by John Boyko
49 Baltimore American, December 3, 1860. Cited in Brodie, The Odyssey of John Anderson, p. 53.
50 Queen’s Bench Reports. Province of Canada Sessional Papers. Vol. 20, no. 4.
51 Ibid.
52 William Renwick Riddell, “The Fugitive Slave in Upper Canada,” p. 356.
53 Macdonald to Freeman, December 20, 1860. LAC. Macdonald Papers. Vol. 673.
54 Quebec Mercury. Reprinted in the Globe, December 25, 1860.
55 Globe, December 25, 1860.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Globe, December 22, 1860.
60 Macdonald to Freeman, December 27, 1860. LAC. Macdonald Papers. Vol. 673.
61 Henning to Chamerovzow, December 17, 1860. Cited in Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 399.
62 Ibid., p. 400.
63 London Post. Cited in the Globe, January 22, 1861.
64 London Times, January 12, 1861.
65 Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 394.
66 H. Sweet (ed.), The Jurist, p. 13.
67 Ibid., 81.
68 Newcastle to Williams, January 1861. Province of Canada Sessional Papers. Vol. 19, no. 4.
69 Crook, Diplomacy During the American Civil War, p. 3.
70 Jasper Ridley, Lord Palmerston, p. 552.
71 Reinders, “The John Anderson Case,” p. 401.
72 London Times, January 16, 1861.
73 Liverpool Post. Reprinted in the Globe, February 2, 1861.
74 Brodie, The Odyssey of John Anderson, p. 80.
75 Globe, February 2, 1861.
76 Toronto Leader, January 21, 1861.
77 Brodie, The Odyssey of John Anderson, p. 81.
78 Macdonald to Head, March 16, 1861. Province of Canada Sessional Papers. Vol. 19, no. 4.
79 Brodie, The Odyssey of John Anderson, p. 83.
80 New York Times, January 30, 1861.
81 New York Herald, January 30, 1861.
82 New York Times, January 30, 1861.
83 Peterborough Examiner, January 3, 1861.
84 Ronald White, A. Lincoln, p. 349.
85 Toronto Leader, February 18, 1861.
86 Ibid.
87 Peterborough Examiner, February 21, 1861.
CHAPTER TWO: WILLIAM SEWARD AND THE POWER OF DIVIDED LOYALTIES
1 Ernest Paolino, The Foundations of the American Empire, p. 2.
2 Glyndon G. Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 535.
3 Ibid., p. 209.
4 Paolino, The Foundations of the American Empire, p. 8.
5 Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire. p. 122.
6 Newcastle to Head, October 28, 1860. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
7 Foreman, A World on Fire, p. 161.
8 Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 271.
9 Dean B. Mahin, One War at a Time, p. 40.
10 Norman Ferris, Desperate Diplomacy, p. 8.
11 Ibid., p. 9.
12 Ibid., p. 15.
13 Ibid., p. 24.
14 Crook, Diplomacy During the American Civil War, p. 3.
15 Ferris, Desperate Diplomacy, p. 17.
16 Kenneth Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 604.
17 Ibid., p. 603.
18 White, A. Lincoln, p. 392.
19 Walter Stahr, Seward, p. 223.
20 Ibid., p. 269.
21 Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, p. 145.
22 Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee, p. 113.
23 Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, p. 250.
24 Jefferson Davis, Message to Confederate Congress, April 29, 1861. Brooks Simpson et al. (eds.), The Civil War, p. 332.
25 Crook, Diplomacy During the American Civil War, p. 9.
26 David George Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War, p. 155.
27 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 47.
28 New York Herald, April 17, 1861.
29 Lyons to Russell, April 22, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
30 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 48.
31 Ferris, Desperate Diplomacy, p. 26.
32 Ibid., p. 27.
33 Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 602.
34 Ibid., p. 631.
35 Wilkins to Head, April 21, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
36 Head to Wilkins, April 22, 1861 and Head to Morgan, April 22, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
37 Seward to Lyons, May 3, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
38 Stahr, Seward, p. 293.
39 E.L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner. Vol. 4, p. 37.
40 Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 298.
41 Ferris, Desperate Diplomacy, p. 25.
42 Ibid., p. 31.
43 Ibid.
44 Head to Newcastle, April 29, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
45 Lyons to Head, May 2, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
46 Ferris, Desperate Diplomacy, p. 66.
47 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 47.
48 Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 10, 1861. Cited in Simpson et al. (eds.), The Civil War, p. 411.
49 Lyons to Newcastle, June 25, 1861. Copy to Head. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
50 White, A. Lincoln, p. 371.
51 New York Times, July 26, 1861.
52 London Times, July 30, 1861.
53 Mahin, One War at a Time, p. 57.
54 Globe, July 29, 1861.
55 Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald. Vol. 1, p. 310.
56 William Wilgus, The Railway Interrelations of the United States and Canada, p. 41.
57 Globe, March 30, 1861.
58 Creighton, John A. Macdonald. Vol. 1, p. 309.
59 Macdonald to Ryerson, March 18, 1861. LAC. Macdonald Papers. MG26-A. Vol. 51.
60 Letter to the Electors of the City of Kingston, June 10, 1861. LAC. Macdonald Papers. MG26-A. Vol. 546.
61 New York Herald, July 13, 1861.
62 London Free Press, September 11, 1861.
63 Ibid.
64 Galt to Amy Galt, December 6, 1861. LAC. Galt Papers. MG27. ID8. Vol. 2.
65 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 65.
66 New York Times, November 17, 1861.
67 New York Herald, November 18, 1861.
68 Philadelphia Sunday Transcript, November 27, 1861. Cited in Foreman, A World on Fire, pp. 177–78.
69 Victor Cohen, “Charles Sumner and the Trent Affair,” p. 206.
70 Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals, p. 397.
71 Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, p. 268.
72 Mahin, One War at a Time, p. 66.
73 Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 309.
74 Norman Ferris, The Trent Affair, p. 29.
75 James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 390.
76 Ibid., p. 310.
77 Benjamin Moran: Personal Journal, November 27, 1861. See Simpson et al. (ed.), The Civil War, p. 645.
78 Charles Adams to Henry Adams November 30, 1861. See Ibid., p. 652.
79 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, p. 397.
80 Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North 1861–1862,” p. 609.
81 Macdonald to Monck, December 17, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. MG27. IB2. Vol. 1.
82 Globe, November 23, 1861.
83 Toronto Leader, December 7, 1861.
84 Globe, December 18, 1861.
85 New York Herald, December 13, 1861.
86 New York Herald, December 24, 1861.
87 Buffalo Express, December 30, 1861. Cited in Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 100.
88 Macdonald to Sidney Smith, December 23, 1861. LAC. Macdonald Papers. MG26-A. Vol. 508.
89 Macdonald to Monck, December 26, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. MG27. IB2. Vol. 1.
90 Galt to Amy Galt, December 5, 1861. LAC. Galt Papers. MG27. ID8. Vol. 2.
91 Galt to Macdonald, December 5, 1861. LAC. Galt Papers. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
92 Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, p. 269.
93 Ibid.
94 Galt to Amy Galt, December 5, 1861. LAC. Galt Papers. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
95 Galt to Macdonald, December 5, 1861. LAC. Galt Papers. MG27. ID8. Vol. 7.
96 Lyons to Monck, December 9, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. Reel A-756.
97 Monck to Newcastle, December 20, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. Reel A-756.
98 Ibid.
99 Davis Message to Confederate Congress, November 18, 1861. Cited in Simpson, et. al. (ed.), The Civil War, p. 633.
100 Crook, Diplomacy During the American Civil War, p. 51.
101 Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, pp. 268–69.
102 Stahr, Seward, pp. 314–15.
103 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 76.
104 Wilmott to Williams, December 26, 1861. LAC. Letters of William Fenwick Williams. MG24-A. Vol. 67.
105 Ibid.
106 Burgoyne to Williams, December?, 1861. LAC. Letters of William Fenwick Williams MG24-A. Vol. 67.
107 Ibid.
108 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 390.
109 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, p. 400.
110 Bourne, “British Preparations for War with the North,” p. 606.
111 Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, pp. 269–70.
CHAPTER THREE: SARAH EMMA EDMONDS: DONNING THE BLUE AND GREY
1 Larry Eggleston, Women in the Civil War, p. 2.
2 Elizabeth Leonard, All the Daring of the Soldier, p. 229; see also James McPherson, For Cause and Comrades, pp. 5–7.
3 Eggleston, Women in the Civil War, p. 2.
4 Sarah Emma Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, p. 247.
5 Ibid., p. 18.
6 DeAnne Blanton and Lauren Cook, They Fought Like Demons, p. 27.
7 Louise Chipley Slavicek, Women and the Civil War, p. 27.
8 Jasper Wolverton to Roseltha Wolverton, July 21, 1861. AO. Wolverton Family fonds. Series F4345-6.
9 Morley S. Wickett, “Canadians in the United States,” p. 86.
10 Ibid., pp. 86, 91.
11 Riggins to brother, March 12, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
12 Ibid.
13 Fred Gaffen, Cross-Border Warriors, p. 10.
14 Mackenzie to “James,” June 22, 1861. LAC. Mackenzie Papers. MG24. B18. 1666.
15 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 135.
16 In 1869 Benjamin Gould cited the number of British North Americans having served in the war was 53,532. Scholars have been arguing about the number ever since. Despite Gould’s certainty, the exact number is, in fact, impossible to ascertain. Record keeping at the time was often shoddy, Canadian recruits often lied to avoid breaking the law forbidding them to enlist in a foreign army and recruiters often recorded recruits’ place of birth as the county in which they needed to meet their quota. By the 1990s, a consensus formed among scholars that the number of Canadians and Maritimers serving was between 35,000 and 50,000, so to estimate that about 40,000 served is probably as close as we will ever get. See Benjamin Gould, Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers, p. 27; Lois Darroch, “Canadians in the American Civil War,” p. 55; and Andrew Moxley and Tom Brooks, “Drums Across the Border: Canadians in the Civil War,” p. 59.
17 D.C. Bélanger, French Canadians and the Franco-Americans in the Civil War Era, p. 42.
18 Cameron to Giddings, April 30, 1861. The War of the Rebellion. Series 1. Vol. 43. Part II, p. 137.
19 Toronto Leader, April 29, 1861.
20 Ibid., May 2, 1861.
21 Globe, May 19, 1861.
22 Toronto Leader, July 12, 1861.
23 New York Tribune, September 11, 1861.
24 Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 189.
25 Globe, October 15, 1861.
26 Head to Lyons, October 8, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
27 Cameron to Seward, October 10, 1861. Copy to Lyons to Head, October 25, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
28 Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy, p. 68.
29 Williams to Head, April 29, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
30 Marguerite Hamer, “Luring Canadian Soldiers into Union Lines During the War Between the States,” p. 152.
31 Gordon to Newcastle, March 17, 1862. Copy to Monck. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
32 Toronto Leader, August 7, 1862.
33 Windsor Star, October 7, 1861.
34 Head to Lyons, October 1, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
35 Newcastle to Monck, November 10, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
36 Wade to parents, September 20, 1861. Cited in Cousins, “Letters of Norman Wade,” p. 126.
37 Wade to sister, December 29, 1861. Cited in Cousins, “Letters of Norman Wade,” p. 130.
38 Lois Darroch, Four Who Went to the Civil War, p. 123.
39 Lyons to Head, August 2, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
40 Lyons to Monck, December 11, 1861. LAC. Monck Papers. Reel A-756.
41 Stuart to Monck, September 14, 1862. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
42 Riggins to sister, July 27, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
43 Riggins to sister, August 9, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
44 Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, p. 58.
45 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 359.
46 Ibid., p. 73.
47 Ibid., p. 98.
48 Leonard, All the Daring of the Soldiers, p. 174.
49 Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, p. 120.
50 Ibid., p. 118.
51 Ibid., p. 220.
52 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, p. 444.
53 Joseph B. Mitchell, Decisive Battles of the Civil War, p. 56.
54 Detroit Free Press, August 1, 1862.
55 Ibid., August 16, 1862.
56 Globe, August 22, 1862.
57 Ibid., August 11, 1862.
58 Ella Lonn, Desertion During the Civil War, p. 201.
59 Globe, August 9, 1863.
60 William Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, pp. 48–49.
61 Riggins to sister, June 22, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
62 Riggins to sister, August 9, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
63 Anderson to Amie, September 12, 1863. LAC. Civil Secretary’s Correspondence. Vol. 97-98, #10948.
64 Riggins to sister, March 19, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
65 Jasper Wolverton to Reeltha Wolverton, July 23, 1861. AO. Wolverton Family fonds. Series F4354-6.
66 Riggins to sister, July 22, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
67 Mitchell, Decisive Battles of the Civil War, p. 87.
68 Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, p. 278.
69 Riggins to mother, September 28, 1862. LAC. Riggins Letters. MG24. F98.
70 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, p. 485.
71 Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, p. 299.
72 Ibid., p. 359.
73 Francis M. Wafer, A Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac. Cheryl Wells (ed.), p. 50.
74 L.D. Milani, “Four Who Went to the Civil War,” p. 269.
75 Jim Cougle, Canadian Blood, American Soil, pp. 7–10.
76 Collins to Gray, September 24, 1864. LAC. Monck Papers. MG24. B156. Vol. 1.
77 Lyons to British Consuls. Copy to Monck. May 3, 1862. LAC. Monck Papers. Reel A-756.
78 Russell to Lyons. Copy to Monck. August 14, 1862. LAC. Monck Papers. Reel A-756.
79 Lyons to Seward, March 19, 1863. Copy to Lyons to Monck, March 21, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
80 Seward to Lyons, April 15, 1863. Copy to Lyons to Monck. April 25, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 9.
81 Ibid.
82 Eugene C. Murdock, “New York’s Civil War Bounty Hunters,” p. 259.
83 New York Times, August 25, 1864.
84 Murdock, “New York’s Civil War Bounty Hunters,” p. 261.
85
Ibid.
86 Ibid., p. 271.
87 Ibid., p. 274.
88 New York Times, July 26, 1864.
89 Lyons to Monck, December 8, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 2.
90 Monck to Lyons, July 26, 1864. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G1. Vol. 23.
91 Raney, “Recruiting and Crimping in Canada for the Northern Forces,” p. 29.
92 Donahue to Lyons, June 14, 1864. Copy to Monck. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G1. Vol. 23.
93 Bill Twatio, “The Freedom Fighters,” National Post, February 14, 2012.
94 Daly to Monck, April 25, 1864. LAC. Civil Secretary’s Correspondence. RG7. G20. Vol. 99–100, #11217.
95 LAC. Civil Secretary’s Letterbook. RG7. G17. Vol. 20.
96 Eugene C. Murdock, Patriotism Limited, p. 114.
97 Raney, “Recruiting and Crimping in Canada for the Northern Forces,” p. 27.
98 Monck to Cardwell, August 8, 1864. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 13.
99 Lyons to Monck, August 17, 1864. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 13.
100 The War of Rebellion. Series 1. Vol. 43. Part II, p. 455.
101 Report of a Committee of the Honourable the Executive Council. May 10, 1864. LAC. Ministry of Militia fonds. RG9. ID1. Vol. 1.
102 Globe, July 20, 1864.
CHAPTER FOUR: JACOB THOMPSON AND THE CONFEDERATES IN THE ATTIC
1 Freeman, Lee, p. 312.
2 Ibid., p. 320.
3 Shelby Foote, The Civil War, p. 530.
4 Freeman, Lee, p, 340.
5 William Davis, Jefferson Davis, p. 506.
6 Foreman, A World on Fire, p. 723.
7 Ibid., p. 769.
8 Seward to Lyons, August 31, 1861. Copy to Head, September 30, 1861. LAC. Head Papers. Reel M-194.
9 New York Herald, May 18, 1863.
10 Lyons to Monck, December 22, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 11.
11 Toronto Leader, November 18, 1863.
12 New York Times. Reprinted in Globe, November 20, 1863.
13 New York Herald, November 15, 1863. Reprinted in the Globe, November 19, 1863.
14 Ibid., Reprinted in the Globe, November 20, 1863.
15 Lyons to Monck, December 9, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G6. Vol. 11.
16 New York Herald, December 16, 1863. Reprinted in Globe, November 17, 1863.
17 E.M. Saunders, The Life and Letters of the Right Honorable Sir Charles Tupper, pp. 90–91.
18 New York Herald, December 21, 1863.
19 Lyons to Russell. Copy to Monck, December 29, 1863. LAC. Monck Papers. RG7. G1. Vol. 159.
20 Howard to Seward, December 9, 1863. Cited in Winks, The Civil War Years, p. 257.