Without the academics that have spent years conducting this research, this book wouldn’t exist. I’d like to thank the following people whose work has particularly shaped my ideas: Marc Wittmann, Endel Tulving, Dean Buonomano, David Eagleman, Lera Boroditsky, Eleanor Maguire, Jamie Ward, Ad Kerkhof, Katya Rubia, Suzanne Corkin, William Friedman, Daniel Gilbert, Demis Hassabis, Emily Holmes, Daniel Schacter, Donna Rose Addis, Thomas Suddendorf, Karl Szpunar, Philip Zimbardo, Bud Craig, Ernst Pöppel and Virginie van Wassenhove. Writing a book on this topic means you can’t fail to notice what a precious commodity time is, and so I’m especially grateful to some of those above who have spent time over the years explaining their work to me personally.
My thanks to Mark Williams and Patrizia Collard for their lessons in mindfulness, to Emmy Goodby for her research for Chapters Two and Four, to Marie McCallum for the index and to Matthew Broome and Dean Buonomano for checking particular sections of the book for me.
Then there are the people who were generous enough to share their own experiences with me – Chuck Berry, Robert B. Sothern, Eleanor and Angela. And I want to make special mention of BBC colleague Alan Johnston, who was not only was prepared to go over his traumatic story once more with me, but had clearly thought very hard about the topic of time before the interview. He could easily have written his own book on his experiences, so it was very generous of him to discuss them with me.
Many listeners to the programme I present on BBC Radio 4, All in the Mind, took the time to send in their detailed descriptions of the way they visualise time, and in particular I’d like to thank the following people, who even allowed me to include their descriptions in this book: Clifford Pope, Simon Thomas, David Brock, Katherine Herepath and Chella Quint, as well as others who chose to remain anonymous. And special thanks to Roger Rowland and Lisa Bingley, who took the time to draw pictures of how they see time and gave me permission to publish versions of them.
I’ve been really impressed with everyone at Canongate, who have efficiency and enthusiasm that writers dream of. This is a much better book thanks to them. Jenny Lord and Octavia Reeve made tactful yet incisive improvements and have been excellent at spotting mistakes. Thank you to my agents: David Miller for getting the book published, and Will Francis for his detailed suggestions on the text.
Finally, I’m grateful to those family and friends who have put up with my constant complaining that I don’t have enough time to write this book, and to my partner Tim who patiently read the lot, improved it a great deal and has endured endless conversations about time.
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1 McTaggart (1908)
2 Zhong & DeVoe (2010)
3 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5104778.stm
1. THE TIME ILLUSION
4 Described in James (1890)
5 Husserl (1893)
6 Zerubavel (2003)
7 Bargh et al. (1996)
8 Loftus et al. (1987)
9 Twenge et al. (2003)
10 Shneidman (1973)
11 Broome (2005)
12 Wyllie (2005)
13 Wittman (2009)
14 Cotard (1882)
15 Leafhead & Kopelman (1999)
16 Baddeley (1966)
17 Hoagland (1933)
18 Halberg et al. (2008)
19 Hunt (2008)
2. MIND CLOCKS
20 Henderson et al. (2006)
21 Koch (2002)
22 Vicario et al. (2010)
23 Craig (2009)
24 Sevinc (2007)
25 Pöppel (2009)
26 Schleidt & Eibesfeldt (1987)
27 See James (1890) again
28 Lewis & Miall (2009)
29 Zakay & Block (1997)
30 Bar-Haim et al. (2010)
31 Langer et al. (1961)
32 Noulhiane et al. (2007)
33 van Wassenhove (2009)
34 http://www.neurobio.ucla.edu/~dbuono/InterThr.htm
35 Buonomano et al. (2009)
36 Eagleman & Pariyadath (2009)
37 Siffre (1965)
38 Foster & Kreitzman (2003)
3. MONDAY IS RED
39 Ward (2008)
40 Mann et al. (2009)
41 See Ward (2008) again
42 Gevers et al. (2003)
43 Cottle (1976)
44 See Cottle (1976) again
45 Boroditsky (2008)
46 Casasanto (2010)
47 Boroditsky (2000)
48 Casasanto & Boroditsky (2008)
49 Merritt et al. (2010)
50 Casasanto & Bottini (2010)
51 Boroditsky & Ramscar (2002)
52 Margulies & Crawford (2008)
53 Hauser et al. (2009)
54 Miles et al. (2010)
4. WHY TIME SPEEDS UP AS YOU GET OLDER
55 Kogure (2001)
56 Shield (1994)
57 Janet (1877) in James (1890)
58 Lemlich (1975)
59 Friedman et al. (2010)
60 See Friedman et al. (2010) again
61 Fradera & Ward (2006)
62 Linton (1975)
63 Walker (2003)
64 Ross & Wilson (2002)
65 Skowronski et al. (2003)
66 Wagenaar (1986)
67 Maycock et al. (1991)
68 Prohaska et al. (1998)
69 Frederickson et al. (2003)
70 Friedman (1987)
71 Crawley & Pring (2000)
72 Holmes & Conway (1999)
73 Conway & Haque (1999)
74 Linton (1988)
75 Frankl (1946)
76 Mann (1924). Quotes from p. 104.
5. REMEMBERING THE FUTURE
77 D’Argembeau et al. (2011)
78 Rosenbaum et al. (2005)
79 Schacter & Addis (2007)
80 Hassabis & Maguire (2009)
81 Addis et al. (2008)
82 Kennett & Matthews (2009)
83 Eichenbaum & Fortin (2009)
84 Szpunar et al. (2007)
85 Hassabis et al. (2007)
86 Logan, C.J. et al. (2011)
87 Suddendorf & Corballis (2007)
88 Busby & Suddendorf (2005)
89 Atance (2008)
90 Buckner (2010)
91 Szpunar & McDermott (2008)
92 Berntsen & Bohn (2010)
93 Newby-Clark & Ross (2003)
94 Lachman et al. (2008)
95 Van Boven & Ashworth (2007)
96 Taylor et al. (1998)
97 Hawton (2005)
98 Crane et al. (2011)
99 Holmes et al. (2007)
100 Killingsworth & Gilbert (2010)
101 Bar (2009)
102 Azy et al. (2008)
103 See Hassabis & Maguire (2009) again
104 Gilbert & Wilson (2009)
105 Gilbert (2006)
106 Loewenstein & Frederick (1997)
107 Gilbert et al. (1998)
108 Wilson et al. (2000)
109 Dunn et al. (2003)
110 Liberman & Trope (1998)
111 Nussbaum et al. (2006)
112 See Liberman & Trope (1998) again
113 Wakslak et al. (2008)
114 Shu & Gneezy (2010)
115 Marshall (undated)
116 Buehler et al. (1994)
117 Mischel et al. (1989)
118 Steinberg et al. (2009)
119 El Sawy (1983)
120 Weick (1995)
6. CHANGING YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH TIME
121 Mangan et al. (1996)
122 O’Reilly (2000)
123 Tobin et al. (2010)
124 Schwartz (1975)
125 Hoffman (2009)
126 See Friedman et al. (2010) again
127 Ofcom (2010)
128 Bluedorn (2002)
129 Leroy (2009)
130 Jiga-Boy et al. (2010)
131 Putnam (1995)
132 See Frankl (1946) again
133 Kerkhof (2010)
134 Jam
es (1890)
135 Csikszentmihalyi (1996)
136 Zimbardo & Boyd (2008)
137 Williams & Penman (2011)
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This list is not exhaustive, but these are the main research papers to which I refer in Time Warped, and the books in this field that I found to be the most useful to my own research.
Apologies to the authors, but, to save space and trees, where there are multiple authors I’ve included only the first.
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