45:10 scales. Relates to selling by weight. ephah. Relates to selling by dry volume. bath. Relates to selling by liquid volume.
45:11 ephah. About .75 bu. bath. About 6 gal. homer. In liquid volume about 60 gal. and in dry volume about 7.5 bu.
45:12 shekel. By weight about .4 oz. made up of 20 gerahs (.02 oz./each). Sixty shekels (20+25+15) equal a “mina” or about 24 oz. (1.5 lbs.).
45:13–17 Here are the offerings for Israel’s prince (v. 16). Because of what the people will give him, he will provide for public sacrifices (v. 17).
45:13 They will give 1/60th of their grain.
45:14 kor. See note on homer in 45:11. They will give one percent of their oil.
45:15 They will give one lamb for every 200 in the flocks or one-half of one percent.
45:16, 17 prince. See note on 44:3.
45:17 feasts…New Moons…Sabbaths…appointed seasons. These will be discussed in notes on 45:18—46:15.
45:18–25 The annual feasts for the nations are outlined. The millennial feasts include 3 of the 6 Levitical feasts: 1) Passover; 2) Unleavened Bread; and 3) Tabernacles. Three Levitical feasts are not celebrated: 1) Pentecost; 2) Trumpets; and 3) Atonement. Most likely they are excluded because what they had looked forward to prophetically have been fulfilled and now serve no significant remembrance purpose such as Passover and Tabernacle will continue to provide.
45:18–20 atonement. The day of atonement is never mentioned, but God institutes a never-before-celebrated festival to start the “new year” with an emphasis on holiness in the temple. The first month, Abib, would be in Mar./Apr. The feast appears to last 7 days (v. 20). It indicates that there will be sin in the kingdom, committed by those who entered alive and their offspring.
45:21–24. Passover and Unleavened Bread are combined as in the NT and focus on remembering God’s deliverance of the nation from Egypt and Christ’s death providing deliverance from sin. They continue on into the Millennium as a week long feast of remembrance, which will serve much the same purpose then as the bread and cup do now (cf. Ex. 12–15 for details). The 3 annual pilgrimage feasts with required attendance under Mosaic legislation were: 1) Unleavened Bread, 2) Pentecost, and 3) Tabernacles (cf. Ex. 23:14–17; Num. 28:16—29:40; Deut. 16:1–17). They have been modified with the 3 in 45:18–25. Pentecost is replaced by the new feast of vv. 18–20. There are also portion differences from the Mosaic law (cf. Num. 28:19–21), plus the millennial offerings are richer and more abundant, in general.
45:22, 23 the prince. See note on 44:3. Here he sacrifices for his own sin.
45:24 hin. About one gal.
45:25 The Feast of Tabernacles continues on into the Millennium as confirmed by Zech. 14:16–21. This would be a remembrance of God’s sustaining provision in the wilderness. The seventh month, Tishri, would be in Sep./Oct. and this feast will last for one week, as do the previous two. The prince (“he,” v. 25) once again offers sacrifice.
Ezekiel 46
46:1–15 This section further discusses offerings and deals with: 1) Sabbath and New Moon (vv. 1–8); 2) appointed feast days (9–11); 3) voluntary offerings (v. 12); and 4) daily sacrifices (vv. 13–15). Cf. Num. 28:1–15 for a summary of former Mosaic details.
46:1 The gateway…shall be shut. Shutting the gate 6 days seems to serve the purpose of giving special distinction to the Sabbath and New Moon, when it is open and in use. Israel largely failed and was judged in ancient times in regard to these days (Jer. 17:22–27; cf. 2 Chr. 36:21). The Sabbath will be reinstated for a restored and regenerated Israel. Note here that modern day sabbatarians fail to realize that the Sabbath consisted of far more than just rest from labor, but included specific sacrifices. It is inconsistent to take one part of the Sabbath observance and discard the others.
46:2 The prince. See note on 44:3. He appears 5 times (vv. 2, 4, 8, 10, 12) in regard to sacrifices. He is to be an example of spiritual integrity to the people (cf. v. 10).
46:6, 7 New Moon. Israel’s calendar was lunar, so the feasts were reckoned according to the phases of the moon.
46:8 When the prince enters. He does not normally use the eastern gate itself, which is for the Lord (44:2). Rather, he enters and exits by the gate’s vestibule. However, v. 12 permits his use of the gate for free will offerings.
46:9 the people. The people’s entering and exiting for temple worship are to be done in an orderly flow to prevent congestion, since all will be present (cf. Deut. 16:16).
46:10–12 The prince. He sets the example of worship for the people.
46:13–15 daily. The testimony of the OT is that to remove the continual burnt offering meant an abolition of public worship (cf. Dan. 8:11–13; 11:31; 12:11).
46:16, 17 a gift. This explains inheritance laws governing the prince. A gift to one of his sons is permanent (v. 16), but a gift to a servant lasts only to the year of Jubilee, the 50th year (cf. Lev. 25:10–13), and then returns to him (v. 17).
46:17 the year of liberty. The year of Jubilee.
46:18 the prince shall not take any…inheritance. As in 45:8, 9, the prince is not to confiscate others’ property to enlarge his own holdings, as often occurred in Israel’s history when rulers became rich by making others poor (cf. 1 Kin. 21).
46:19–24 chambers. The priests’ kitchen chambers are convenient for managing their parts of the offerings and cooking sacrificial meals for worshipers, possibly close to the inner E gate. The “ministers of the temple” (v. 24) are not the priests, but temple servants.
Ezekiel 47
47:1–12 This section reinforces the constant emphasis of the prophets that in the final kingdom amazing physical and geographical changes will occur on the earth, and especially the land of Israel. This chap. deals mainly with changes in the water.
47:1, 2 water, flowing…east. A stream of water flows up from underneath the temple (cf. Joel 3:18), going E to the Jordan, then curving S through the Dead Sea area (vv. 7, 8). Zechariah 14:8 refers to this stream as flowing from Jerusalem to the W (Mediterranean Sea) as well as to the E (Dead Sea). Its origin coincides with Christ’s Second Advent arrival on the Mt. of Olives (cf. Zech. 14:4; Acts 1:11), which will trigger a massive earthquake, thus creating a vast E-W valley running through Jerusalem and allowing for the water flow. See note on Zech. 14:3, 4.
47:3–5 he measured. The escorting angel, wanting to reveal the size of the river, took Ezekiel, in the vision, to four different distances from the temple, where the stream was found to be at increasing depths until it was over his head. Cf. Is. 35:1–7, where the prophet says the “desert will blossom like a rose.”
47:7 very many trees. Lush growth from the river.
47:8 waters are healed. The flow E, then S, runs into the Dead Sea and renders good the salty water (more than 6 times as salty as the sea) that formerly would not support life because of its high mineral content. The Dead Sea is transformed into a “living sea” of fresh water.
47:9 multitude of fish. These fish are said to be the same kinds in the Mediterranean (v. 10), probably referring to volume rather than species, since the river and the Dead Sea are fresh water.
47:10 En Gedi. The site is on the Dead Sea’s W bank, about halfway along its length, near Masada. En Eglaim. Possibly it is Ein-Feska near Qumran at the northwestern extremity of the sea. Some argue for a site on the E bank, so that fishermen on both sides are in view.
47:11 swamps and marshes. This could supply salt for the temple offerings (cf. 43:24), as well as for food.
47:12 all kinds of trees. Cf. v. 7. The scene describes the blessing of returning to Eden-like abundance (Gen. 2:8, 9, 16). leaves…fruit. Cf. v. 7. The fruit is for food and the leaves serve a medicinal purpose, probably both in preventative and corrective senses. The fruit is perpetual, kept so by a continual and lavish supply of spring water from the temple.
47:13–23 These are the borders. The picture is that of an enlarged Canaan for all to inhabit. The boundaries are substantially larger than those given to Moses in Num. 34:1–1
5. Palestine, promised in God’s covenant with Abraham (v. 14; Gen. 12:7), has specific geographical limits within which Israel will finally occupy tribal areas which differ from the occupation in Joshua’s day (cf. Josh. 13–22). This is the complete fulfillment of the promise of the land in the Abrahamic Covenant.
47:13 Joseph…two portions. This is in keeping with the promise of Jacob to Joseph (Gen. 48:5, 6, 22; 49:22–26).
47:15–20 The borders of the millennial Promised Land are described 1) to the N (vv. 15–17); 2) to the E (v. 18); 3) to the S (v. 19); and 4) to the W (v. 20).
47:22 bear children. This reminds us that children will be born all through the 1,000 year rule of Messiah. Not all will believe and be saved, as evidenced by the final rebellion (cf. Rev. 20:8, 9).
47:23 stranger. This provision is in keeping with Lev. 19:34.
Ezekiel 48
48:1–7, 23–29 the tribes. The land pledged to each tribe within the total area described in 47:13–23 fulfills God’s promises to actually restore Israel’s people from around the world to the Promised Land just as they were actually scattered from it (28:25, 26; 34–37; 39:21–29; Jer. 31:33). Dan is first mentioned. Though omitted from the 144,000 in Rev. 7, probably because of severe idolatry, Dan is restored in grace.
48:8–22 the district. Already described in 45:1–8, this unique area includes land allotment for the sentry and the Zadokian priests (vv. 8–12); the Levites (vv. 13–14); the city (vv. 15–20); and the prince (vv. 21, 22).
48:30–35 These are the exits. Twelve city gates, 3 in each cardinal direction, bear the names of Israel’s tribes, one on each gate.
48:30 four thousand five hundred cubits. All 4 sides when added together equal 18,000 cubits (cf. v. 16), which is nearly 6 mi. around. Josephus, a Jewish historian, reported in the first century A.D. that Jerusalem was approximately 4 mi. in perimeter.
48:35 the name. The city is called YHWH Shammah, “The LORD is There.” The departed glory of God (chaps. 8–11) has returned (44:1, 2), and His dwelling, the temple, is in the very center of the district given over to the Lord. With this final note, all of the unconditional promises which God had made to Israel in the Abrahamic Covenant (Gen. 12); the Priestly Covenant (Num. 25); the Davidic Covenant (2 Sam. 7); and the New Covenant (Jer. 31) have been fulfilled. So this final verse provides the consummation of Israel’s history—the returned presence of God!
Ezekiel 1
1:1 a Ezek. 3:15, 23; 10:15
1:1 b Matt. 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:21; Acts 7:56; 10:11; Rev. 4:1; 19:11
1:1 c Ex. 24:10; Num. 12:6; Is. 1:1; 6:1; Ezek. 8:3; Dan. 8:1, 2
1:1 1 So with MT, LXX, Vg.; Syr., Tg. a vision
1:3 d 1 Kin. 18:46; 2 Kin. 3:15; Ezek. 3:14, 22
1:3 2 Or Babylonians, and so elsewhere in the book
1:4 e Is. 21:1; Jer. 23:19; 25:32; Ezek. 13:11, 13
1:4 f Jer. 1:14
1:5 g Ezek. 10:15, 17, 20; Rev. 4:6–8
1:5 h Ezek. 10:8
1:5 i Ezek. 10:14
1:7 j Dan. 10:6; Rev. 1:15
1:7 3 Lit. feet
1:8 k Ezek. 10:8, 21
1:9 l Ezek. 1:12; 10:20–22
1:10 m Ezek. 10:14; Rev. 4:7
1:10 n Num. 2:10
1:10 o Num. 2:3
1:10 p Num. 2:18
1:10 q Num. 2:25
1:11 r Is. 6:2; Ezek. 1:23
1:12 s Ezek. 10:11, 22
1:13 t Ps. 104:4; Rev. 4:5
1:14 u Zech. 4:10; (Matt. 24:27; Luke 17:24)
1:15 v Ezek. 10:9
1:16 w Ezek. 10:9, 10
1:16 x Dan. 10:6
1:18 y Ezek. 10:12; (Zech. 4:10); Rev. 4:6, 8
1:19 z Ezek. 10:16, 17
1:20 a Ezek. 10:17
1:20 4 Lit. living creature; LXX, Vg. spirit of life; Tg. creatures
1:21 5 See note at v. 20
1:22 b Ezek. 10:1
1:22 c Rev. 4:6
1:22 d Ezek. 10:1
1:22 6 Or expanse
1:22 7 So with LXX, Tg., Vg.; MT living creature
1:24 e Ezek. 3:13; 10:5
1:24 f Ezek. 43:2; Dan. 10:6; Rev. 1:15
1:24 g Job 37:4, 5; Ps. 29:3, 4; 68:33
1:26 h Ezek. 10:1
1:26 i Ex. 24:10, 16; Ezek. 8:4; 11:22, 23; 43:4, 5
1:26 j Ezek. 8:2
1:27 k Ezek. 8:2
1:28 l (Gen. 9:13); Rev. 4:3; 10:1
1:28 m Ezek. 3:23; 8:4
1:28 n Gen. 17:3; Ezek. 3:23; Dan. 8:17; Acts 9:4; Rev. 1:17
Ezekiel 2
2:1 a Dan. 10:11; Acts 9:6
2:2 b Ezek. 3:24; Dan. 8:18
2:3 c Ezek. 5:6; 20:8, 13, 18
2:3 d 1 Sam. 8:7, 8; Jer. 3:25; Ezek. 20:18, 21, 30
2:4 e Ps. 95:8; Is. 48:4; Jer. 5:3; 6:15; Ezek. 3:7
2:4 1 Lit. stiff-faced and hard-hearted sons
2:5 f Is. 6:9, 10; Ezek. 3:11, 26, 27; (Matt. 10:12–15; Acts 13:46)
2:5 g Ezek. 3:26
2:5 h Ezek. 33:33; (Luke 10:10, 11; John 15:22)
2:6 i Is. 51:12; Jer. 1:8, 17; Ezek. 3:9; Luke 12:4
2:6 j (2 Sam. 23:6, 7; Is. 9:18); Jer. 6:28; Ezek. 28:24; Mic. 7:4
2:6 k Ezek. 3:9; (1 Pet. 3:14)
2:6 l Ezek. 3:9, 26, 27
2:7 m Jer. 1:7, 17; (Ezek. 3:10, 17)
2:8 n Ezek. 3:1–3; Rev. 10:9
2:9 o Jer. 1:9; (Ezek. 8:3)
2:9 p Jer. 36:2; Ezek. 3:1; Rev. 5:1–5; 10:8–11
Ezekiel 3
3:1 a Ezek. 2:8, 9
3:3 b Jer. 15:16; Rev. 10:9
3:3 c Ps. 19:10; 119:103
3:6 d Jon. 3:5–10; Matt. 11:21
3:7 e John 15:20, 21
3:7 f Ezek. 2:4
3:7 1 Lit. strong of forehead
3:9 g Is. 50:7; Jer. 1:18; Mic. 3:8
3:9 h Jer. 1:8, 17; Ezek. 2:6
3:11 i Ezek. 2:5, 7
3:12 j 1 Kin. 18:12; Ezek. 8:3; Acts 8:39
3:12 k Ezek. 1:28; 8:4
3:13 l Ezek. 1:24; 10:5
3:14 m 2 Kin. 3:15; Ezek. 1:3; 8:1
3:14 2 Or anger
3:15 n Job 2:13; Ps. 137:1
3:16 o Jer. 42:7
3:17 p Ezek. 33:7–9
3:17 q Is. 52:8; 56:10; Jer. 6:17
3:17 r (Lev. 19:17; Prov. 14:25); Is. 58:1
3:18 s Ezek. 33:6; (John 8:21, 24)
3:19 t Is. 49:4, 5; Ezek. 14:14, 20; Acts 18:6; 20:26; 1 Tim. 4:16
3:20 u Ps. 125:5; Ezek. 18:24; 33:18; Zeph. 1:6
3:22 v Ezek. 1:3
3:22 w Ezek. 8:4
3:23 x Ezek. 1:28; Acts 7:55
3:23 y Ezek. 1:1
3:23 z Ezek. 1:28
3:24 a Ezek. 2:2
3:25 b Ezek. 4:8
3:26 c Ezek. 24:27; Luke 1:20, 22
3:26 d Hos. 4:17; Amos 8:11
3:26 e Ezek. 2:5–7
3:26 3 Lit. one who rebukes
3:27 f Ex. 4:11, 12; Ezek. 24:27; 33:22
3:27 g Ezek. 3:11
Ezekiel 4
4:2 a Jer. 6:6; Ezek. 21:22
4:2 b 2 Kin. 25:1
4:3 c Jer. 39:1, 2; Ezek. 5:2
4:3 d Ezek. 12:6, 11; 24:24, 27
4:5 e Num. 14:34
4:8 f Ezek. 3:25
4:8 1 Lit. put ropes on
4:13 g Dan. 1:8; Hos. 9:3
4:14 h Acts 10:14
4:14 i Ex. 22:31; Lev. 17:15; 22:8; Ezek. 44:31
4:14 j Deut. 14:3; Is. 65:4; 66:17
4:14 2 Ritually unclean flesh, Lev. 7:18
4:16 k Lev. 26:26; Ps. 105:16; Is. 3:1; Ezek. 5:16; 14:13
4:16 l Ezek. 4:10, 11; 12:19
4:16 m Ezek. 4:11
4:17 n Lev. 26:39; Ezek. 24:23
Ezekiel 5
5:1 a Lev. 21:5; Is. 7:20; Ezek. 44:20
5:2 b Ezek. 5:12
5:2 c Ezek. 4:1
5:2 d Ezek. 4:8, 9
5:2 e Lev. 26:25; Lam. 1:20
5:3 f Jer. 40:6; 52:16
5:4 g Jer. 41:1, 2; 44:14
5:7 h 2 Kin. 21:9–11; 2 Chr. 33:9; Jer
. 2:10, 11; Ezek. 16:47
5:7 1 Or raged
5:7 2 So with MT, LXX, Tg., Vg.; many Heb. mss., Syr. but have done (cf. 11:12)
5:9 i Lam. 4:6; Dan. 9:12; (Amos 3:2); Matt. 24:21
5:10 j Lev. 26:29; Deut. 28:53; 2 Kin. 6:29; Jer. 19:9; Lam. 2:20; 4:10
5:10 k Lev. 26:33; Deut. 28:64; Ps. 44:11; Ezek. 5:2, 12; 6:8; 12:14; Amos 9:9; Zech. 2:6; 7:14
5:11 l 2 Chr. 36:14; (Jer. 7:9–11); Ezek. 8:5, 6, 16
5:11 m Ezek. 11:21
5:11 n Ezek. 7:4, 9; 8:18; 9:10
5:12 o Jer. 15:2; 21:9; Ezek. 6:12
5:12 p Jer. 9:16; (Ezek. 6:8)
5:12 q Jer. 43:10, 11; 44:27; Ezek. 5:2; 12:14
5:13 r Lam. 4:11; Ezek. 6:12; 7:8
5:13 s Ezek. 21:17
5:13 t (Deut. 32:36); Is. 1:24
5:13 u Is. 59:17; Ezek. 36:6; 38:19
5:14 v Lev. 26:31; Neh. 2:17
5:15 w Deut. 28:37; 1 Kin. 9:7; Ps. 79:4; Jer. 24:9; Lam. 2:15
5:15 x (Is. 26:9); Jer. 22:8, 9; 1 Cor. 10:11
5:15 y Is. 66:15, 16; Ezek. 5:8; 25:17
5:15 3 LXX, Syr., Tg., Vg. you
5:16 z Deut. 32:23
5:16 a Lev. 26:26; Ezek. 4:16; 14:13
5:17 b Lev. 26:22; Deut. 32:24; Ezek. 14:21; 33:27; 34:25; Rev. 6:8
5:17 c Ezek. 38:22
Ezekiel 6
6:2 a Ezek. 20:46; 21:2; 25:2
6:2 b Ezek. 36:1
6:3 c Lev. 26:30
6:3 1 Places for pagan worship
6:4 d Lev. 26:30
6:6 2 Places for pagan worship
6:7 e Ezek. 7:4, 9
6:8 f Jer. 44:28; Ezek. 5:2, 12; 12:16; 14:22
6:8 g Ezek. 5:12
6:9 h (Deut. 4:29); Ps. 137; Jer. 51:50
6:9 i Ps. 78:40; Is. 7:13; 43:24; Hos. 11:8
6:9 j Num. 15:39; Ezek. 20:7, 24
6:9 k Lev. 26:39; Job 42:6; Ezek. 20:43; 36:31
6:11 l Ezek. 21:14
6:11 m Ezek. 5:12
6:11 3 Lit. Strike your hands
6:12 n Lam. 4:11, 22; Ezek. 5:13
6:13 o Jer. 2:20; 3:6
6:13 p 1 Kin. 14:23; 2 Kin. 16:4; Ezek. 20:28; Hos. 4:13
6:13 q Is. 57:5
6:14 r Is. 5:25; Ezek. 14:13; 20:33, 34
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