The Emperor of All Maladies
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Harvard Medical School, 18–19, 27, 30
Harvey, Gideon, 83
Hayes, Daniel, 426
hcg (choriogonadotropin), 136, 137, 138
Health Net, 322–23, 324
Fox lawsuit against, 322, 324
heart disease, 45, 110, 259, 284
cholesterol and, 444
Heath, Jeff, 98
Heckler, Margaret, 318
Hegel, Georg, 202
Heister, Lorenz, 49
Helicobacter pylori, 282–84, 303, 456
Heller, John, 114
hematology, 27
hematopoietic stem cells, 458
hemophilia, 415
hepatitis:
acute, 280
chronic, 279, 340
hepatitis B virus (HBV), 280, 303
vaccine for, 281, 290
hepatocellular cancer, 280
Her-2 gene, 413, 414–21, 423, 425–29, 454, 464
Herceptin (Trastuzumab), 416–22, 455, 464
patient demands for access to, 423–26
648 trial of, 427–28
trials of, 420–22, 423, 424, 426–29, 430
heritability, of traits, 343–44, 364, 366
Hermann, I., 335
Herodotus, 41, 42
herpes, 342
Hertz, Roy, 135, 136–37
Hickam, John, 261
Hiepler, Mark, 322, 324
high blood pressure, 444
Hill, Austin Bradford, 243–44
causality postulates of, 255–56
lung cancer studies of, 245–46, 247, 248–49, 250, 253–54, 260, 262, 263, 276, 294, 350, 401, 455
randomization protocols developed by, 131–32, 243
Hill, John, 239–40, 276
Hill, Lister, 107, 117, 179, 184
HIP (Health Insurance Plan), 294–96, 297
Hippocrates, 47–48, 49, 155, 308, 463
“straight into” expression of, 52
Hippocratic oath, 70
Hiroshima, bombing of, 119
Histories (Herodotus), 41
Hitchings, George, 91, 92
HIV, 14n, 165, 318, 356, 424
HMOs (health maintenance organizations), 294
experimental therapy coverage denied by, 322, 324–25
Hodgkin, Thomas, 155–58
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 152–53, 181, 222, 228, 399
B symptoms of, 152, 164
chemotherapy for, 163–66, 208, 308, 315
discovery of, 155–58
leukemia relapse as outcome of chemotherapy for, 165
as localized disease, 158, 161, 163
metastatic, 163
radiation therapy for, 159–61, 163
remission rate of, 160–61, 171, 179, 228, 231, 331, 400, 401, 465
stages of, 160–61, 163, 164–65
Hoechst Chemical Works, 86, 87
Hofmann, August, 83
Holland, James, 130, 167n, 184, 430
Holleb, Arthur, 296
homosexuals, AIDS and, 315–19
hormonal therapies:
adjuvant, 221–22, 223, 456
for breast cancer, 214–17, 218, 221–22, 456, 464, 466
for prostate cancer, 213–14, 222
hormones:
regulatory functions of, 211–12
synthetic, 277
see also specific hormones
hospices, 225–26
Hospital Dieu, 51
hospitals, proliferation of, 22
House of Representatives, U.S., 186–88
see also Congress, U.S.
House That “Jimmy” Built, The, 93
HTLV-1, 415
Huebner, Robert, 358n
Huggins, Charles, 210–13, 215, 216, 304
Human EGF Receptor (HER), 413
human genome, 451
cancer as inseparable from, 462
Human Genome Project, 450
human papillomavirus (HPV), 349n, 381n
humors, theory of, 48–50, 52, 79, 214, 463
Hungerford, David, 365
Hunter, David, 457
Hunter, John, 55–56, 58, 463
Hunting of the Snark (Carroll), 357, 360, 362
hydraulics, 48
hyperplasia, 15, 28–29, 140, 204
hyperplasia, pathological, 6, 15–16, 38–39, 47–48, 136, 140–41, 340, 348, 351, 355, 357–59, 369, 372, 376, 387, 391, 405–6, 458–59
as halted by nitrogen mustard, 163, 406
as impeded by X-rays, 75
as induced by oncogenes, 357–59, 372, 431
as interrupted by antifolates, 406
as vulnerability, 405–6
see also neoplasia
hypertrophy, 15
IDAV (immuno-deficiency associated viruses), see HIV
Illness as Metaphor (Sontag), 37–38, 316, 449
imatinib, see Gleevec
Imhotep, 40–41, 42, 55, 463
immune system:
AIDS and, 315–19
as compromised by chemotherapy, 165, 315
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 216
India, cigarette consumption in, 273–74
infection:
as risk of surgery, 56–57
viral protein as sign of, 280
white blood cells in response to, 13, 16
infectious diseases:
causality and, 254
vectors for, 245
inflammation, as carcinogenic, 281, 284, 303, 340, 388, 456n
influenza, 46–47, 351
1918 pandemic of, 110
“In Memoriam, July 19, 1914” (Akhmatova), 461
Institute for Cancer Research, 279
Institut Pasteur, 318
insulin, 414, 415
insurance providers, experimental therapy coverage denied by, 321–25
Internet, patient chat rooms on, 438, 467
Invisible Cities (Calvino), 412
involved field radiation, 160
iron deficiency, 27–28
iron lungs, 94, 466
Istituto Tumori, 220
Jacob, François, 345
Javits, Jacob, 185
Jencks, Maggie Keswick, 328–29, 450
Jenner, Edward, 343
Jensen, Earl, 374
Jensen, Elwood, 215, 216, 217
Jimmy Fund, 96–99, 102, 108, 171–72, 190, 395
Jimmy’s Clinic, 96, 99–100, 102–4, 124–25, 172, 397
deaths at, 125–26
Farber at, 125–26, 153, 189–90
John Harvey, 89
John of Arderne, 49
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 63, 65, 450
Jordan, V. Craig, 217
Journal of the American Medical Association, 246
Kafka, Franz, 105
Kantarjian, Hagop, 438, 440
Kaplan, Henry, 158–61, 163, 166, 184, 222
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 315–17, 318
karkinos, 47–48, 463
Keats, John, 38
Keefer, Chester, 129
Kennedy, Edward, 179, 185
Kennedy, John F., 259–60
Kennedy/Javits bill (Conquest of Cancer Act), 185–86, 187
Kettlewell, Henry B. D., 248n
Keynes, Geoffrey, 193, 195–98, 199
kidney cancer, 71, 123–24
Kiltie, Harriet, 31, 33
kinase inhibitors, 432–34, 435, 442–43
kinases, 358–59, 361, 368, 431–32, 467–68
as “druggable,” 432
Klausner, Richard, 332, 465–66
Knudson, Alfred, 366–69, 376, 377, 380
Koch, Robert, 84, 254, 255, 382
Kohler, George, 417
Korean War, 135–36
Kornberg, Arthur, 349
Kornegay, Horace, 270
Korsmeyer, Stan, 387
Koster, Bill, 95–96, 97, 99, 102
Kramer, Larry, 318–19
Krumbhaar, Edward and Helen, 88, 90
Kushner, Rose, 114, 193, 200, 209, 405
; L-1210 leukemia, 140–41
LaCombe, Michael, 128
Lancet, 301, 315, 316
Landers, Ann (Eppie Lederer), 185–86
L&M cigarettes, 268
Landsteiner, Karl, 342
Lasker, Albert, 110–11
on ACS board, 112
as advertising genius, 109
colon cancer of, 116–17
Lasker, Mary Woodard, 375n, 393
ACS and, 112–13
background of, 108–9
campaign to raise public awareness of cancer, 112–13
death of, 403
as evangelist for medical research, 110–11
Farber and, 114–15, 116, 122, 171, 172, 177, 190
fund-raising by, 117
and husband’s cancer, 117
as socialite, 108, 111, 117
in War on Cancer, 113–14, 117–18, 122, 155, 177–78, 179, 183–86, 188–89, 191, 234, 296, 402, 403
Laskerites, 105, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 121, 155, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 188, 189, 234, 253, 318, 375
Lasker Prize, 188
Laszlo, John, 21
Lauder, Leonard, 102
Lawrence, D. H., 364
Leakey, Louis, 43
Leder, Philip, 382–83, 384
Lederle Labs, 31, 33
Lee, Philip, 186
Lee, Rose, 75–76
LeMaistre, Charles, 260
Leopold Cassella Company, 85
Lerner, Max, 398
Let Me Down Easy (Smith), 305
leukemia, 3, 260, 337, 375, 439, 451
acute myeloid (AML), 16–17
acute promyelocytic (APL), 407–10
in adults, 17, 306
antifolates and, 29, 31, 33, 35, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 114, 121, 136, 162
bone marrow transplants for, 309
brain as “sanctuary” for, 127, 146–47, 442
“cancer stem cells” and, 458–59
chemotherapy for, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 92, 100, 101, 103–4, 122, 132–34, 135, 140–42, 167–70, 308, 339, 401, 443; see also specific regimens
in children, 7, 12, 17, 19, 32–36, 92, 96, 101, 103–4, 123, 133, 139, 163, 166, 170, 179, 231, 232, 401
chronic myeloid (myelogenous), see chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia
chronic vs. acute, 16
discovery of, 12–14
Farber’s research on, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 95, 100, 101, 114, 121, 122–23, 130, 132, 136, 158, 309, 338, 433, 439
folic acid and, 29
L-1210, 140–41
Marie Curie’s death from, 78, 347
as measurable, 19
multiplicity of symptoms in, 13
naming of, 14
as outcome of chemotherapy for other cancers, 165, 306, 312
radiation therapy for, 168–70
relapses of, 35, 91, 132, 133, 147, 165, 166, 170, 442
remissions of, 34, 35, 101, 127, 133, 145–46, 179, 190
research consortium for, 130–31, 133, 144
vincristine and, 139–40
see also acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Levi, Primo, 394
Levinson, Art, 358n, 418, 427
Levittown, 22–23
Li, Min Chiu, 135–36, 139, 168, 219
Life, 24, 175
life expectancy, in U.S., 22, 45
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 381
Liggett, 269–71
Lindskog, Gustaf, 90
linear accelerators, 158–59
Lister, Joseph, 57–58, 62
Little, Clarence Cook, 111, 112, 113, 253–54, 255, 263
liver cancer, 280, 290, 340
Lives of a Cell, The (Thomas), 430
Lockhart-Mummery, John, 286
London, Jack, 218
London School of Tropical Medicine, 245
Longoria, Ethel, 136
Lord and Thomas, 109
Lorde, Audre, 227
Lorillard Tobacco Company, 269–71, 273
Los Angeles Times, 73
Love Story, 181
lumpectomies, 194–95, 464
lung cancer, 45, 158, 388–90, 450, 451
chemotherapy for, 162, 308–9, 389, 403–4, 443
increased rate of, 231
mesothelioma, 276–77
metastasis of, 208, 256, 267, 269, 307, 389–90, 403
morbidity rates of, 243, 331
mortality rates of, 331, 401
premalignant stage of, 385
radiation therapy for, 158, 403
smoking and, see tobacco-cancer link
surgical removal of, 59, 72, 256
in women, 331
lung disease, 259
Lydon, Nick, 432–33, 434, 435
lymph nodes, 157
surgical removal of, 58, 65, 194
lymphoid cells, 17
lymphomas, 151–52, 228, 316
chemotherapy for, 90–91, 96–97, 122, 132–34, 135, 162, 401, 443
cure rate of, 233
Hodgkin’s, see Hodgkin’s lymphoma
radiation therapy for, 77, 158
relapses of, 91
Lynch, Henry, 381
Lynch, Thomas, 307–8, 403–4
Lynch syndrome, 381
McGregor, Marilyn, 429
Madagascar periwinkle, 139
magic bullets, 86–88, 222, 304
Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 38
Magnuson, Warren, 25
Magrath, Ian, 207
malaria, 245
Malmö, Sweden, 298, 300–301
Malmö Mammography Study, 300–301
malnourishment, anemia and, 28–29
mammography, 44, 228, 290–91
benefits of, as age-dependent, 300–302
Canadian trial (CNBSS) of, 298–300, 302
Edinburgh trial of, 298
HIP trial of, 294–96, 297
metastasis and, 302–3
mortality rates and, 296, 297, 300–301, 331–32, 402
NCI project (BCDDP) for, 296–98, 302
Swedish trials of, 298, 300–301
Manhattan Project, 119, 120, 186
Mann, Thomas, 38
March of Dimes, 94
marijuana, as antiemetic, 205
Marine Hospital, U.S., 26
Marlboro Man, 251
Marmite, 28
Marshall, Barry, 276, 281, 282–84, 456
Martin, Steve, 358
Masi, Phil, 97–98
Massachusetts, 325
Massachusetts General Hospital, 3, 56, 223, 320, 390, 398, 403, 437, 451
mastectomies, 49, 419
of Atossa, 5, 41–42, 463
disfigurement from, 65–66, 294
prophylactic, 457–58, 464
radical, 23, 64–72, 73, 109–10, 173, 193–95, 196, 197, 198–201, 202, 218, 219, 225, 294, 463
simple (local), 67, 197, 201, 464
success rate of, 66–69
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), 273
Matter, Alex, 432–33
mauve, 81–82
Mayer, Robert, 130–31, 311, 326, 328
Mayfield, Jerry, 441, 442–43
MD Anderson Cancer Center, 147, 366, 438
measurement:
of leukemia, 19
of negative claims, 167–68
of radiation, 74
in War on Cancer, 227, 231, 232–33
Medical and Chirurgical Society, 157
Medical Journal of Australia, 283
Medical Research Council (British), 131, 243–44
Medical World News, 349
medicine:
synthetic chemistry and, 83–84
as technological art, 462
Mek protein, 387, 454
melanoma, 451
Memorial Sloan-Kettering, 92, 135, 138, 167n, 184, 234, 424
Mendel, Gregor, 343–44, 346, 364, 366, 369
meningiomas, 71
menopausal symptoms, 456
Mercer, Robert, 34
Merck, 21
Meselson, Matthew, 345
meta-analysis, 261
metastasis, metastases, 16, 38, 39, 55, 58, 123, 135, 136, 154, 161, 196–97, 204, 223, 391, 442, 465, 467
of breast cancer, 67, 76, 161, 217, 218, 302–3, 314, 322, 325, 329, 419, 422, 424, 463, 465
of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 163
as inevitable, 79
of lung cancer, 208, 256, 267, 268, 307, 389–90, 403
methotrexate, 127, 132–33, 137, 138, 140, 162, 164, 219, 220, 338
Mexico, cigarette regulation in, 274
Meyer, Willy, 65, 78–79, 80, 219
mice, transgenic, 382–83, 384
microtubules, 140
Middle Ages, medical knowledge in, 49–50, 51–53
Million Women Study, 456
Milosz, Czeslaw, 116
Milstein, Cesar, 417, 419
Ministry of Health, British, 243
Ministry of Health, Mexican, 274
Minot, George, 27–28, 29
Mississippi, antitobacco lawsuit of, 272–73
mitosis, 451
mitosis, pathological, 348, 351, 355, 359, 387, 391
see also hyperplasia, pathological
Mizutani, Satoshi, 353
molecular biology, “central dogma” of, 346, 352, 354, 357
molecular pumps, 442
molecules:
decoy, 31, 87
structural view of, 432
as switches, 28
see also receptors
Moloney, William, 143
Monod, Jacques, 20, 345, 346
mononucleosis, 175
Montagnier, Luc, 318
Moore, Charles, 64
Moore, Michael, 272–73
MOPP, 164–66, 208
Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body, The (Baillie), 53
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 344, 346, 347–48, 364
Morison, Robert, 116
morphine, 63, 149, 225
mortality rates, of cancer, xi, 25, 105, 228–30, 293, 401
age-adjusted, 230–31, 232–33, 330
of breast cancer, 296, 297, 300–301, 401–2
dynamic equilibrium in, 330–31
mortality rates, of tuberculosis, 229
Morton, William, 56
motility, of cancer cells, 386, 387, 388
see also metastasis, metastases
MRIs, 457, 464
Mukherjee, Leela, 398
Mukherjee, Siddhartha:
Berne and, 467–70
and daughter’s birth, 398–99
as oncology fellow, 2–5, 168, 190, 305–6, 307–8, 337, 390, 398–99, 437–38, 467
Orman and, 152–53, 399–400
palliative care suggested by, 223–24
Reed and, 2–3, 7, 17–18, 127, 168–69, 190, 337, 338–39, 400, 448–49
Sorenson and, 153–55
tobacco-cancer link in patients of, 274–75
Muller, Hermann Joseph, 347–48
multidose regimens, see chemotherapy, high-dose multidrug regimens in
multiple myeloma, 309, 443–44
mummies, cancer in, 43, 45
Murayama, Hashime, 288
Murphy, Mary Lois, 92