19. Ibid.
20. Richard William Church, Dean of St Paul’s, The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833–45 (London, Macmillan, 1891).
21. In Clergymen of the Church of England, Anthony Trollope argued the need for church reform and the urgency to balance the lopsided pay structure of ridiculously low pay for curates and the disproportionate incomes for higher positions. Bishops, the clergy and his critical ideas on the Church as an institution again became the theme of his six-novel Barsetshire series, which was seen as a piece of satire.
Four: A Spade! A Rake! A Hoe!
1. The most famous are in Derby, Stoke-on-Trent and Belper – with such brands as Royal Crown Derby, Spode, Royal Doulton, Denby and Wedgwood.
2. Cook, Birthday Reminiscences (privately printed pamphlet, Thomas Cook Archives, 1890).
3. In the decade between the 1821 and 1831 censuses, Melbourne’s population, despite the increasing birth rate, only rose from 2,027 inhabitants to 2,301.
4. For a while these immigrants voluntarily came to Australia, travelling free in sailing ships chartered by the Colonial Office.
5. Temperance Mirror, 1889, quoted by Pudney.
6. J.J. Briggs, The History of Melbourne, in the County of Derby (Derby, Bemrose & Son; London, Whittaker & Co., 1852).
7. BBC script of Great Britons: Thomas Cook and His Son, produced by Harry Hastings in 1978. The others who were proposed were James Baker, Adele Taylor and Hannah Shore – from the Minute Book of Melbourne Baptist chapel, 1825.
8. Ingle.
9. There is no evidence that Cook was indentured as an apprentice, but his printing is not the work of an amateur.
Five: A Long Way from the River Jordan
1. Ingle’s papers.
2. The first chapel, the chapel in which Cook was baptised, was built in 1750, and some of the original masonry is still visible in a side wall. In 1832 rebuilding and enlargement, with galleries, took place; the extension for the choir and the organ loft was added in 1856.
3. Winks converted to Baptism when working as a draper’s apprentice at Retford. He returned to Gainsborough as a draper’s assistant and preacher, and his first appointment was at Killingholme and then Melbourne.
4. General Baptist Magazine (1876), quoted by Brendon.
Six: Lay Preacher
1. Wellington was prime minister for just three years.
2. In May 1778 a bill repealing some of the harsher laws against Roman Catholics had been introduced, and in 1780 there was protest against legislation giving relief to them (Andrew Barrow, The Flesh Is Weak (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1980)).
3. Chadwick, The Victorian Church.
4. Thomas J. Budge, Melbourne Baptists (London, Carey Kingsgate Press, 1951).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Swinglehurst.
8. Thomas Cook Archives.
9. Harry Blamires, The Victorian Age of Literature, York Handbook (Harlow, Longman Press, 1988).
10. R.W. Harris, Romanticism and the Social Order, 1780–1830 (London, Blandford Press, 1969).
11. White’s Directory of Lancashire (1846), quoted by Derek Seaton in The Local Legacy of Thomas Cook (Botcheston, Leics, self-published, 1996).
12. Quote by Albert Bishop from a letter to Budge.
13. Richard Heath, Thomas Cook of Melbourne, 1808–1892 (privately published in Melbourne, 1980).
Seven: Another New Career
1. Pudney – the Daily Reporter ‘of the eighteen-seventies’.
2. Thomas Cook, Memoir of Samuel Deacon (privately published pamphlet, Leicester, 1888).
3. On the first trip the locomotive ran over and killed the MP for Liverpool, William Huskinsson.
4. In 1819 Stephenson drove at twelve miles an hour on the Stockton to Darlington railway.
5. Christopher Hibbert, George IV, Regent and King (London, Allen Lane, 1975).
6. Barrow, The Flesh Is Weak.
7. Ibid.
8. Hansard, II, 204, 7 February 1831, quoted by Chadwick, The Victorian Church.
9. Seaton, Thomas Cook.
10. Stephen J. Lee, Aspects of British Political History, 1815–1914 (London, Routledge, 1964): ten counties in southern England with a combined population of 3.3 million had 156 seats; Middlesex, Lancashire and West Yorkshire had 3.7 million people but only 58 seats.
11. T.A. Jenkins, The Liberal Ascendancy, 1830–1886 (London, Macmillan, 1994).
12. Asa Briggs, A Social History of England (London, Penguin, 1983).
13. Salford is so close to Manchester that they are now administered together.
14. Sheffield – opened by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
15. Buckingham was the founding editor of the Athenaeum magazine; his travels had taken him to America, India and to the Middle East. He published many books, including Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the River Jordan (London, Longman, 1821), Travels in Mesopotamia: including a journey from Aleppo, across the Euphrates to Orfah, through the plains of the Turcomans, to Diarbekr, in Asia Minor from thence to Mardin, on the borders of the Great Desert, and by the Tigris to Mosul and Baghdad (London, Henry Coburn, 1827) and Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia (London, Henry Coburn, 1829).
16. Robert Curzon, Baron Zouche, Visits to Monasteries in the Levant (London, John Murray, 1849).
17. John Greenaway, Drink and British Politics since 1830 (London, Macmillan, 2003). He quotes Report from the Select Committee appointed to inquire into the extent, causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of Intoxication among the Labouring Classes of the United Kingdom.
Eight: A New Life in an Old Town
1. Ian Levitt (ed.), Joseph Livesey of Preston: Business, Temperance and Moral Reform (Preston, University of Central Lancashire, 1996).
2. Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872 (Keele, Keele University Press, 1994). Unfortunately, this excellent book, the best on the subject of temperance, is out of print.
3. The ancestor of the AA – Alcoholics Anonymous.
4. The London Temperance Society started in June 1831.
5. A study in the 1880s showed that 2,500 out of 3,000 Congregational ministers had signed the pledge.
6. Carey had been vicar there since 1795.
7. Rolls Royce and Thomas Cook & Son are connected by marriage.
8. Pigot and Co’s National Commercial Directory for 1828–9; comprising a directory . . . of the merchants, bankers, professional gentlemen, manufacturers and traders in the cities, towns . . . and principal villages in . . . Cheshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Durham, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Rutlandshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Westmoreland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire and the whole of North Wales . . . With a large map of England, and sixteen . . . county maps. (London, Pigot, James & Co., 1828)
9. Tennyson, The May Queen, Part One.
10. Brief Notes on the Life, Labour, Sufferings, and Death of Mrs Marianne Cook (1884), Thomas Cook Archives.
11. R.J. Mitchell and M.D.R. Leys, A History of the English People (London, Longmans, 1950).
12. Thomas Cook, The Temperance Jubilee Celebrations, 1886.
13. Great Britons, BBC film.
14. Cruickshank described his riotous youth and conversion in the Bottle magazine in 1847.
15. The Bottle (1847), The Drunkard’s Children (1848) and The Worship of Bacchus (1862).
16. Great Britons, BBC film.
17. ‘John Cook’, Blackwood’s Magazine August 1899.
18. Ibid.
19. W.G. Hoskins, The Making of the English Landscape (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1955). Smyth made a fortune in Elizabethan London, leaving money for the poor in the parishes around his native town.
20. William Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel: A Fifty Years Record of Progress (London, Thos. Cook & Son, 1891).
Nine: Total Abstinence
1. Unlike his birth
place in Melbourne, the house still stands.
2. An entry in Historical Notes of the Market Harborough Baptist Church.
3. No copies of this magazine survive, not even in the British Library.
4. The Harborough Advertiser in June 1941 quotes a long-time resident, Mr E.A. Goward, as saying that in 1841 Thomas Cook was ‘hard up’.
5. Ingle.
6. Charles Edwards, Lester, The Glory and Shame of England (London, 1841), republished in New York (Harper & Brothers, 1842) – an exposé on factory life.
7. Cooper’s name was linked with Thomas Cook in the oration of Revd William Bishop at Cook’s funeral.
8. Lee, Aspects of British Political History.
9. Pudney.
10. Ibid.
Ten: ‘Excursions Unite Man to Man, and Man to God’
1. Eliza Cook, a Victorian poetess, who was no relation.
2. The first stamp was a Penny Black.
3. Now on the A6 between Peterborough and Leicester (Seaton, The Local Legacy).
4. Substantial repasts at the end of a journey had been popular with all classes for many years, especially by Jane Austen’s characters.
5. Ingle.
6. Thomas Cook, ‘Travelling Experiences’, The Leisure Hour (1878).
7. Although the number of 571 passengers has been given in publications, this figure was first printed in 1891. Thomas Cook had only ever written ‘about 500’.
8. Campbell Street Station was demolished and replaced by London Road Station in 1892.
9. Leicester Chronicle, 10 July 1841.
10. Great Britons, BBC film.
11. B. Harrison, Dictionary of British Temperance Biography (Coventry, Society for the Study of Labour History, 1973), quoted by Brendon.
12. Ingle.
13. Excursionist, 11 July 1863.
14. Cook, ‘Travelling Experiences’: ‘It was mine to lay the foundations of a system on which others, both individuals and companies, have builded, and there is not a phase of the tourist plans of Europe and America that was not embodied in my plans or foreshadowed in my ideas. The whole thing seemed to come to me by intuition, and my spirit recoiled at the idea of imitation . . .’
Eleven: Leicester: Printer of Guides and Temperance Hymn Books
1. From the 1950s onwards Leicester became a most popular city for immigrants from India; in the early 1980s the front of the main Congregational chapel was clad in white marble and converted into a Jain temple, the main Jain place of worship in Europe. The Sikh Gurdwara is converted from an old commercial building (Robert van de Weyer, Heart of England, a Guide to Places of Spiritual Interest [Alresford, Hampshire, John Hunt Publishing, 2002]).
2. Hoskins, English Landscape quotes ‘the commissioners’ who reported in 1845.
3. Ibid.
4. Jack Simmons, Leicester Past and Present (London, Eyre Methuen, 1974), vol. 1: Ancient Borough to 1860.
5. Belgrave Hall Museum and Gardens, Church Road, off Thurcaston Road, Leicester, said to be haunted by ‘the Belgrave aunts’, the seven daughters of John Ellis. Max Wade-Matthews’s CD-ROM Walk around Leicester (Heart of Albion Press, Wymeswold, 2004) and his website http://www.leicesterandleicestershire.com/whos_who4htm.
6. Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (London, Penguin, 1983).
7. 1848.
8. Brendon.
9. General Baptist Repository, September 1844, p. 312.
10. Copied by Budge from notes by F.C. Atton, Thomas Cook Archives.
11. They lived in Belgrave Hall until 1923. Andrew Moore, Ellis of Leicester: A Quaker Family’s Vocation (Laurel House Publishing, Leicester), gives a thorough portrait of the life of Ellis, his involvement with the railways and other business interests.
12. Also one of the earliest steam railways in the world (Seaton, Local Legacy).
13. No surviving copies can be found. Dr Brent Elliott, the archivist and librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society said: ‘The magazine The Cottage Gardener, the only one of that title of which we have a record, was founded by George William Johnson (1802–86) in 1848. An account of Johnson’s life, and the founding of the magazine, was published in the Journal of Horticulture (to which the title had been changed in 1861) for 7 July 1881, pp. 11–14; Cook’s name is not mentioned.
‘Possibility 1. Cook was employed by Johnson as a sub-editor. Johnson never published a staff list . . . and there is no record known to me of anyone else acting in an editorial capacity until Robert Hogg became involved with the title in the 1850s. Johnson presumably had assistance from the outset, but does not mention anyone. Possibility 2. Cook was involved in printing the magazine rather than editing. But the first printer of the magazine was Harry Wooldridge, Strand, and its publisher William Somerville Orr, also Strand; and Cook’s DNB entry does not suggest any association with either. Possibility 3. Cook was falsely claiming credit. Possibility 4. There was another magazine called The Cottage Gardener which we have not come across, and is not listed in Botanico-Periodicum Huntianum. Possible, but not likely, esp. as he describes it as “a periodical of considerable size”.’
14. Brent Elliott, Victorian Gardens (London, B.T. Batsford, 1986).
15. Ray Desmond, ‘Victorian Gardeners’ Magazines’, Garden History, 5 (1997).
16. Domestic outworkers, including the framework knitters around Leicester, often outnumbered agricultural laborers as allotment holders.
17. Ingle.
18. Between 1860 and 1862 he had worked in Market Harborough as a Baptist minister. Winks stayed in Leicester for twenty-one years until he died. A Poor Law Guardian, he was the first Dissenting minister given permission to preach in the workhouse.
19. Like Wesley, Thomas saw hymns as a powerful way for people to express devotional feelings.
20. Pudney.
21. Briggs, A Social History of England (London, Penguin, 1983).
22. Naomi Shepherd, The Zealous Intruders: The Western Rediscovery of Palestine (London, Collins, 1987).
23. Trevelyan, Illustrated English Social History.
24. Cigars, originally called ‘tobacco sticks’, were relatively new; the first were manufactured in Hamburg around the time of the French Revolution.
Twelve: 1845: The Commercial Trips, Liverpool, North Wales and Scotland
1. Thomas Cook Archives.
2. Excursionist, September 1861.
3. Ingle, in conversation.
4. T.M. Devine, The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 (London, Allen Lane, 1999).
Thirteen: Scotland
1. Ingle.
2. Rousseau’s descriptions of nature and man’s feeling for it are in many of his books, including Les R veries du promeneur solitaire (Reveries of the solitary walker).
3. Gilpin, William, Observations on the river Wye (London, R. Blamire in the Strand, 1782), Observations relative chiefly to picturesque beauty made in . . . 1772, on several parts of England; particularly the mountains and lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland (London, R. Blamire, 1789); Remarks on Forest Scenery, and other Woodland Views (relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty) (London, R. Blamire, 1791); Observations on the Western parts of England, relative chiefly to picturesque beauty. To which are added, a few remarks on the picturesque beauties of the Isle of Wight (London, T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1798); Observations relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, made in . . . 1776, on several parts of Great Britain; particularly the Highlands of Scotland (London, R. Blamire: London, 1789).
4. Mavis Batey and David Lambert, The English Garden Tour (London, John Murray, 1990). Numbers lessened after Waterloo; the Annual Register described ‘a vast exportation of English tourists’ to the continent from which they had been debarred for so long.
5. Hibbert, George IV.
6. ‘Pleasure Trips Defended’, Excursionist, June 1854.
7. Ibid.
8. Devine, The Scottish Nation.
9. Leicester Chronicle, 4 July 1846.
Fourteen: Corn Laws: ‘Give Us Our Daily Bread’
1. Jacques Droz, Europe between Revolutions, 1815–1848 (London, Fontana, 1971).
2. Gillian Avery, Victorian People in Life and Literature (London, Collins, 1970).
3. Trevelyan, Illustrated English Social History.
4. Over forty years later, in his Birthday Reminiscences (November 1891).
5. Norman McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League, 1838–1846 (London, Unwin University Books, 1958).
6. Horse-drawn buses had been introduced in 1825.
7. A.W. Palmer, A Dictionary of Modern History, 1789–1945 (London, Penguin, 1962).
8. For the next forty years there were no restrictions on imports and exports.
Fifteen: Bankruptcy and Backwards
1. Temperance Magazine, August 1846 (Brendon).
2. Samuel Smiles began his career in the railways in 1845.
3. Opus 26, December 1830; first performance May 1832, in London.
4. Betula nana.
5. Salix herbacea.
Sixteen: 1848: Knowing Your Place in Society and Respecting Your Betters
1. Henry Tudor ascended the throne as Henry VII.
2. Strawberry Hill was significant in the Gothic Revival.
3. Ian Ousby, The Englishman’s England (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
4. Howard Usher, William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne, Prime Minister (Melbourne, Melbourne Hall Publications, 1988).
5. Designed by Augustus Welby Pugin.
6. Ingle.
7. In 1870 Napoleon III was the third French king to be a refugee in Britain in seventy-eight years. Louis XVIII and Charles X had created precedents.
8. Seaton, Thomas Cook.
9. Howard Usher, the archivist at Melbourne Hall, William Lamb, Lord Melbourne, 1988; Fatal Females, 1900, reprinted 2000; Owners of Melbourne Hall, 1993, reprinted 2003.
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