DSM-IV Personality Disorders, The (Pfohl and Blum), 85
Dudek, Kenn, 236–38
Dulaney, Siri, 91, 92, 93
Dungeons and Dungeons (video game), 100
Dunn, Elizabeth, 116
du Saulle, Henri Legrand, 152
Eason, Laura, 132
eating disorders, 6, 17, 213
eccentricity, 54, 70–71
pathology vs., 150, 154–57, 199–203
Samuel Johnson and, 149–50
ego dystonia, 34–35, 35n, 54, 57, 63, 76, 93, 152, 180, 188, 225
Elias, Jason, 58
email checking, 16, 104, 131–32
Émile Zola (MacDonald), 244
Ericsson ConsumerLab, 131
Esquirol, Jean-Étienne-Dominique, 148, 151
patient, Mademoiselle F., 151–52
Ethos, article on cultural ritual, 91, 92
excavating, compulsive, 9
exercise, compulsive, 6–7, 25–28, 26n, 28n
Exorcist, The (film), 48
Expedia, 127
exposure-and-response prevention (ERP) therapy, 58–65
Facebook, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136
Farmville (video game), 109
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), 133–37, 214
University of Essex’s scale for, 134–35
Ferriar, John, 222
Fishe, Alan Page, 91, 92, 93
Five Factor Model, 74
Flaherty, Alice, 245–46
Flappy Bird (video game), 98–99
“flow”/flow experience, 101
Foursquare, 129
Frances, Allen, 29, 70, 278n
FreeCell (video game), 102
Freud, Sigmund, 91–92, 160, 230
anal triad, 162
OCD and, 160–62
Zwangsneurose, 162
Friedman, Joseph, 271
Fromm, Erich, 165–66, 165n
Frost, Randy, 177, 178–79, 189, 197, 199–200, 202, 203, 261
hoarding profile by, 181–84
patient with compulsive acquisition, 212
Gage, Phineas, 259–60
Gagne, Joshua, 272
Gaiman, Neil, 98
gambling, 16
as addiction, 18–19, 211
dopamine agonists and, 269, 270–72
in DSM-IV, 18
genes
addiction and, 72
dysfunctional agoraphobe and, 72
hoarding and, 193–94
mental illness and, 71–72
neuroticism and, 72
“novelty seeking” and, 72
OCD and, 257–58
for slightly neurotic vigilance, 72n
Gentle Madness, A (Basbanes), 225
germ phobia, 37, 41, 48–49, 59, 75, 152–54
ERP therapy for, 60–61
Geschwind, Norman, 247–49
Getty, J. Paul, 225
Gillath, Omri, 235, 236
Gino, Francesca, 94
Gladwell, Valerie, 133
Gmelch, George, 88–91
Go (game), 112
Gogol, Nikolai, 163
Goldberg, Ivan, 121–23, 121n
Gospel of Galore, The (Kelley), 246
Grabowski, Bonnie, 169–72, 184, 191, 201, 202
Grant, Jon, 81
Gran Turismo (video games), 107, 109
Greatest Works of Art of Western Civilization (Hoving), 242
Grohol, John, 124
Grolier Club, 147
Grossini, Dennis, 90
Guardian, poll on video games, 114
Guillen, Ozzie, 89
habits, 24, 68
Hacking, Ian, 158, 159
Halo 3 (video game), 108
Hammond, William, 153–54, 157
Hansell, James, 19–20, 20n, 24
Harkin, James, 131
Harlow, J. M., 260
Hartzell, Bob, 184–86
Hassan, Anhar, 271
health anxiety, 55–57, 58, 63, 64–65
Heber, Richard, 222
hedonic adaptation, 116
Hemingway, Ernest, 2, 3
Henry, Mark, 47–50
Hippocrates, 247
History of Clinical Psychiatry, A (Berrios), 140, 157
Hoarders (TV show), 175
hoarding, 2, 8, 141–42, 169–203, 253
age of onset, 181, 192, 193
anxiety and, 182–83, 185, 186
author’s possessions and, 203
best-documented compulsion, 141–42
brain function and, 259–66
case history of hoarder, 169–72, 184, 191, 201, 202
case of Phineas Gage, 260
in childhood, 192, 193, 194
classified as mental disorder, 181
collecting versus, 172–73, 187, 196–99
Collyer brothers, 177–78
as comforting, 180
compulsive acquiring and, 206–8
deaths from, 176
decision-making and, 182, 183, 253, 265
as disorder of degree, 183–84, 202–3
distress and dysfunction criteria, 199–201
in DSM, various editions, 175, 180–81, 183, 191, 203, 198–99, 259
eccentricity versus pathology, 199–203
elderly and, 174, 192–93
executive function deficits and, 182, 192, 194, 261
families of hoarders, 193, 194–96
first systematic study of, 179
first use of term, 177
Freud on, 162
Fromm on, 165–66, 165n
Frost’s basic profile, 181–84
genetic component, 193–94
as ignored by mental health professionals, 177, 179
literary accounts of, 163–65
loss and, 191–92
love and, 165
as mental disorder, 178–79, 196, 198
mild, common forms, 176–77
most common hoarded items, 174
OCD and, 179, 180
OCPD and, 162–63, 180
out-of-control clutter versus, 174
percent of U.S. adults and, 9, 174–75
perfectionism and, 183
as “Plyushkin syndrome,” 163
potential of things and, 172, 184–88, 201, 207
psychological traits and, 181–84, 186, 198
risk factors, 175
roots of, 191–96
sentimental value of items, 202, 203, 253
task forces for, 174
therapies for, 188–91
Hoarding: Buried Alive (TV show), 175, 201
Hoarding of Possessions, The (Frost), 179
Holesh, Kevin, 131–32
homosexuality, 71
Hopkins Epidemiology of Personality Disorder Study (2008), 175
Hospice de la Salpêtrière. See Salpêtrière Hospital
Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, 268
Hoving, Thomas, 242
Huffington Post, poll on shopping and stress, 211
Hughes, Howard, 36, 36n
Huntington, Henry, 225
Hussain, Zaheer, 113–14
hypergraphia, 245–50
Ignatius of Loyola, 142–43
illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis), 56–58, 63
impulse-control disorder, 18, 21, 22, 25, 218, 218n, 221
impulsivity, 16, 17, 18, 85, 220, 272
addiction and, 21–22
compulsive acquiring and, 206
DSM-5 and, 17
shopping compulsion and, 209, 210
as step toward addiction, 21
Inman, Arthur Crew, 249–50
Inman Diary, The (ed. Smith), 249–50
Insel, Thomas, 253–54
Instagram, 128, 135
Institute for Living, hoarding study, 262–64
International Center for Studies in Creativity, 239
International Journal of Eating Disorders, study on compulsive exercising, 27
International OCD Foundation (IOCDF), 22, 40, 60, 61, 177, 18
7, 256
speakers, 31–34, 65
Internet, 25. See also video games; smartphones
anxiety and, 127, 128, 129, 137
avoidance of being alone with one’s thoughts and, 128–29
causes of compulsive use, 136–37
China and South Korea, Internet addiction as health threat, 123
cognitive-reward structure, 129–30
companies developing “compulsive experiences” for, 127
compulsive use as mental disorder, 121–27, 121n
cyberchondria, 63–64
dopamine agonists and compulsive behaviors, 272
in DSM-5, 17
excessive, research on, 124–26
FoMO and, 133–37
intermittent/variable rewards and, 130
netaholism, 122
reasons for excessive use, 127, 128–37
Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), 121–23, 121n, 126
Internet Addiction Support Group, 122
intrusive thoughts, 20, 34, 42–43
as ego dystonic, 34–35, 35n, 54, 57
mindfulness to treat, 64
as Zwangsvorstellung, 162
Jackson, John Hughlings, 155, 156
Jacobson, Joe, 241
JAMA Internal Medicine, analysis on dopamine agonists and compulsive behaviors, 272
JAMA Psychiatry, Tolin’s brain activity and hoarding study, 262–64
James, William, 141, 165
Janet, Pierre, 156–57
Jay DeFeo and The Rose, 241
John Climacus, 139–40, 139n
Johns Hopkins University
OCD Family Study, 193
OCD genomes study, 258
Johnson, Samuel, 149–50
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, rat experiments on brain’s “pleasure centers,” 273–74
Journal of Consumer Policy, study of brain function and shopping compulsion, 266
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, report on coping rituals, 94
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, comparison of illness-anxiety compulsion treatments, 63
Journal of Neurophysiology, Schultz article on predicted rewards, 276–77
Journal of Psychiatric Research, article on cultural factors in scrupulosity, 149
just-right compulsions, 38–40, 50, 87
Freud’s patient, 160–61
housekeeping and, 67–69
as “magical” compulsions, 45–50
Juvenal, 247
Kardefelt-Winther, Daniel, 117, 136
Kelley, Tina, 246–47
Kempe, Margery, 141
Khoshbin, Shahram, 243
kidney donors, 229–34, 235, 236
King Digital Entertainment, 100
Kings College, London, study on brain imaging and hoarding, 265
Klee, Alice, 176
kleptomania. See shoplifting
Koons, Jeff, 238
Kraepelin, Emil, 166–67, 209, 210
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 162
Kringelbach, Morten, 274
La Folie du Doute (du Saulle), 152
Lang, Martin, 72–73
Lantz, Frank, 108–11, 112
Leeman, Robert, 266
Lego Dino Outbreak (video game), 100
Les Obsessions et La Psychasthénie (Janet), 156–57
Life of Samuel Johnson (Boswell), 149–50
Life of Samuel Johnson (Macaulay), 150
Limayem, Moez, 128
Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, The (Butler), 139n
Living Kidney Donor Network, 232
Lleras, Alejandro, 130
Lombardi, Mark, 238–39, 239n, 242
loss aversion, 109
Ludwigshafen University of Applied Sciences, study on shopping compulsion and brain activity, 266
Lundgren, Ottilie, 38
Lyttle, William “Mole Man,” 9
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 150
MacDonald, Arthur, 244
MacFarquhar, Larissa, 228
Mackenzie, Henry, 148
Madden, Sir Frederic, 224
Madigan, Jamie, 105, 106–7, 115, 116, 119, 277
Mad People’s History of Madness, A (ed. Peterson), 141n
mad travelers, 158–59
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 88
Man for Himself (Fromm), 165
Man of Feeling, The (Mackenzie), 148
Mantle, Mickey, 90
Marsh, Abigail, 231, 233, 235
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
genome study of OCD, 258
report on dopamine agonists and compulsive behaviors, 271
mass hysteria, 145–46, 159
Maudsley, Henry, 154, 157
Mayo Clinic, reports on dopamine agonists and compulsive behaviors, 270–72
McGill University, rat experiments on brain’s “pleasure centers,” 273–74
McLean Hospital
Computer Addictions Service, 123
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, 23
McNally, Richard, 70
McWilliams, Nancy, 228–29
mental illness
ascribed to the devil, 142, 144
compulsions and, 29, 154–57, 222
as continuum, 72
criteria for, 71
cultural bias and, 70, 147, 148, 165
disorders as, 84–85, 95
disorders in history, 139–67
eccentricity versus, 54, 70–71, 278
England’s first psychiatric hospital, 148
expanding boundaries of, 69–71, 122, 278–79, 278n
first text on clinical psychiatry, 151
genetic component, 71–72
idiocy (mental retardation), 146
lunacy (psychosis), 146
melancholy (irrationality), 146
as nervous system malady, 145–46
neuroimaging and, 71
OCPD and, 84
partial and temporary, 146–47
as physical illness, 143, 144–47
poor institutional care and, 236–38
MetroTech Center, 108
Meyer, Caroline, 27
Meyer, Victor, 59
Microsoft, 123
Midnight Disease, The (Flaherty), 246
Mikros, Nikita, 100–102, 103, 104, 105, 108
Milner, Peter, 273
Milton, John, 1, 3, 129
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 54, 63
Mindfulness journal
estimate on illness anxiety disorder, 57
on mindfulness-based therapy, 64
Molecular Psychiatry
Johns Hopkins OCD gene study, 258
Kings College study on brain imaging and hoarding, 265
MGH genome for OCD study, 258
Molina, José Antonio, 269
Moment (app), 131
Monk (TV show), 40
monomania, 148, 151
Montefiore Medical Center, 59
Moore, John, 144
Movement Disorders, report on compulsive gambling in Parkinson’s patients, 268–69
Muensterberger, Werner, 223, 225
Muhammad Ali Parkinson Research Center, 269
Munkácsy, Mihály, 1
Mysel, Harvey, 231–32
Na, Duk, 252
Nadal, Rafael, 90–91
Napier, Richard, 143
narcissism, 75, 83, 84
National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 175
National Institute of Health, 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 80–81
National Institute of Mental Health, 5, 34, 28, 254
Neurology (journal)
report on dopamine agonists and compulsive gambling, 269
report on epilepsy and hypergraphia, 247–49
reports on orbitofrontal cortex damage and compulsive collecting, 252
neuroticism, 72, 117
New England Journal of Medicine, hoarding report, 201
New York Times, portraits of grief, following 9/11, 246–47
New York Times Magazine story, Sam Anderson and compulsive gaming, 98
New York University
Game Center, 108–9
Tisch School of the Arts, 108
Ngram Viewer, 5
Nguyen, Dong, 98, 99
Nicely, Shala, 31–34, 39, 40, 42, 49, 92, 180
ERP therapy for, 61–62
nondirected donation, 230
Norton, Michael, 94
Notes from the Underground (Dostoyevsky), 245
novelty seeking, 72
Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity, Lunacy or Madness (Arnold), 147
Obsession: A History (Davis), 148, 238
Obsessions and Compulsions (1902 medical book), 209
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 9, 10, 16, 28, 31–54, 35n
anterior cingulate and, 254–56, 261, 266
anxiety and, 10, 18, 23–24, 35–36, 38–40, 42, 44, 45–46, 75
APA criteria for, 34
average age of onset, 34
brain and, 45, 254–59
cases of, 31–34, 37–38, 42–50, 67–69
causes, 49
changing of compulsions and, 47
in children, 48–49, 52–53, 55
comorbidity, 179
conscientiousness personality trait and, 75
cultural rituals versus, 91–95
depicted in popular culture, 40
diagnosing, difficulty in, 33, 49–50, 257
diagnostic criteria, 40–41, 75
doubting mania and, 244
DSM editions and, 17, 44–45
ego dystonia and, 34–35, 35n, 54, 57, 63, 76, 93, 152, 180, 188, 225
environmental factors in developing, 259
famous sufferer, Howard Hughes, 36, 36n
fears as empirically wrong, 75–76
first extensive treatise on, 156–57
Freud and, 160–62
genetic component, 257–58
hoarding and, 179
illness anxiety disorder with, 57
intrusive thoughts and, 20, 34–35
as la folie du doute, 157
mild compulsions and, 28n
number of U.S. adults with, 34
obsessive component, 41
oldest account of, 140
perfectionism and, 28n
pleasure absent from behavior, 274
repetitive or ritualized behavior, 35–36, 41–44
scrupulosity, 50–54, 93, 142–43, 148–49
as separate mental illness, 45
term coined/defined, 162
therapists consulted for, number of, 62
treatment, 33, 48, 54, 58–65
trichotillomania as, 18
triggering events, 32, 48, 49, 50
“worry circuit” or “OCD circuit,” 254–59
Zola and, 244
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), 74–85
anxiety and, 77, 78
author and grocery shopping, 81
benefits of, 77
Cammer Test for, 79–80
cases of, 76–78, 82, 85–88, 229
compulsions as ego syntonic, 76
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