11. Ibid., entry of 17.10.1942, 138.
12. Ibid.
13. William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Arno Press, 1979), 116.
14. On February 26, 1942, the President had written to Stimson regarding Stimson and General Marshall’s order concerning the “reorganization of the Army,” but wanted it reworded to “make it very clear that the Commander-in-Chief exercises his command function in relation to strategy, tactics and operations directly through the Chief of Staff. You, as Secretary of War, apart from your administrative responsibilities, would, of course, advise me on military matters”: “Safe” and Confidential Files, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY.
15. Entry of September 17, 1942, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
16. “My own feeling,” Stimson confided in his diary, “is that Eisenhower has acted rather precipitately and inquiry should be made as to whether they [U.S. bomber forces] cannot carry on a while longer [in Britain] and perhaps carry on with some bombing right through. It is just another part of the price we are having to pay for this expedition to the south,” he railed, “and to pay out of coin most precious to us”: entry of September 9, 1942, Stimson Diary.
17. Ibid., entry of September 8, 1942.
18. Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 421.
19. Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972–74), vol. 2, 94.
20. Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 486.
21. Blumenson, The Patton Papers, vol. 2, 95.
22. Ibid., vol. 2, diary entry of October 21, 1942, 94.
23. Ladislas Farago, The Last Days of Patton (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 191–92.
32. Alamein
1. In the House of Representatives the Democrats lost forty-five seats, and in the Senate, eight seats.
2. Nigel Hamilton, The Full Monty, vol. 1, Montgomery of Alamein, 1887–1942 (London: Allen Lane, 2001), 494.
3. Nigel Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, 1887–1942 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 770.
4. Ibid., 744.
5. Entry of 4.11.1942, Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels [The diaries of Joseph Goebbels], ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1995), Teil II, Band 6, 230. Quotes from this source have been translated by the author.
6. Ibid., 230–31.
7. Ibid., 233.
8. Ibid., 236.
9. Ibid., entry of 6.11.1942, 242–43.
10. Ibid., 244.
11. Ibid., entry of 7.11.1942, 246.
12. Ibid., 246–47.
33. First Light
1. Entry of November 5, 1942, Leahy Diary, William D. Leahy Papers, Library of Congress.
2. Entry of November 5, 1942, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., entry of November 6, 1942.
6. Entry of December 4, 1942, Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON.
7. Entry of November 6, 1942, Stimson Diary.
8. Entry of November 8, 1942, in Geoffrey C. Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), 184.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), 121.
12. Ibid.
13. Entry of November 2, 1942, Stimson Diary.
14. Ibid., entry of November 5, 1942.
15. Cable of November 2, 1942, in Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 121.
16. Entry of November 2, 1942, Leahy Diary.
17. Entry of November 2, 1942, Stimson Diary.
18. Entry of November 7, 1942, in Ward, Closest Companion, 184.
19. Ibid.
20. Entry of November 6, 1942, Stimson Diary.
21. Entry of November 6, 1942, King Diary.
22. Entry of November 8, 1942, in Ward, Closest Companion, 185.
23. Entry of November 7, 1942, Leahy Diary.
24. Entry of November 7, 1942, Stimson Diary.
25. Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 264.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Entry of November 8, 1942, in Ward, Closest Companion, 185.
29. Ibid., 186.
30. Entry of November 7, 1942, Stimson Diary.
31. Ibid., entry of November 6, 1942.
32. Entry of November 8, 1942, in Ward, Closest Companion, 185–86.
33. Ibid.
34. The Greatest Sensation
1. Entry of November 8, 1942, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
2. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: Norton, 2000), 541.
3. Entry of 11.7.1942, Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels [The diaries of Joseph Goebbels], ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1995), Teil II, Band 5, 346. Quotes from this source have been translated by the author.
4. Ibid., entry for “Yesterday,” drawn up November 9, 1942, Teil II, Band 6, 254.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 256.
7. Ibid., 257.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., entry of 23.6.1942, Teil II, Band 4, 594.
10. Ibid., entry of 24.6.1942, 604.
11. Ibid., entry of 23.6.1942, 591.
12. Ibid., entry of 24.6.1942, 605.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 610.
15. Jacques Belle, L’Opération Torch et la Tunisie (Paris: Economica, 2011), 65–72.
16. Entry of 23.6.1942, Goebbels, Die Tagebücher, Teil II, Band 4, 592.
17. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 539.
35. Armistice Day
1. Entry of November 9, 1942, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
2. Annex 2, Project Gymnast, U.S. Serial ABC-42, in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1941–1943), 240–43.
3. Eight Hundred and Fifty-Ninth Press Conference, November 10, 1942, in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, vol. 11, Humanity on the Defensive (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969), 462–63.
4. Ibid.
5. Entry of November 10, 1942, Stimson Diary.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., entry of November 9, 1942.
8. Allied casualties in the three days, November 8–11, 1942, were 530 killed, 887 wounded, and 52 missing—far lower than the Dieppe fiasco, despite Dieppe having been a vastly smaller operation: George F. Howe, Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1957), 173.
9. Entry of November 7, Martin Blumenson, ed, The Patton Papers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), vol. 2, 102.
10. Ibid., 108.
11. Ibid., 109.
12. Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 437.
13. Entry of November 11, 1942, Leahy Diary, William D. Leahy Papers, Library of Congress.
14. On November 11, 1942, Eisenhower informed General Marshall of Churchill’s “extraordinary impatience,” but insisted, “I am not repeat not allowing anything to interfere with my clean cut line of subordination to the Combined Chiefs of Staff”: Cable #320, in The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, ed. Alfred D. Chandler, vol. 2, The War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 691.
15. Ibid., 685.
16. Ibid., Cable to Major-General Walter Bedell Smith, November 11, 1942, 693.
17. For a French version of events, see Jacques Belle, L’opération Torch et la Tunisie (Pa
ris: Economica, 2011), 44–53.
18. Sugata Bose, His Majesty’s Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India’s Struggle Against Empire (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 223.
19. Entry of November 11, 1942, Leahy Diary.
20. Entry of November 11, 1942, Stimson Diary.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. “The Forces of Liberation Are Advancing”—Armistice Day Address, November 11, 1942, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 2, 468–70.
24. William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Arno Press, 1979), 136.
25. Entry of November 11, 1942, Leahy Diary.
26. “The Forces of Liberation Are Advancing,” The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 2, 468–70.
Index
Abel, Elie, [>]
Admiralty Citadel (London), [>]
air power: Churchill on, [>], [>]–[>]
German use of, [>]
Akagi (aircraft carrier): sinking of, [>]
Alaska: Japan threatens, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Allied coalition: Australia and New Zealand in, [>]
Canada in, [>], [>], [>]
defends Burma, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
defends Netherlands East Indies, [>], [>], [>]
distrust of Churchill, [>], [>]
FDR controls war planning and prosecution for, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
FDR seeks to broaden, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Great Britain in, [>]
practical nature of, [>]
Ribbentrop proposes negotiations with, [>]
Stimson’s resistance to, [>]–[>]
threatens Italy, [>]
as United Nations, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
U.S. military aid to, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
U.S. as senior partner in, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
America First movement, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Amery, Leo: attempts to wreck Indian negotiations, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Arnim, Hans-Jürgen von (general), [>]
Arnold, Henry (general), [>], [>], [>], [>]
builds U.S. Army Air Forces, [>]–[>]
on Combined Chiefs of Staff, [>]
and Doolittle Raid (1942), [>]–[>]
and “Japan First” strategy, [>]–[>]
in London, [>]
opposes proposed North Africa landings, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and Pearl Harbor attack, [>], [>], [>]
at Placentia Bay summit meeting (1941), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and war planning, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Asia, Southeast: Japan invades, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Atlantic Charter (1941), [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Cadogan drafts, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Churchill breaches, [>], [>], [>], [>]
revision and expansion of, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Soviet Union breaches, [>], [>]
atomic bomb: Stimson and development of, [>], [>]
Attlee, Clement, [>], [>], [>]
and India, [>], [>]
Auchinleck, Claude (general), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Australia: in Allied coalition, [>]
Japan threatens, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
MacArthur in, [>], [>], [>]
and Singapore, [>]–[>]
turns to U.S., [>]
U.S. protects, [>]
Bajpai, Sir Girja S., [>]
Balfour, Arthur, [>]
Bataan Death March (1942), [>], [>]
Battle of Britain, [>], [>]
Beardall, John R. (captain), [>]
Beaverbrook, Lord, [>]
ambitions, [>]
visits Washington, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and war planning, [>]
Berle, Adolf: and Pearl Harbor attack, [>]
Biddle, Francis: and Pearl Harbor attack, [>]
Blitz. See Great Britain: German bombing of
Bloch, Claude C. (rear admiral)
and Pearl Harbor attack, [>]
Boeing Plant 2 (Seattle), [>], [>]
Bonham-Carter, Violet, [>]
Bonus March: MacArthur and, [>]
Bormann, Martin, [>]
Brady, Dorothy, [>]
British Army: excluded from North Africa landings (1942), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
failures of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
lack of cohesion and organization, [>]–[>], [>]
Marshall and King criticize, [>]
British Eighth Army: flees from Rommel, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Montgomery commands, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
in North Africa, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
wins at El Alamein, [>]–[>], [>]
British Empire: as Commonwealth of Nations, [>]–[>]
Britain’s dependence on, [>]–[>]
Brooke and, [>]
Brown on, [>]
Churchill and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Churchill gives priority to preserving, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
colonial troops unwilling to fight for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Dominions turn to U.S., [>]–[>], [>]
FDR’s attitude toward, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
social forces behind collapse of, [>]–[>], [>]
system of colonial administration in, [>]–[>]
U.S. unwilling to preserve, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
World War II and collapse of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Brook, Sir Norman, [>]
Brooke, Sir Alan (general), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and British Empire, [>]
Marshall compared to, [>]
on military failures, [>]–[>]
opposes unity of command, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and RAF’s lack of cooperation, [>]
and Singapore, [>]–[>]
and surrender of Tobruk, [>]
Brown, Judith: on British Empire, [>]
Bullitt, William C., [>]
Bundy, Harvey (colonel): at Placentia Bay summit meeting (1941), [>], [>]–[>]
Burma: Allies defend, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
fall of, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Burns, James (general): at Placentia Bay summit meeting (1941), [>]
Cadogan, Sir Alexander, [>]
on absence of leadership, [>]
drafts Atlantic Charter, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
at Placentia Bay summit meeting, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
questions imperial system, [>]
and surrender of Tobruk, [>]
California: Japan shells, [>]
Camp David. See Shangri-la (camp)
Camp Jackson (South Carolina), [>]
Camp Pendleton (California), [>]
Campbell, Sir Ronald, [>]
Canada: in Allied coalition, [>], [>], [>]
and Dieppe raid (1942), [>]–[>], [>]
in Operation Jubilee, [>]
war production, [>]
Caucasian oil fields: German assault on, [>], [>], [>]
Ceylon: Japan threatens, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Chamberlain, Neville, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Chiang Kai-shek, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and Doolittle Raid (1942), [>]–[>]
Stilwell and, [>]
China: and Doolittle Raid (1942), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
U.S. military aid to
, [>], [>], [>], [>]
war with Japan, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Chrysler Tank Arsenal (Detroit), [>]
Churchill, Clementine, [>], [>], [>]
Churchill, Winston: addresses Congress (1941), [>]–[>]
on air power, [>]–[>], [>]
alcoholic tendencies, [>], [>]
Allies’ distrust of, [>], [>]
anti-Indian bias, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
approves Dieppe raid (1942), [>]–[>]
attempts independent negotiations with Soviet Union, [>], [>], [>]
attempts to wreck Indian negotiations, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
blindness on colonialism, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
breaches Atlantic Charter, [>], [>], [>], [>]
breaks promises, [>]
and British Empire, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
character and personality, [>]–[>], [>], [>
The Mantle of Command Page 60