46. The Times, 7 May 1953.
47. Fraenkel to Rathcreedan, 24 June 1953, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.
48. Seager, The Shadow of a Great Rock, p. 87.
49. Notes for Secretary by Clark, 28 April 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4278.
50. Hansard, 13 May 1953.
51. The Times, 14 May 1953.
22 THE CAMPAIGN INTENSIFIES
1. Quoted in Sampson, Mandela, p. 99.
2. See Anderson, Histories of the Hanged.
3. Elkins, Britain’s Gulag, p. 209.
4. Kimathi to Dr Mabuyo Mugwanji, 23 May 1954, in Maina Wa Kinyatti (ed.), Kenya’s Freedom Struggle. The Dedan Kimathi Papers, p. 20.
5. Wedgwood Benn to Benn Levy, n.d. [1954], SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.
6. Open letter from Brockway, 17 December 1954, SOAS, MCF, Box 11.
7. Owen, ‘Critics of Empire in Britain’, pp. 204–5; see also Howe, Anti-Colonialism in British Politics.
8. Wedgwood Benn to Benn Levy, n.d. [1954], SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.
9. Handlist, by Andrew B. Strachan, SOAS, Archives of Movement for Colonial Freedom, October 1984, p. 1.
10. See SOAS, MCF Box 84 for further details on the structure and activities of the MCF.
11. District Secretary, National Union of General and Municipal Workers, to Hatch, 5 February 1955, LHASC, Hatch Papers.
12. Meeting between Parliamentary Under-Secretary and Seretse Khama, 17 May 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1341.
13. Redfern, Ruth and Seretse, p. 217.
14. K. M. Ketshabile to Monica Whately, n.d. [June 1953], TNA:PRO, DO 35/4278.
15. Telephone message from MacKenzie at 10.30 a.m., 4 June 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1338.
16. Fraenkel to Rathcreedan, 24 June 1953, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.
17. Telephone message from MacKenzie at 10.30 a.m., 4 June 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1338.
18. Ketshabile to Whately, n.d. [June 1953], TNA:PRO, DO 35/4278.
19. Bechuanaland Protectorate Police, Serowe, Consolidated Intelligence Report for Week ending 21.6.54, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1341.
20. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 52.
21. Grievances of the members of the Bamangwato Tribe, n.d. [1954], TNA:PRO, DO 119/1342.
22. Thomas V. Scrivenor to High Commissioner, 31 October 1955, TNA: PRO, DO 119/1344.
23. Peto Sekgoma to Officer Commanding BP Police, 28 November 1955, ibid.
24. Brockway to Dodds-Parker, 14 December 1955, ibid.
25. Robinson to DC, Serowe, 3 January 1956, ibid.
26. Notes by Scrivenor, 5 January 1956 and [illegible], 7 August 1956, ibid.
27. Sekoko and Sebina to Hatch, n.d., LHASC, Hatch Papers.
28. Hatch, New from Africa, p. 67.
29. Daily Mail, 27 September 1956.
30. Hatch, New from Africa, p. 86.
31. ibid., pp. 78–9.
32. Manchester Guardian, 11 July 1955.
33. Die Transvaler, 21 July 1955 (translation).
34. Kavuma, Crisis in Buganda 1953–55, p. 102.
35. Swinton to Lennox-Boyd, 17 September 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4368.
36. Quoted in Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, p. 301.
37. Dickie, The Uncommon Commoner, p. 112.
38. Discussion between Secretary of State and the Labour Party Delegation, 9 August 1955, TNA:PRO, CAB 21/3167.
39. Redfern, Ruth and Seretse, pp. 214–15.
40. Manchester Guardian, 14 October 1955.
41. Star, 13 October 1955.
42. Home to Eden, 29 November 1955, TNA:PRO, PREM 11/1182.
43. ibid.
44. Eden to Home, 29 November 1955, ibid.
45. Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, p. 168.
46. Stewart, Lilian Ngoyi, pp. 21–2.
47. Helen Joseph to Ruth Khama, 29 October 1956, WCLUW, FSAW.
48. The World, 18 February 1956.
23 THE ENDING OF EXILE
1. Tshekedi to Creech Jones, 22 November 1955, KIII, TKP 58.
2. Hansard, 14 June 1956.
3. John Hatch, ‘Minerals, Economic Development and the High Commission Territories’, June 1956, BLCAS, Mss Brit Emp s 332, Box 19.
4. Instructions to Counsel, S. J. Markowitz, by Kgosi Mokgosi, 22 September 1953, KIII, TKP 58.
5. Annual Report: Ngwato District 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1342.
6. Hansard, 14 June 1956.
7. Tshekedi to Astor, 29 March 1956, KIII, TKP 58.
8. Page to Noble, 5 June 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4297.
9. Sharp, Bechuanaland.
10. Hansard, 1 August 1956.
11. ibid.
12. Fowler to Laithwaite, 14 August 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4300.
13. Muriel Sanderson to author, 17 November 2004.
14. Seretse and Tshekedi to Home, 15 August 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4300.
15. Home to Liesching, 15 August 1956, ibid.
16. Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, pp. 222–3.
17. Huddleston to Observer, 13 September 1953.
18. Mandela, Nelson Mandela Speeches 1990, p. 71.
19. Quintin Whyte to L. M. Thompson, 3 December 1954, LHASC, Hatch Papers.
20. Lewin to Hatch, 12 November 1954, ibid.
21. Hansard, 13 April 1954.
22. Mandela, Nelson Mandela Speeches 1990, p. 71.
23. Address by Strijdom, 25 June 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4239.
24. Home to HCO, 26 June 1956, ibid.
25. On 21 August, 28 August, 6 September and 7 September 1956.
26. Liesching to Home, 18 August 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4300.
27. Home to Eden, 7 September 1956, TNA:PRO, PREM 11/1182.
28. Eden to Home, 7 September 1956, ibid.
29. Garner to Laithwaite, 13 September 1956, British Library, OIOC, MSS Eur/F 138/160.
30. Home to Liesching, 14 September 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4300.
31. Liesching to Home, 24 August 1956, ibid.
32. Today, 12 March 1960.
33. Press release, 26 September 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4301.
34. The Times, 27 September 1956.
35. Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, p. 19.
36. Afro-American, October 1956.
37. Rand Daily Mail27 September 1956.
38. Daily Telegraph, 27 September 1956.
39. Telegram from Secretary of State, London, to High Commissioner, Cape Town, 8 March 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1340.
40. Naledi Khama to author, 13 November 2004.
41. Daily Mail, 10 October 1956.
42. ibid.
43. Pathe Gazette, ‘People in the News – Seretse Khama Returns to His Country’, n.d. [October 1956].
44. Liesching to Home, 10 September 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4300.
45. Wedgwood Benn to Observer, 7 October 1956.
46. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 74.
47. Announcement by Resident Commissioner, 26 September 1956, NAC, 10283-B-40.
48. CRO to HCO, 18 September 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4301.
49. Manchester Guardian, 27 September 1956.
50. Rand Daily Mail27 September 1956.
51. Die Transvaler, 27 September 1956.
52. Under-Secretary for External Affairs to Secretary for External Affairs, 9 December 1955, CAN:CER, vol. 22–737, DEA/12354–40.
53. Rhodesia Herald, 28 September 1956.
54. Wray to CRO, 13 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
55. Rand Daily Mail, 27 September 1956.
24 ‘BEFORE THEIR EYES IT RAINED’
1. Life, 19 November 1956.
2. Today, 12 March 1960.
3. See picture in Life, 19 November 1956.
4. Daily Mail, 3 October 1956.
5. Life, 19 November 1956; Rand Daily Mail, 11 October 1956.
6. The Times, 11 October 1956; Wray to CRO, 13 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
7. Bulawayo Chronicle, 11 October 1956.
8. Rand Daily Mail, 11 October 1956; Wray to CRO, 11 October 1956, TNA
:PRO, DO 35/4304.
9. Wray to CRO, 13 October 1956, ibid.
10. Star, 15 October 1956.
11. Sunday Times, [Sunday, 14] October 1956.
12. Wray to CRO, 12 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
13. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 75.
14. Bulawayo Chronicle, 12 October 1956.
15. Wray to CRO, 13 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
16. Life, vol. 41, 19 November 1956.
17. Ebony, May, 1966.
18. HCO to CRO, 18 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
19. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, ibid.
20. HCO to CRO, 18 October 1956, ibid.
21. Scotsman, 19 October 1956.
22. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
23. HCO to CRO, 18 October 1956, ibid.
24. Johannesburg Star, 18 October 1956.
25. HCO to CRO, 18 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304; Johannesburg Star, 18 October 1956.
26. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
27. Reuters, 19 October 1956, ibid.
28. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, ibid.
29. Reuters, 19 October 1956, ibid.
30. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, ibid.
31. HCO to CRO, 18 October 1956, ibid.
32. Allison to Fawcus, 19 October 1956, ibid.
33. Seretse to Hatch, 8 February 1957, LHASC, Hatch Papers.
34. Johannesburg Star, 5 November 1956.
35. Wray to CRO, 1 November 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
36. ibid.
37. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 76.
38. Wray to CRO, 1 November 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
39. Daily Mail, 3 October 1956.
40. Daily Mirror, 10 October 1952.
41. Daily Mail, 3 October 1956.
42. Sykes to Redman, 15 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4304.
43. Sykes to High Commissioner, 23 October 1956, ibid.
44. Sykes to Emery, 19 October 1956, ibid.
45. Sykes to High Commissioner, 25 October 1956, ibid.
46. Lennox-Boyd to Mrs Khama, 14 October 1956; Lennox-Boyd to Home, 10 October 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4301.
47. Minute by Emery, 9 November 1956, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4303.
48. Rand Daily Mail, 1 November 1956; Rhodesia Herald, 1 November 1956.
49. Daily Telegraph, 2 November 1956.
50. Johannesburg Star, 3 November 1956.
51. Daily Telegraph, 2 November 1956.
52. Helen Joseph to Ruth Khama, 29 October 1956, WCLUW, FSAW
53. Johannesburg Star, 3 November 1956.
54. Daily Herald, 2 May 1957.
25 THE WIND OF CHANGE
1. Star, 10 July 1957.
2. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, pp. 77–8; Extract, Tergos No. 2, February 1957, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4306.
3. Daily Mail, 15 July 1957; Daily Herald, 2 May 1957.
4. Daily Herald, 2 May 1957.
5. See TNA:PRO, DO/4306, 7175, 7308.
6. Quoted in Robins, White Queen, p. 56.
7. ibid.
8. Daily Mail, 15 July 1957.
9. Bessie Head to Randolphe Vigne, 10 February 1967, in A Gesture of Belonging, p. 49.
10. Pathe Gazette, ‘People in the News – Seretse Khama Returns to His Country,’ n.d. [October 1956].
11. Hatch to Seretse, 4 March 1957, LHASC, Hatch Papers.
12. This chapter has drawn heavily on Dubbeld, Seretse Khama, chapters 5–7, and on Gabatshwane, Seretse Khama and Botswana, ch. 2.
13. Benson, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 302–5.
14. Dickie, The Uncommon Commoner, p. 111.
15. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, pp. 55–6.
16. Joint Advisory Council 7th session, April 1958, 87, quoted in J. Ramsay, ‘Twentieth-Century Antecedents of Decolonising Nationalism in Botswana’, in Edge and Lekorwe, Botswana, p. 103.
17. Hatch, A History of Postwar Africa, p. 234.
18. Time, 30 June 1961.
19. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, p. 78.
20. Bechuanaland Government, ‘Agreement to suspend application of Race Relations Legislation’, press statement, 19 March 1964, LHASC, Bech: Gen Correspondence and Documents 1956–67.
21. American Consulate Mbabane to Secretary of State Washington, 21 November 1964, NARA, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files [1964–66], Box 1912, File: Pol. 19 Bech.
22. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, pp. 90–91.
23. Seretse Khama to Tony Benn, 8 April 1963; Benn to Seretse, 26 April 1963, LHASC, Bech: Gen Correspondence and Documents 1956–67.
24. Report by Bartlett and Williams to Secretary of State, 21 August 1961, NARA, Rg 59. Records of G. Mennen Williams, Box 22, File: Basutoland Trip, August 1961.
25. Lord Harlech to Gordon Walker, 16 November 1964, TNA:PRO, DO 216/34.
26. Quoted in Hatch, Africa – the Rebirth of Self-rule, p. 56.
27. The Times, 8 July 1978.
28. See Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 20.
29. The Times, 27 January 1960.
30. Quoted in Fisher, Harold Macmillan, p. 236.
31. Horne, Macmillan 1957–86, pp. 194–5; Fisher, Harold Macmillan, p. 237.
32. Bechuanaland Protectorate, Central Intelligence Committee, 1965, TNA: PRO, CO 1048/461.
33. Read to Mrs Read, 14 November 1965, BLCAS, Mss Afr s 1613.
34. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, p. 135.
35. Monson to Osborne, 24 August 1964, TNA:PRO, CO 1048/484.
36. Report from US diplomat to Secretary of State, 5 September 1963, NARA, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File 1963, Box 3824, File. Pol – Bech.
37. Durban, Daily News, 16 January 1965.
38. The Times, 30 September 1966.
39. Election message by Seretse Khama, Serowe, January 1965, in Khama, From the Frontline, p. 10.
40. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 229.
41. Mitchison, Return to the Fairy Hill, pp. 214–15.
42. Gabatshwane, Seretse Khama and Botswana, p. 81.
43. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, p. 89.
44. American Embassy, Cape Town, to Department of State, Washington, NARA, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, [1964–66], Box 1912, File: Pol 19 Bech.
45. Stephenson to Home, ‘Bantustans and their political relationship to the High Commission Territories’, 24 September 1963, TNA:PRO, DO 216/18.
46. American Embassy, Cape Town, to Department of State, 23 March 1965, NARA, RG 59, Sub-Numeric Files [1964–66], Box 1911, File: Pol 12 Bech.
47. Benn, Out of the Wilderness, p. 452.
48. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 185.
49. US Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, 3 August 1964, NARA, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files [1964–66], Box 1912, File: Political Affairs and Relations Bech.
50. Department of State to American Consul, Mbabane, 5 November 1965, NARA, RG 59, Sub-Numeric Files [1964–66], Box 1911, File: Pol – Bech.
51. Cooke, One White Man in Black Africa, p. 240.
52. ‘Note for meeting between Dr Seretse Khama and Mr Masire with the Prime Minister’, 19 February 1966, TNA:PRO, PREM 13/711.
53. Dubbeld, Seretse Khama, p. 45.
54. Appiah, Joe Appiah, p. 185.
26 PULA! BOTSWANA 1966
1. Muriel Sanderson to author, 17 November 2004.
2. Stonehouse, Death of an Idealist, p. 63.
3. Foreign Office to Addis Ababa, 12 August 1966, TNA:PRO, FO 371/188143.
4. Robins, White Queen in Africa, p. 180.
5. ibid., pp. 166–7.
6. ibid., pp. 179–83; Alan and Juni Tilbury to author, 24 April 2005.
7. J. S. Gandee, British High Commissioner in Botswana, to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, ‘Botswana: The First Year’, 13 November 1967, TNA:PRO, FCO 31/19.
8. Mafeking Mail, 7 October 1966.
9. Stonehouse, Death of an Idealist, p. 63.
10. Winstanley, Under Two Flags in Africa, p. 247.
11. Muriel Sanderson to author, 17 November 2004.
12. Bessie Head, ‘Chibuku beer and Independence’, New African, November 1966.
13. American Consul Mbabane to Department of State Washington, 27 January 1966, NARA, RG 59, Sub-Numeric Files [1964–66], Box 1911, File: Pol 2 Bech.
14. Sir Ketumile Masire to author, 19 November 2004.
15. Dahl, Botswana’s First Independence Decade, p. 2.
16. The Times, 30 September 1966.
17. ‘Note for meeting between Dr Seretse Khama and Mr Masire with the Prime Minister’, 19 February 1966, TNA:PRO, PREM 13/711.
18. Quoted in Dahl, Botswana’s First Independence Decade, p. 1.
19. Morton and Ramsay (eds), The Birth of Botswana, p. 187.
20. B. O. Wilkin, Medical Officer of Health, ‘Malaria in the Bechuanaland Protectorate’, 1955–1961, BLCAS, Rhodes House Mss Afr s 1378, Wilkin Box 3/2.
21. Clark to Department of State, 4 June 1963, NARA, RG 59, Sub-Numeric Files, 1963, Box 3824, File: Pol – Bech.
22. American Embassy Pretoria to Secretary of State Washington, 8 July 1964, NARA, RG 59, Sub-Numeric Files [1964–66], Box 1911, File: Pol 15–5 Bech.
23. Interview with Margaret Nasha, August 1983, in Qunta (ed.), Women in Southern Africa, pp. 199–200.
24. Anthony Read to Mrs Read, 1 November 1966, BLCAS, Mss Afr s 1613.
25. Anthony Read to Mrs Read, 14 March 1966, ibid.
26. Anthony Read to Mrs Read, 8 April 1966, ibid.
27. The World Bank, World Development Report 2000/2001. Attacking Poverty, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000.
28. Interview with Margaret Nasha, August 1983, in Qunta, (ed.), Women in Southern Africa, pp. 199–200.
29. ‘Note for meeting between Dr Seretse Khama and Mr Masire with the Prime Minister’, 19 February 1966, TNA:PRO, PREM 13/711.
30. Morton and Ramsay (eds), The Birth of Botswana, p. 192.
31. Memorandum from Ulric Haynes of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy), 2 November 1965, CAN:CER, Foreign Relations 1964–1968, vol. XXIV, pp. 692–3.
32. Speech by Nelson Mandela at Serowe Kgotla, 6 September 1995, ANC Documents: see http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/index.html
33. Hatch, Africa Emergent, p. 132.
34. Foreword by Nyerere, February 1980, in Seretse Khama, From the Frontline, pp. ix–xiv.
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