17. Rachel Haskell, quoted in Jeffrey, Frontier Women, 129.
18. Fischer, Let Them Speak, 59.
19. Keturah Belknap, quoted in Luchetti and Olwell, Women of the West, 139.
20. Myres, Westering Women, 203.
21. Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 174.
22. Maxine Benson, Martha Maxwell, Rocky Mountain Naturalist (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), 55.
23. Benson, Martha Maxwell, 38.
24. Ibid., 39.
25. Ibid., 57.
26. Ibid., 69.
27. Ibid., 75.
28. Ibid., 82.
29. Ibid., 85.
30. Ibid., 231.
31. Ibid., 88.
32. Ibid., 95.
33. Ibid., 119.
34. Ibid., 132.
35. Ibid., 137.
36. Ibid., 147.
37. Ibid., 159.
38. Ibid., 174.
39. David Dempsey, The Triumphs and Trials of Lotta Crabtree (New York: William Morrow, 1968), 148.
40. Ibid., 162.
41. Ibid., 187.
42. Ibid., 186.
43. Ibid., 235.
Chapter 5: Great Expectations for the Future
1. Gray, Women of the West, 53.
2. Jeffrey, Frontier Women, 130.
3. Ibid., 8.
4. Stratton, Pioneer Women, 58.
5. Grace Fairchild, quoted in Wyman, Frontier Woman, 31.
6. Riley, Female Frontier, 186.
7. Jeffrey, Frontier Women, 43.
8. Huston Horn, The Pioneers. The Old West series (New York: Time-Life Books, 1974), 167.
9. Myres, Westering Women, 89.
10. Ibid., 90.
11. Dee Brown, The Gentle Tamers: Women of the Old West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 269.
12. Luchetti and Olwell, Women of the West, 48.
13. Viewed online at the Kansas State Historical Society’s website.
14. Riley, Female Frontier, 188.
15. Gray, Women of the West, 79.
16. Myres, Westering Women, 233.
17. “Mary Lease,” Spartacus Educational, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAleaseM.htm.
18. Gray, Women of the West, 143.
19. Ibid., 57.
20. Richard Stiller, Queen of Populists: The Story of Mary Elizabeth Lease (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1970), 66.
21. Ibid., 73.
22. Ibid., 96
23. Ibid., 109.
24. Ibid., 117.
25. A speech from 1890. “Wall Street Owns the Country,” History Is a Weapon, http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/marylease.html.
26. Ibid., 126.
27. Ibid., 136.
28. Ibid., 147.
29. “Speech to the Women’s Christian Temperance Union,” History Is a Weapon, http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/marylease2.html.
30. Stiller, Queen of Populists, 169.
31. Ibid., 175.
32. Ibid., 134.
33. Ibid., 226.
34. Carry Nation, The Use and Need of the Life of Carry A. Nation, 1905, viewed at Project Gutenberg online, www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1485/pg1485.html.
35. Nation, Use and Need.
36. Fran Grace, Carry A. Nation: Retelling the Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 48.
37. Nation, Use and Need.
38. Ibid.
39. Grace, Carry A. Nation, 138.
40. Ibid., 147.
41. Ibid., 180.
42. Ibid., 202-203.
43. Ibid., 165.
44. Nation, Use and Need.
45. Grace, Carry A. Nation, 221.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., 209.
48. Nation, Use and Need.
49. Grace, Carry A. Nation, 274.
Chapter 6: Clash of Cultures
1. Wilson, ‘49er.
2. Frances Roe, Army Letters from an Officer’s Wife (1909; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981), 41.
3. Lydia Allen Rudd, 1852, quoted in Schlissel, Women’s Diaries, 193, 195.
4. Knight, Diary.
5. Colt, Went to Kansas.
6. Susette La Flesche, quoted in Wilson, Bright Eyes, 335.
7. Rayna Green, Women in American Indian Society: Indians of North America (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1992), 69. (This quote has been attributed to several tribes, including the Cheyenne and the Blackfeet.)
8. Gray, Women of the West, 99.
9. Wilson, Bright Eyes, 151.
10. Roe, Army Letters, 96.
11. Carrington, My Army Life, 45.
12. Christina Phillips Campbell, 1858, quoted in Stratton, Pioneer Women, 116.
13. Myres, Westering Women, 77.
14. Wilson, ‘49er.
15. Rachel Plummer’s book, Rachel Plummer’s Narrative of Twenty-One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Comanche Indians, quoted in S. C. Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History (New York: Scribner, 2010), 17.
16. Ibid., 22.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 38.
19. Ibid., 41.
20. Ibid., 42.
21. Ibid.
22. Plummer, quoted in Jo Ella Powell Exley, Frontier Blood: The Saga of the Parker Family (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001), 75.
23. Plummer, quoted in Gwynne, Empire, 52.
24. Gwynne, Empire, 124.
25. Ibid., 84.
26. Quote from Banc’s brother (ibid.,104).
27. Quote from Banc (ibid., 105).
28. Gwynne, Empire, 109.
29. Ibid., 116.
30. Ibid., 117.
31. Ibid., 184.
32. Ibid., 189.
33. Ibid., 192.
34. Quotes in this passage are taken from Sarah Winnemucca, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims, http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/life_among_the_piutes/malheur_agency.html. The book also appears in part in Luchetti and Olwell, Women of the West, 103-110.
35. Wilson, Bright Eyes, 335.
36. Ibid., 150.
37. Ibid., 180.
38. Ibid., 181-82.
39. Ibid., 217.
40. Ibid., 250.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 326.
Chapter 7: Love Song to the West
1. Boyd, Cavalry Life, 176.
2. Ibid., 182.
3. Ibid., 183.
4. Ibid., 176.
5. Custer, Tenting, 2:381-82.
6. Stratton, Pioneer Women, 46.
7. Ibid., 56.
8. Willa Cather, The Song of the Lark (1915; repr., New York: Signet Classics, 1991), 191-92.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Armitage, Susan, and Elizabeth Jameson, eds. The Women’s West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Bartley, Paula, and Cathy Loxton. Plains Women: Women in the American West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Benson, Maxine. Martha Maxwell, Rocky Mountain Naturalist. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
Boyd, Frances. Cavalry Life in Tent and Field. 1894. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Brown, Dee. The Gentle Tamers: Women of the Old West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958.
Bruyn, Kathleen. “Aunt” Clara Brown: Story of a Black Pioneer. Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1970.
Butler, Anne M. Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Capps, Benjamin. The Indians. The Old West Series. New York: Time-Life Books, 1973.
Carrington, Frances. My Army Life: A Soldier’s Wife at Fort Phil Kearny. 1910. Reprint, Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1990. Craver, Rebecca McDowell. The Impact of Intimacy: Mexican-Anglo Intermarriage in New Mexico, 1821-1
846. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1982.
Custer, Elizabeth. Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota with General Custer. 1885. Reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
_________. Following the Guidon. Reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.
_________ Tenting on the Plains. Reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. Dempsey, David and Raymond Baldwin. The Triumphs and Trials of Lotta Crabtree. New York: William Morrow, 1968.
Exley, Jo Ella Powell. Frontier Blood: The Saga of the Parker Family. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.
Fischer, Christiane, ed. Let Them Speak for Themselves: Women in the American West, 1849-1900. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1977.
Grace, Fran. Carry A. Nation: Retelling the Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Gray, Dorothy. Women of the West. Millbrae, CA: Les Femmes Press, 1976.
Gwynne, S. C. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Commanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. New York: Scribner, 2010.
Henry, Fern. My Checkered Life: Luzena Stanley Wilson in Early California. Nevada City, CA: Carl Mautz Publishing, 2003.
Horn, Huston. The Pioneers. The Old West Series. New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.
Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Converting the West: A Biography of Narcissa Whitman. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
________. Frontier Women, The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1880. New York: Hill and Wang, 1979.
Luchetti, Cathy, and Carol Olwell. Women of the West. New York: Orion Books, 1982.
Merington, Marguerite, ed. The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General George A. Custer and His Wife Elizabeth. New York: Devin-Adair, 1950.
Myres, Sandra. Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1800-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
Niethammer, Carolyn. Daughters of the Earth: Lives and Legends of American Indian Women. New York: Collier Books, 1977.
Rarick, Ethan. Desperate Passage: The Donner Party’s Perilous Journey West. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Riley, Glenda. The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988.
Roe, Frances. Army Letters from an Officer’s Wife. 1909. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
Schlissel, Lillian. Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey. New York: Schocken Books, 1982.
Stiller, Richard. Queen of Populists: The Story of Mary Elizabeth Lease. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970.
Stratton, Joanna. Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981.
Summerhayes, Martha. Vanished Arizona: Recollections of My Army Life. 1908. Reprint, New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1963.
Wallace, Robert. The Miners. The Old West Series. New York: Time-Life Books, 1976.
Wilson, Dorothy Clarke. Bright Eyes: The Story of Susette La Flesche, an Omaha Indian. New York: McGraw-Hill Book, 1974.
Wyman, Walker. Frontier Woman: The Life of a Woman Homesteader on the Dakota Frontier. River Falls: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.
Online Sources
Colt, Miriam Davis. Went to Kansas, 1862. http://www.kancoll.org/books/colt.
Knight, Amelia Stewart. Diary of Mrs. Amelia Stewart Knight (1853). http://www.oregontrail101.com/00.ar.knight.html.
Lease, Mary Elizabeth. Speech. http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/marylease.html.
________. Speech. http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/marylease2.html.
Murphy, Virginia Reed. Across the Plains in the Donner Party: A Personal Narrative of the Overland Trip to California. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp24322.
Nation, Carry A. The Use and Need of the Life of Carry A. Nation, 1905. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1485/pg1485.html.
Wilson, Luzena Stanley. ‘49er: Her Memoirs Taken Down by Her Daughter in 1881. http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/three/luzena.htm.
Winnemucca, Sarah. Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims, 1883. http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/life_among_the_Piutes/malheuragency.html.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate
pages with photographs.
Achomawi, 181
Adair, John, 105–6
Alder Creek, 21, 22
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM ), 48–49, 54–55, 59
American Fur Company, 50
American Missionary Society, 143
Anthony, Susan B., 151, 153
Apache, 180, 181, 191
Appleton, Wisconsin, 120
Apsaroke (Crow), 179
Arizona, 89, 117
Army life, 44–47, 68–75, 89, 118, 144
Astoria, Oregon, 103
Auraria, Colorado, 99
Babb, Bianca, 197–98
Baird, Spencer, 124, 127
Bannock, 50, 209–10
Bannock War, 209
Baraboo, Wisconsin, 119, 122–23
Baraboo Collegiate Institute, 122
Bateman, Ellen, 131
Bateman, Kate, 131
Belknap, Keturah, 115
Benicia, California, 96
Big Foot (chief), 218
Bighorn Mountains, 69–70
Billings, Joseph, 155
black communities, 40–41, 41, 149
Black Woman’s Beneficial Society, 149
Blackfeet, 183
Bloomer, Amelia, 114
bloomers, 64, 114, 125
Blue Mountains, 14
Boley, Oklahoma, 40
Booth, Edwin, 133
Boston, Massachusetts, 128, 135, 165, 216
Boulder, Colorado, 99, 123–24, 126
Boyd, Frances, 46, 221–23
Bozeman Trail, 69
Breen family (Donner Party), 17, 21, 23–24, 26–27
Bridger, Jim, 56
Bright, William, 151
Brown, Clara, 97–101, 98
Brown, Fanny, 80
Brown, George, 97–98
Brown, John, 164
Bryan, William Jennings, 166
buffalo, 8, 12, 31, 126, 179–80, 179, 182, 185, 187, 199, 201, 213, 217–18
“Buffalo Gals,” 107
Calamity Jane, 143–44, 144
California, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20–21, 24, 28, 32, 35, 36, 47–48, 77–79, 84, 90–96, 104, 107, 108, 110, 112, 122, 130–39, 142–43, 148–49, 174, 181, 188–89, 208, 222
California Trail, 113
Cannary, Martha Jane. See Calamity Jane
“Captain with His Whiskers Gave a Sly Wink at Me, The,” 134
Carpenter, Helen, 4, 10, 113
Carrington, Henry (colonel), 69, 73–75
Carrington, Margaret, 72–75
Carson City, Nevada, 148–49
Cascade Mountains; Cascade Range, 14, 33
Cather, Willa, 42, 223–24
Catholics, 55, 82, 156
Caudle, Malinda Ann “Minnie,” 197–98
Cayuse, 51–59
Central City, Colorado, 99–101
Century of Dishonor, A (Jackson), 217
Chapman, Caroline, 111, 131
Charles’s Ford, Wyoming, 209
Cherry Creek, Colorado, 99
Cheyenne (people), 182
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 80
Chicago, Illinois, 105, 135, 161, 165, 174, 216
Chief Truckee, 205
Chimney Rock, 8
Chrisman sisters, 38
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. See Mormons
Clark, Fannie, 80
Clemens, Sam, 112. See also Mark Twain
Cloud Peak, 70
Clyens, Mary Elizabeth. See Lease, Mary Elizabeth
Colorado, 9, 97, 98–101, 118, 119–30, 153, 192
Colt, Lydia, 60, 65
Colt, Mema, 60, 64, 67
Colt, Miriam Dav
is, 37, 60–67, 114, 184
Colt, William, 60, 63, 67
Colt, Willie, 60, 64, 67
Columbia River, 14, 34, 51, 184
Comanche, 183, 190–204
Constitution, 215
Continental Divide, 7, 13
Contrary Mary, 78
cooking, 9–10, 15, 36–37, 46, 64, 71, 74–75, 77–78, 88–89, 90, 115
Coues, Elliott, 124, 128
Council Bluffs, Iowa, 6, 101
covered wagons, 5–7, 11
Coyote Diggins, 93. See also Nevada
City, California
Crabtree, Charlotte “Lotta,” 111, 130–39, 130
Crabtree, George, 132
Crabtree, John, 131–32, 136
Crabtree, John (son), 132, 136
Crabtree, Mary Ann, 131–33, 135–36
Crook, George (general), 214–15
Curtis, Edward, 178, 179, 181
Custer, Elizabeth, 42, 44–47, 45, 109, 113, 184, 223
Custer, George (general), 42, 44–45, 45, 184
Custer, Tom, 45
Custer County, Nebraska, 38
dances; dancing, 54, 71–72, 96, 110, 111, 116, 122, 130–31, 134–35, 137, 182, 186
Indian, 186, 191, 193, 197, 204, 218
Dawes, Henry, 217
Dawes Act of 1887, 217
“Dear Mother, I’ll Come Home Again,” 134
Death Valley, 14
Debs, Eugene, 166
Delaware (people), 194
Democrats, 160, 163–66
Denison, Texas, 157
Denver, Colorado, 80, 99, 101, 110, 119, 126
Devil’s Gate, 8
Diggs, Annie, 154
diseases, 12–13, 59, 88, 199
Dodge City, Kansas, 84
Dolan, Patrick, 17
Donner, George, 16, 21
Donner, Jacob, 16, 21–22
Donner Party, 14–29
Donoho, Mary, 194
Donoho, William, 194
Doyle, Helen MacKnight, 82
Dundy, Elmer (judge), 215
dust storms, 40
Eddy, Eleanor, 17, 20–21
Eddy, William, 17, 20–21, 22, 28
Edison, Thomas, 173
18th Amendment, 150
Eliza Jane (daughter of Clara Brown), 97–98, 100–101
Elkhorn River, 30
Elliot, Milt, 22–23
Emigrants’ Guide to Oregon and California, The, 3
England, 51, 137, 175, 217. See also Great Britain
Enterprise, Kansas, 172
Eureka Springs, Arkansas, 175
Faneuil Hall, 216
Farmers’ Alliance, 153–54, 161
fashion, 112–15
feminists, 114, 123
Ferguson, “One-Arm” Annie, 80
Fetterman, William (captain), 72–73
Women of the Frontier Page 20