 6;
European, 228;
Indian, 53, 231;
Jain, 98;
medical, 152;
modern, 14, 17, 29, 33, 130, 135, 238;
monastic, 135;
mystical, 201;
phenomenal, 73;
post-Vedic, 49;
political, 198;
premodern, 10, 153;
psychological, 237;
public vs. private, 135;
religious, 11–12, 228;
ritual, 152;
scientific, xi, 33;
secular, xi;
social, 12, 117;
sociocultural, xiii, xiv, 11, 227;
suggestive vs. nonsuggestive, 28, 37, 39;
symbolic, xiii;
Tibetan, 153;
traditional, 17, 112, 227;
Yogic, 6
correlative cosmology, 200
cosmic energy, 6, 37, 71
cosmic principle, 85, 89, 194
Dàhuì Zōnggǎo, 14, 165–175, 179;
critique of seated meditation, 166–169;
and doubt, 170–171;
enlightenment and, 167, 170–171
dāntián, 37, 216
Dào. See Way (Dào)
Daoist rulership, 198–199
dbugs, 152
death, 63n.31, 93–94, 131;
averting, 147, 157;
fearless of, 114;
initiatory, 86;
meditation on, xi, 38, 43;
> mindfulness of, 132–133, 137, 141n.31;
surmounting, 114
decontextualization, 228, 238
default mode network, 40, 230, 235–237, 239n.42
deity, 28, 35, 37, 71–73, 75–78, 80, 85–86, 88–89, 109, 132, 146–148, 151–160
devotion, x–xi, 2, 5–6, 18, 35, 38, 49, 103–116, 117n.1, 122, 128, 210, 228.
See also bhakti
Dhammapada, 122–128, 133, 138, 139nn.1–2
dhāraṇā, 48, 75
dhikr, x, 4, 12, 18, 36, 118n.18
dhyān(a), 4, 7, 13, 15, 49, 74–76, 99nn.4–5, 115;
afflicted (ārta), 94, 96;
four (in Buddhism), 66n.13;
four (in Jainism), 94–97;
pious (dharmya), 94–96;
pure (śukla), 94–96;
wrathful (raudra), 94, 96
dhyāna śloka, 72, 75
doubt, 16, 37, 170–179, 180n.22
drowsiness, 15–16, 112, 125, 218, 234, 237
duān-zuò, 5, 13
Dudjom Rinpoche, 147, 149–150, 156
Dusenbery, Verne, 116
ecstasy, 14, 16, 21n.47, 40, 90, 136
effortlessness, 8, 30, 32–33, 114, 169
ekaggatā (or ekāgrata), 33–34, 126, 136.
See also one-pointedness
ekatānatā, 33.
See also one-pointedness
Eliade, Mircea, 16, 39–40
emotion, 7, 16, 28–29, 31, 38, 51–52, 80, 107, 115, 138, 145, 187, 235, 237;
observing, 210, 115;
positive vs. negative, 9, 83;
reducing (or eliminating, regulating, restricting), 190, 196, 200, 232
emotional change, 230
emotional pattern, 9, 17, 41n.11
emotional processing, 40, 234, 236
emotional unification (or integration), 122, 136
emptiness, 9, 15, 85, 156, 186–187, 189, 191–192, 195, 197, 200, 208, 219.
See also śūnyatā; void; xū
encounter dialogue, 165, 168, 179n.3
energy, 76, 83, 86–87, 209, 216;
cosmic, 6, 71 (see also śakti);
vital, 82, 87, 186, 188–189, 193 (see also prāṇa; qì);
life, 152, 160 (see also bla)
energy center. See cakra
energy manipulation, 8
enlightened Buddha (or guru, master, ruler), 94, 96, 107, 145, 150–151, 199, 200
enlightenment, xii, 95, 114, 138, 146, 150–151, 165, 167, 170–174, 177–179, 208, 212–213, 218, 232
enstasis (or enstasy), 16, 40, 78
Epistle of Prayer, 5, 10, 14
focus: forceful vs. effortless, 32–33;
meditative, 48, 59, 61, 165;
mental (or inward), 19n.3, 34–35, 63, 79;
narrow (or exclusive) vs. open, 17, 29, 31–33, 56, 129, 210
focused attention, 27, 30, 41n.11, 187, 189
formless spheres, 124, 128–130, 135.
See also meditation: formless
foulness (or the foul), 122, 130–131, 142n.42
four reflections, 94–96
fundamental aspects of reality (or existence), 9–10, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 212, 219
Gāo Pānlóng, 214–215, 218, 221nn.30,36
Gītā, 62–63, 65–66
God, 5–6, 9, 33, 36, 57, 103–117.
See also Allah (or Allāh); Īśvara
god, 15, 18, 103–117, 132, 145, 148, 153, 158
goddess, 37, 71, 75–78, 83, 85, 153, 159–160.
See also Tripurasundarī
Goenka, S. N., 98
gōng’àn, 20n.18, 165–179.
See also keyword; kōan; niànfó gōng’àn
gross element, 51–52, 55, 58–64, 68, 85–86.
See also mahābhūta
gross form, 50, 76–78, 84
gter-ma, 148–150, 153, 155–156, 159, 161n.8
gter-ston, 147–149, 161n.8, 161nn.10–11
guṇa, 50, 51, 54, 58, 61–62, 67n.26, 68n.28
gurdwārā, 105, 110–113
gurmantra, 108–111, 113, 119n.34
gurmukhi script, 105
guru, 10, 57, 76, 88–89, 103–116, 118n.20, 230
Gurū Arjan, 105, 113
Gurū Gobind Singh, 105, 108
Gurū Granth Sāhib, 103, 105–109, 112–113, 116, 117n.6, 118n.15, 119n.34.
See also Ādi Granth
Gurū Nānak, 104–107, 115, 118n.18
Hānshān Déqīng (1546–1623), 16, 27, 32–35, 37, 178
Haribhadra, 97
Hatha Yoga, 5, 18
health, 17, 19, 122, 127, 133, 146–147, 150–153, 158–160, 186, 201n.5, 227–228
Hemacandra, 95, 97–98
huàtóu, 33, 166–179, 180n.10.
See also kànhuà; keyword
Huìnéng, 5, 166, 168
hypnosis, 7, 11, 29, 39–40, 231
image, 5, 7, 19n.3, 29, 34–36, 54–55, 75–76, 88, 122, 125–127, 130, 154, 160.
See also nimitta; pratyaya
impermanence, 122, 127–128, 131, 134
inner cultivation, 186–188, 190–200, 201n.25
inner transformation, xi–xii, 2, 4, 8–9, 12, 14, 17–18, 107, 111, 138
inside-out changes (or processes), 12, 29
insight, 12, 54–57, 62, 71–72, 127–131;
calm and, 122–123, 126, 134, 140n.13, 141n.37;
concentration and, 27, 29, 40n.1, 41n.11;
discriminating, 94.
See also vipassanā (or vipaśyanā, Vipassana)
insight meditation, 16, 42n.41, 230, 239n.19
Inward Training, 186, 188–190, 192–195, 200n.1
Īśvara, 9, 54, 65, 69n.39
janam-sākhī, 107, 118n.20
jap(a), 18, 117n.1, 118n.15;
akhaṇḍ, 113, 119n.34
Japjī Sāhib, 106, 108, 117n.5
Jesus Prayer, x, 18, 20n.15
jhāna (or jhāṇa). See dhyāna śloka
Jina, 94, 96
jìng(-)zuò, 4, 13, 166, 207.
See also quiet sitting
jñāna, 49, 73–74, 76, 78
Jñānārṇava, 97
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 14, 229–230, 232
kaivalya, 52, 69n.38
kammaṭṭhāna, 124, 138
kànhuà, xii, 165–179;
calmness and, 171–173;
doubt and, 170–171, 173–175;
enlightenment and, 167.
See also huàtóu; keyword
karma, 65, 93, 95, 105, 138, 142n.45;
positive (or good) vs. negative, 114, 147, 156
kasiṇa, 124–126, 128–129, 131, 140n.14, 140nn.15–16, 140nn.21, 23, 141n.26, 142n.42
Kaulāvalīnirṇaya, 89
keyword, xii, 20n.15, 32–33, 37, 165–168, 174, 177.
See also gōng’àn; huàtóu; kànhuà; kōan
khālsā, 103, 105, 108, 110
kīrtan, 105, 109, 112
kōan, 7, 12, 20n.18, 31, 37, 138.
See also gōng’àn
Kulārṇava, 72
Kuṇḍalinī yoga, 81, 86–89
kusala-citta, 127–128, 135
Lakṣmīdhara, 85
Lǎozǐ, 37, 185–200
liṅga, 67n.28, 86–88
Línjì tradition, 165–166, 171–172
logismoí, 34
loving-kindness, 16, 135, 141n.30, 142n.38, 230, 239n.19
Lù Lǒngqí, 214–215, 218
Lǚshì chūnqiū, 185–186, 190–194
macrocosm, 78, 86, 88
madness, 12
Mahābhārata, 53, 66n.13
mahābhūta, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61
Mahāprajña, 98, 100n.22
Mahāvīra, 93, 96
Mahesh Yogi, 228
manas, 51, 52, 58, 62
maṇḍala, 72, 78, 118n.20, 125, 148, 153, 155, 158–160
mantra, 28, 42, 71–74, 77, 90, 97, 109, 118n.20, 140n.11;
meaningless, 11, 37;
repetition (or chanting, recitation) of, x, 30,
77, 85, 159, 160, 179;
seed, 73, 86–87, 159
mantra (or mantric) meditation, 29, 36, 140n.11.
See also gurmantra
manuals, 106, 108, 124, 131, 139n.3, 207, 216–219, 222n.51
maqāmāt, 13
martial arts, 18, 22
māyā, 73, 105
McLeod, W. H., 107
medicine, x, 2, 11–12, 17, 124, 147, 152, 157–158, 186, 189, 196, 233–234
meditātiō, 1, 35
meditation: Asian, ix–xi, 1, 29, 35–36, 227–228;
Buddhist, xi–xiii, 1, 6, 15–16, 40n.1, 66n.13, 98, 122–139, 145–161, 165–179, 189, 214, 216, 228–232, 234–237;
canonical vs. noncanonical, 93–99;
Chán, 166, 210, 217;
Christian, x, 1, 35–36, 228;
classification of, 8, 27–40, 93, 96;
communal (or collective) vs. individual, 7, 10–11, 18, 132;
concentrative vs. nonconcentrative, 16–17, 28, 30–32, 35, 39–40, 49, 54, 60, 234, 236;
Confucian, ix, xii, xiv, 9, 132, 192, 207–220;
Daoist, ix, xii–xiii, 9, 33, 38, 185–186, 189, 200, 216;
definition of, xii, 1–19, 111, 168;
directive vs. nondirective, 27–40, 234, 236–237;
discursive vs. nondiscursive, 1, 35–36;
effect of, 6, 11, 15, 27, 38–40, 227–235, 237;
European, x, 2, 29, 34, 227–228;
formless, 76, 129, 133–134;
Greco-Roman, x–xi;
guided vs. self-administered, 7, 11, 39;
Hindu, 9, 18, 48, 71, 97;
Indian (or Indic), 39, 110, 114, 138;
Islamic, x, 36, 228;
Jain(a), xii–xiii, 93–99, 137;
Judaic, x, 36, 228;
lying, 13, 31, 141n.29, 166–168,
modern, xii, 9, 27, 36, 227, 237–238;
moving, 186;
Neo-Confucian, xii, xiv, 9, 132, 207–220;
recitative, x, xii, 8, 12, 35, 103, 106, 109–111, 114–116;
seated, 168–170, 180n.17;
sitting, 127, 132–135, 141nn.28, 37, 166–170, 186;
stages of, 13, 30, 48–66, 71–91, 95–99, 108, 118n.18, 122–139, 202n.55;
standing, 13, 31, 128, 132, 141n.29, 166–168;
study of, ix–x, xiii–xiv, 3–4, 36, 227–231, 233–237;
Sufi, x, 4, 10, 12–13, 18, 36, 118n.18;
Tantric, 4, 39, 71–91, 145–161;
the term, xi, 1, 4, 7, 13, 15, 18, 35, 39, 66n.13, 93–94, 99n.4, 134, 168, 223;
thematic vs. nonthematic, x–xi, 28, 31, 36–39, 228;
Tibetan, xii–xiii, 9, 17, 132–133, 145, 161, 230, 239n.19;
walking, 13, 31, 125, 132, 135, 141n.29, 166–168;
Zen, xii–xiii, 8, 31, 165–179, 229, 231–232, 234.
See also breathing meditation; dhyāna śloka; duān-zuò; jìng(-)zuò; muraqaba; quiet sitting; samādhi; yoga
Asian Traditions of Meditation Page 41