by Gary J. Bass
In Princeton, thanks to Ceci Rouse, Christina Paxson, and Stephen Kotkin, as well as to the university, for generously covering my research expenses. It’s an ongoing privilege to work with Rita Alpaugh, whose graceful professionalism keeps everything running smoothly, despite me. Sandra Johnson and Jennifer Widdis in Nassau Hall helped with my travels. And Nancy Pressman Levy and Terry Caton chased down South Asian papers and books.
I would be nowhere without my old friends: Nurith Aizenman, Michael Dorff, Ariela Dubler, Daniel Franklin, Jason Furman, Jesse Furman, Susan Glasser, Jon Gross, Rebecca Musher Gross, Sarah Cahn Handelsman, Jed Kolko, Jack Levy, Alison Wakoff Loren, Rory MacFarquhar, Rebecca Noonan Murray, Samantha Power, and Richard Primus—plus double thanks here to Peter Baker, Peter Canellos, and Michael Grunwald, for unflagging encouragement as well as editing. Mark Wiedman and Dana Kirchman—and my young friends Sam and Ben—provided a serene haven for frenzied writing. My friend Peter David, always bursting with warmth and joy, was taken from us far too young.
Love and thanks, as ever, to my family: grandmother, brother, and all, and the memory of my grandparents. I still can’t thank my parents, Arthur and Karen Bass, enough. And my heartfelt thanks to Jon, Suzanne, and Daniel Glenn for welcoming me warmly into our new family.
My brilliant and lovely wife, Katherine Glenn Bass, is my first and last consult on human rights issues and everything else. From Harare to Brooklyn, she provided love, insight, support, and baked goods. With all my love, this book is dedicated to her.
Index
Adams, John, n
Adenauer, Konrad
Afghanistan, prl.1, map1.1, 2.1, 9.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n
Africa, 1.1, 2.1, 8.1, 13.1, 18.1
Agency for International Development, U.S., 2.1, 5.1, 16.1
Agnew, Spiro, 18.1, nts.1n
Ahmad, Tajuddin, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n, nts.2n
Air Force, Indian, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1
in battle of Boyra, 17.1, 17.2
in Indo-Pakistan war (1971), 18.1, 18.2
Air Force, Pakistani, see Pakistan Air Force
Air Force, U.S., 2.1, 9.1, 11.1, 15.1, nts.1n
Algeria
Ali, Tariq
Allahabad, map1.1, 3.1, 3.2
All India Radio, 18.1, 18.2, nts.1n
American Revolution, 7.1, 18.1
Amman, U.S. embassy in, 19.1, 19.2
Anderson, Jack, epi.1, nts.1n
Arab-Israeli conflict, 1.1, 9.1, 11.1, 18.1
Arabs, Arab states, prl.1, 1.1, 7.1, 9.1, 18.1
Arendt, Hannah
Armenian genocide, prl.1, 5.1
army, Chinese (People’s Liberation Army), 1.1, 6.1, 11.1, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
army, Indian, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1, 17.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n
Bengali rebels trained by, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
Bengali rebels’ disputes with, 12.1, 12.2
border crossed by, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Eastern Command of, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
foreign press and, 4.1, 13.1
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, prl.1, 6.1, 12.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6
army, Pakistan, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, epi.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
Bengali insurgency and, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 17.1, 18.1, nts.1n
Bengalis in, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n, nts.2n
in border clashes, 17.1, 17.2
crackdown on Bengalis by, see Bengalis, Pakistan army crackdown on
crisis aftermath and
Eastern Command of, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, nts.1n
foreign press and, 4.1, 6.1
Hindus targeted by, see genocide; Hindus, Bengali, Pakistani targeting of
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 11.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, epi.1, epi.2
surrender of, 19.1, 19.2, epi.1
Army, U.S., 2.1, 6.1, 9.1, 13.1, 15.1
Assad, Hafez al-
Assam, map1.1, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
refugees in, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
Aurora, Jagjit Singh, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 12.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
Austria
autonomy
for East Pakistan, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
movements inside India for, 16.1, nts.1n
Awami League, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 19.1
banning of, 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
genocide and, 5.1, nts.1n
India and, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 18.1
Pakistan army crackdown and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
Yahya’s political accommodation with, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1
see also Mujib-ur-Rahman, Sheikh
Ayub Khan, Muhammad, 1.1, 2.1
Azad Kashmir, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
balance of power, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 19.1, 19.2
Baluchis, Baluchistan, map1.1, 2.1, 16.1, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, epi.1, epi.2
Bangladesh, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, epi.1, nts.1n
Concert for Bangladesh and
coups in, epi.1, epi.2
crisis aftermath and, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, epi.4, epi.5
democracy in, 6.1, 8.1, 16.1, 18.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3
foundational national trauma of, prl.1, prl.2, epi.1, epi.2
government-in-exile of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
independence of, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n
India’s interest in, 10.1, 19.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
India’s recognition of, prl.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7
Kissinger’s predictions about, 2.1, 10.1, epi.1, nts.1n
map of, map1.1
poverty of, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n
Soviet Union and, 9.1, 14.1
United Nations membership of, 18.1, epi.1
U.S. recognition of, epi.1, epi.2
Bangla Desh Forces
see also Mukti Bahini
Beatles, the
Beijing, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 17.1
Indian embassy in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 16.1, 19.1
Kissinger’s trips to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 14.1, 16.1
Nixon’s trip to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2
Bengal, Bay of, map1.1, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, epi.1
Bengali language, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 13.1
Bengalis, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
Blood’s friendships with, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 12.1, 12.2
death toll of, prl.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.1, 16.1, 19.1, epi.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
elections and, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2
Hindu, see Hindus, Bengali
in India, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, nts.1n
India’s support for, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 11.2
India’s support for insurgency of, 6.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n
insurgency of, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 16.1, nts.1n; see also Bangla Desh Forces; Mukti Bahini
Kissinger’s attributing of atrocities to, 5.1, nts.1n
Kissinger’s views on, 10.1, 18.1
leftist radicals, prl.1, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1, 12.1; see also
Naxalites
nationalism of, see nationalism, Bengali
Pakistan army crackdown on, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n, nts.4n, nts.5n
as refugees, see refugees, Bengali
Bernstein, Carl
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bhutan, map1.1, 18.1, nts.1n
Bhutto, Benazir, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1
India and, 3.1, 3.2
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, epi.1
Pakistani unity and, 2.1, 2.2
as president of Pakistan
Biafra, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n, nts.4n
Bihar, Biharis, map1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, epi.1, nts.1n
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
Blood, Archer, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1, 18.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n, nts.2n
ambition and prospects of, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1, epi.1
Bengali friends of, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 12.1, 12.2
China opening and
confederation favored by
Dacca residence of, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
genocide and, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n, nts.2n
Kissinger on, 7.1, 10.1
Mujib and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1n
punishment of, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 16.1, 16.2, epi.1, nts.1n
Rogers’s reprimand of
Senate testimony of, 13.1, nts.1n
in South Asia policy debate, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Yahya and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
Yeager and, 7.1, 11.1
Blood, Margaret Millward (Meg), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 7.1, 16.1, epi.1
Dacca residence of, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
evacuation of
on Hindus
Pakistan army crackdown and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Blood cables, prl.1prl.2, prl.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 10.1, 16.1
leaking of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1
Pakistani reaction to
secret wireless transmitter and
see also Blood telegram; “Selective Genocide” cable
Blood telegram, prl.1, prl.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, epi.1
White House retaliation for, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 16.1, 16.2, epi.1, nts.1n
Boeing 707s, 11.1, 14.1, nts.1n
Bombay (Mumbai), map1.1, 6.1, 8.1, nts.1n
Border Security Force, Indian, 3.1, 6.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, nts.1n
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 18.2
Mukti Bahini trained by, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2
Bosnia, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 13.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
Boyra, battle of, 17.1, nts.1n
Brandt, Willy, 9.1, 16.1
Brezhnev, Leonid, 9.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 19.1
Buddhists
Bundy, McGeorge
Burma, map1.1, 2.1, 8.1, 18.1
Bush, George H. W., 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 17.1, 19.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, nts.1n
on Kissinger in crisis
Butcher, Scott, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3
army crackdown and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1
Blood telegram and, 5.1, epi.1
Hindu genocide and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
on sacking of Blood, 7.1, epi.1, epi.2
C-119 transport planes
C-130 transport planes, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 10.1
Calcutta (Kolkata), map1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 19.1, nts.1n
refugees in, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1, nts.1n
U.S. consulate in, 6.1, 16.1
Calley, William, 13.1, nts.1n
Cambodia, prl.1, 2.1, 5.1, 13.1, epi.1, epi.2
genocide in, prl.1, 2.1, 5.1, 13.1, epi.1
invasion of, 5.1, 13.1, 13.2, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n
Schanberg and, 2.1, 12.1, 13.1
Camp David accords
Carter, Jimmy, epi.1, nts.1n
Ceaus¸escu, Nicolae, 7.1, 7.2
censorship
in India, 3.1, epi.1, nts.1n
in Pakistan, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1, 13.1, epi.1
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Ceylon (Sri Lanka), map1.1, 4.1
Chamberlain, Neville
Chhamb, battle of, map1.1, 18.1, 19.1
children
refugee, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5
child soldiers, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
China, prl.1, map1.1, 1.1, 2.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n
battle of Boyra and, 17.1, 17.2
India’s relations with, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n
India’s 1962 war with, see Indo-Chinese war
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 11.1, 11.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, epi.1, epi.2
Indo-Soviet friendship treaty and
Kissinger’s trips to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2
in Korean War, 19.1, 19.2
Nixon’s visit to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2
Pakistan’s relations with, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 16.1, 17.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
Soviet relations with, 9.1, 19.1
United Nations and, 12.1, 17.1, 18.1, epi.1
U.S. opening to, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, epi.4
Chittagong, map1.1, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 12.1, 16.1, 17.1
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2
cholera, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 15.1
Christians, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 12.1, 18.1
Churchill, Winston, 16.1, 16.2
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n
battle of Boyra and
Greece and, 2.1, 2.2
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7, 19.8, nts.1n
Manhattan safe house of, 17.1, 19.1, nts.1n
mole of, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, nts.1n
refugee crisis and, 10.1, 12.1, 16.1
civil service, Indian, 3.1, 3.2
Civil War, U.S., 7.1, 10.1, 12.1
Clinton, Bill, prl.1, 7.1, epi.1
Cold War, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 14.1, epi.1, epi.2
brinksmanship in
end of
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6
nonalignment and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 7.1
winning of
Comilla, 2.1, 6.1, 18.1
Communist Party (Marxist) (CPM), 3.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 19.1
Communist Party of India (CPI), 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, epi.1
communists, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, 16.1, 19.1
in India, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1, nts.1n
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Concert for Bangladesh
Congress, U.S., prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, nts.1n
and aid to India, 13.1, 16.1, 16.2
and aid to Pakistan, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 16.1, 19.1
China policy and, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1, nts.1n
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
as pro-India, 16.1, 16.2
see also Senate, U.S.
Congress party, see Indian National Congress
Connally, John, 10.1, 17.1, 19.1
<
br /> Cox’s Bazar, map1.1, 18.1, 19.1
Cuba, 6.1, 9.1, 16.1, nts.1n
Cuban Missile Crisis, 4.1, 19.1
Cultural Revolution, 9.1, 16.1, 17.1
cyclone, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, nts.1n
Czechoslovakia, 3.1, 6.1, 14.1, 19.1, epi.1
Dacca (Dhaka), map1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n, nts.4n
airport in, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 10.1, 13.1, 18.1
Blood residence in, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
Blood’s first tour of duty in
crackdown on Bengalis in, prl.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
dangers for Americans in, 2.1, 5.1, nts.1n
death toll in, 5.1, nts.1n
evacuation of Americans in, 5.1, nts.1n
Indian diplomats in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, epi.1
Intercontinental Hotel in, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 18.1
Old Dacca, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
U.S. consulate in, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 18.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3
Dacca Club
Dacca TV
Dacca University, Pakistan army attack on, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1, 19.1
Daily Telegraph (London),
Darfur, prl.1, 13.1
Davis, Jefferson
Declaration of Independence, U.S.
Defense Department, U.S., prl.1, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, epi.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
legal warnings of, 19.1, epi.1
de Gaulle, Charles, 7.1, 11.1, epi.1
Delhi, prl.1, prl.2, map1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 19.1, epi.1
CIA mole in, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
E. Kennedy in, 15.1, 15.2
Indo-Pakistan war (1971) and
Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signing in
Keating in, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 19.1
Kissinger in, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
Schanberg in, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 12.1
democracy, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3, nts.1n
in India, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, prl.6, prl.7, prl.8, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, epi.1, epi.2
in Pakistan, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, epi.1, epi.2