40. Cited by Potter, Impending Crisis, p. 349; cited by John Channing Briggs, Lincoln’s Speeches Reconsidered (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 147; Mario Cuomo and Harold Holzer, eds., Lincoln on Democracy (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 158.
4. Urban Plantation
1. George Washington Plunkitt, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (New York: Timeless Classic Books, 2010), p. 1.
2. Peter Beinart, “How the Democrats Lost Their Way on Immigration,” July–August 2017, theatlantic.com.
3. Jared Sichel, “Six Insane California Laws That Go Into Effect Monday,” December 29, 2017, dailywire.com; Adam Shaw, “Oakland Mayor Consulted with Illegal-Immigration Activists Before Tipping Off ICE Raid,” March 16, 2018, foxnews.com.
4. Vivian Wang, “In Rebuke to Trump, Cuomo Pardons 18 Immigrants,” December 27, 2017, mobile.nytimes.com.
5. John McCormack, “Obama to Latinos: ‘Punish’ Your ‘Enemies’ in the Voting Booth,” October 25, 2010, weeklystandard.com.
6. Thomas B. Edsall, “The Democrats’ Immigration Problem,” February 6, 2017, nytimes.com.
7. Terry Golway, “The Forgotten Virtues of Tammany Hall,” New York Times, January 17, 2014, nytimes.com; “The Case for Tammany Hall Being on the Right Side of History,” March 5, 2014, npr.org.
8. Ted Widmer, Martin Van Buren (New York: Times Books, 2005), p. 6–8.
9. Kevin Baker, “The Soul of a New Machine,” August 17, 2016, newrepublic.com.
10. Chester Collins Maxey, “A Little History of Pork,” National Municipal Review (1919), p. 693.
11. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, p. xvii, 58, 68; Robert Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), p. 1.
12. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, p. 4, 57; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 483.
13. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party, p. 38.
14. Ibid., p. 129–30.
15. Martin Van Buren, Letter to Thomas Ritchie, 1827, Oxford University Press, global.oup.com.
16. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party, p. 132.
17. Ibid., p. 196.
18. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), p. 31–33.
19. Ibid., p. 56–57.
20. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, p. 65.
21. Cited by Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party, p. 11.
22. Cited by Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), p. 250.
23. Cited by Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2014), p. 84, 92, 100.
24. Ibid., p. 156.
25. Ibid., p. 176.
26. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2006), p. 14.
27. Abraham Lincoln, speech at Chicago, July 10, 1858, in Abraham Lincoln, Selected Speeches and Writings (New York: Vintage, 1992), p. 145.
28. James Madison, Book 10, in Hamilton, Madison and Jay, Federalist, p. 51–59.
29. Jay Cost, A Republic No More (New York: Encounter Books, 2015), p. xiii.
30. Plunkitt, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, p. 67.
5. The Plantation in Crisis
1. Cited by A. J. Langguth, After Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), p. 61.
2. George Fredrickson, Big Enough to Be Inconsistent (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); Fred Kaplan, Lincoln and the Abolitionists (New York: Harper, 2017); Tanya D. Marsh, “Abraham Lincoln Was a Racist and Other Hard Truths from Our Messy Past,” August 16, 2017, huffingtonpost.com.
3. Lerone Bennett, Forced Into Glory (New York: Johnson Publishing, 2000).
4. “Civil War Historian Eric Foner on the Radical Possibilities of Reconstruction,” March 11, 2015, democracynow.org.
5. Eric Foner, Reconstruction (New York: HarperPerennial, 2014), p. 228, 321, 604.
6. Cited by Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), p. 227.
7. Cited by Foner, Reconstruction, p. xxi-xxii.
8. Cited by David Potter, The Impending Crisis (New York: HarperPerennial, 1976), p. 475.
9. Abraham Lincoln to Alexander H. Stephens, December 22, 1860, in Abraham Lincoln, Selected Speeches and Writings (New York: Vintage, 1992), p. 275–76.
10. Ibid., p. 159–60, 184–86, 190–91.
11. Kenneth Stampp, And the War Came (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), p. xi; Kenneth Stampp, The Imperiled Union (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 117.
12. Cited by Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 264; James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 224.
13. Abraham Lincoln, speech on the Dred Scott decision, June 20, 1857, in Lincoln, Selected Speeches and Writings, p. 120.
14. Mario Cuomo and Harold Holzer, eds., Lincoln on Democracy (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 126.
15. Cited by Jennifer Weber, Copperheads (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 106; “Robert E. Lee’s Decision to Invade the North in September 1862,” civilwar.org.
16. Cited by McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 591.
17. Ibid., p. 592.
18. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 313.
19. Ibid., p. 368.
20. Ibid., p. 415, 459; David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 305.
21. Jefferson Davis, Message to the Confederate Congress, April 29, 1861, cited by Kenneth M. Stampp, ed., The Causes of the Civil War (New York: Touchstone, 1991), p. 153–54.
22. Cited by Harry V. Jaffa, A New Birth of Freedom (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), p. 216–17, 222.
23. Weber, Copperheads, p. 8.
24. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 595; Julia Golia, “The Emancipation Proclamation: Copperheads Respond,” Brooklyn Historical Society, February 25, 2014, brooklynhistory.org.
25. Cited by Donald, Lincoln, p. 513, 537.
26. Cited by Lord Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln (Mineola: Dover Publications, 1997), p. 416; cited by Donald, Lincoln, p. 527.
27. Cited by Donald, Lincoln, p. 596.
28. Ibid., p. 549.
29. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 852.
30. Cited by Donald, Lincoln, p. 470.
31. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 180.
32. Ibid., p. 425; David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987), p. 10.
33. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 339.
6. Progressive Plantation
1. Woodrow Wilson, History of the American People, cited by Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1971), p. 325–26.
2. Woodrow Wilson, The State (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1889), see esp. p. 526–27.
3. Woodrow Wilson, “The Reconstruction of the Southern States,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, p. 1–15.
4. Cited by Weyl and Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro, p. 325–26.
5. Cited by Robert Norrell, Up from History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 243.
6. Dewey W. Grantham, “Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington and the South,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 18 (June 1958), p. 112–30.
7. Jonah Goldberg, “Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive Racism,” November 21, 2015, nationalreview.com.
8. Norrell, Up from History, p. 83, 392, 406
.
9. W. E. B. Du Bois, Crisis, August 1912, p. 181.
10. Raymond Wolters, Du Bois and His Rivals (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), p. 245–46; W. E. B. Du Bois, “On Stalin,” National Guardian, March 16, 1953, marxists.org; Werner Sollors, “W.E.B. Du Bois in Nazi Germany,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 12, 1999, p. B-4, 5.
11. Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), p. 127; A. James Gregor, The Ideology of Fascism (New York: Free Press, 1969), p. 355.
12. David Greenberg, “The Do-Gooder,” July 26, 2010, newrepublic.com.
13. Abraham Lincoln, Selected Speeches and Writings (New York: Vintage, 1992), p. 379.
14. Edward Alsworth Ross, Social Control (New York: Macmillan, 1918), p. 74, 82.
15. David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 298.
16. Eric Foner, Reconstruction (New York: HarperPerennial, 2014), p. 129.
17. Ibid., p. 131.
18. Ibid., p. 173.
19. C. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Colonial Portuguese Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 56.
20. George Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 81.
21. Cited in Drew Gilpin Faust, ed., The Ideology of Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), p. 58.
22. Anthony Slide, American Racist: The Life and Films of Thomas Dixon (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), p. 14, 130; see also David Stricklin, “Ours Is a Century of Light: Dixon’s Strange Consistency,” in Michele K. Gillespie and Randal L. Hall, Thomas Dixon Jr. and the Birth of Modern America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), p. 81, 83.
23. Thomas Dixon Jr., The Clansman (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970), p. xi, 351–52.
24. Thomas Cripps, Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900–1942 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 41–69; Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001), p. 3–10.
25. Letter from Thomas Dixon to Joseph Tumulty, secretary to the president, May 1, 1915, cited by Weyl and Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro, p. 336–37; also cited by Norrell, Up from History, p. 413.
26. See, e.g., David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987), p. 3.
27. Carol Anderson, White Rage (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016), p. 43.
28. Thomas D. Clark, “Introduction,” in Dixon, The Clansman, p. xvii–xviii.
29. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Another Open Letter to Woodrow Wilson,” The Crisis, September 1913, teachingamericanhistory.org.
30. Edwin Black, The War Against the Weak (Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2013), p. 133; Thomas Leonard, Illiberal Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016), p. 116.
31. Black, The War Against the Weak, p. 192.
32. Leonard, Illiberal Reformers, p. 137.
33. Woodrow Wilson, History of the American People (New York: Harper and Bros., 1903), vol. 5, p. 212–13.
34. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), p. 286, 439–40.
35. James Whitman, Hitler’s American Model (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), p. 1.
36. Ibid., p. 145; James Whitman, “When the Nazis Wrote the Nuremberg Laws, They Looked to Racist American Statutes,” February 22, 2017, latimes.com.
37. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 27, 36.
7. The State as Big House
1. Mike Wallace, interview with Ronald Reagan, 60 Minutes, CBS, December 14, 1975.
2. Ira Katznelson, Fear Itself (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2013), p. 282.
3. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands (New York: Basic Books, 2010), p. 382; Alexander Von Plato, Almut Leh and Christoph Thonfeld, eds., Hitler’s Slaves (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010); Marc Buggeln, Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
4. Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 76, 118, 171–72.
5. Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 122–23.
6. Cited by James Whitman, Hitler’s American Model (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), p. 9–10.
7. Snyder, Bloodlands, p. 160.
8. Cited by Andrew Nagorski, Hitlerland (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 41.
9. AP, “Truman’s Racist Talk Cited by Historian,” Seattle Times, November 3, 1991; William Lee Miller, Two Americans: Truman, Eisenhower and a Dangerous World (New York: Vintage, 2012), p. 353.
10. Katznelson, Fear Itself, p. 84–88.
11. Cited by C. Dwight McDorough, Mr. Sam (New York: Random House, 1962), p. 191.
12. David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987), p. 80; Roger Newman, Hugo Black (New York: Pantheon, 1994), p. 98.
13. Eric Zimmerman, “Clinton says Byrd Joined KKK to Help Him Get Elected,” July 2, 2010, thehill.com.
14. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 278.
15. Howard Ball, Hugo L. Black (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 98–99.
16. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Politics of Hope (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), p. 124–25.
17. Cited by Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Three New Deals (New York: Picador, 2006), p. 27.
18. A. James Gregor, Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 98, 125.
19. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), p. 230.
20. John P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), p. 165; Schivelbusch, Three New Deals (New York: Picador, 2006), p. 23.
21. Cited by Schivelbusch, Three New Deals, p. 18–19.
22. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress on the Concentration of Economic Power,” April 29, 1938, publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu.
23. Henry Scott Wallace, “American Fascism in 1944 and Today,” May 12, 2017, nytimes.com.
24. A. James Gregor, Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher of Fascism (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2008), p. 63; Giovanni Gentile, Origins and Doctrine of Fascism (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2009), p. 31.
25. Cited by A. James Gregor, The Ideology of Fascism (New York: Free Press, 1969), p. 185.
26. Roger Griffin, Fascism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 4; Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 47.
27. Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 201, 204.
28. Gentile, Origins and Doctrine of Fascism, p. 25.
29. Gotz Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), p. 8, 21–23, 30, 314.
30. Cited by Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism, p. 279.
31. Ibid., p. 226–28, 287.
32. Cited by Schivelbusch, Three New Deals, p. 32.
33. Katznelson, Fear Itself, p. 235.
34. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism, p. 280; Jonah Goldberg, Liberal Fascism (New York: Doubleday, 2007), p. 156.
35. Katznelson, Fear Itself, p. 22.
36. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), p. 22.
37. Ibid., p. 82.
38. Cited by Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 52.
39. Katznelson, Fear Itself, p. 168.
; 40. Ibid., p. 9, 486.
41. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933, presidency.ucsb.edu; Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address at Madison Square Garden, October 31, 1936, presidency.ucsb.edu.
42. Cited by Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 51.
43. Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2014), p. 294; Jay Cost, A Republic No More (New York: Encounter Books, 2015), p. 52–54.
44. Burton W. Folsom, New Deal or Raw Deal? (New York: Threshold Editions, 2008), p. 120–21.
45. Cost, Republic No More, p. 175–76.
8. Civil Rights and Wrongs
1. Lyndon Johnson, statement to Missouri Democratic senator John Stennis during debate on the Civil Rights Act of 1957, cited by Robert Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (New York: Vintage, 2003), p. 954.
2. James W. Muller, “A Kind of Dignity and Even Nobility: Winston Churchill’s Thoughts and Adventures,” August 10, 2013, theimaginativeconservative.org.
3. Cited by Robert P. Jones, “How Trump Remixed the Republican Southern Strategy,” August 14, 2016, theatlantic.com.
4. Jeet Heer, “How the Southern Strategy Made Donald Trump Possible,” February 18, 2016, newrepublic.com.
5. Ben Fountain, “Reagan, Trump and the Devil Down South,” March 5, 2016, theguardian.com.
6. Jones, “How Trump Remixed the Republican Southern Strategy.”
7. Daniel Denvir, “Why Republicans Blaming Democrats for the KKK Are Profoundly Wrong,” March 4, 2016, salon.com.
8. Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999); Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
9. Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Marshall Frady, “The Big Guy” November 7, 2002, nybooks.com.
10. Michael Oreskes, “Civil Rights Act Leaves Deep Mark on the American Political Landscape,” July 2, 1989, nytimes.com.
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